DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Systematic Assessment of Retrieval Methods for Canopy Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Using High-Frequency Automated Field Spectroscopy

Abstract

Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) offers potential to infer photosynthesis across scales and biomes. Many retrieval methods have been developed to estimate top-of-canopy SIF using ground-based spectroscopy. However, inconsistencies among methods may confound interpretation of SIF dynamics, eco-physiological/environmental drivers, and its relationship with photosynthesis. Using high temporal- and spectral resolution ground-based spectroscopy, we aimed to (1) evaluate performance of SIF retrieval methods under diverse sky conditions using continuous field measurements; (2) assess method sensitivity to fluctuating light, reflectance, and fluorescence emission spectra; and (3) inform users for optimal ground-based SIF retrieval. Analysis included field measurements from bi-hemispherical and hemispherical-conical systems and synthetic upwelling radiance constructed from measured downwelling radiance, simulated reflectance, and simulated fluorescence for benchmarking. Fraunhofer-based differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) and singular vector decomposition (SVD) retrievals exhibit convergent SIF-PAR relationships and diurnal consistency across different sky conditions, while O2A-based spectral fitting method (SFM), SVD, and modified Fraunhofer line discrimination (3FLD) exhibit divergent SIF-PAR relationships across sky conditions. We find that such behavior holds across system configurations, though hemispherical-conical systems diverge less across sky conditions. O2A retrieval accuracy, influenced by atmospheric distortion, improves with a narrower fitting window and when training SVD with temporally local spectra. Thismore » may impact SIF-photosynthesis relationships interpreted by previous studies using O2A-based retrievals with standard (759–767.76 nm) fitting windows. Fraunhofer-based retrievals resist atmospheric impacts but are noisier and more sensitive to assumed SIF spectral shape than O2A-based retrievals. We recommend SVD or SFM using reduced fitting window (759.5–761.5 nm) for robust far-red SIF retrievals across sky conditions.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [5];  [6]; ORCiD logo [7]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  2. Univ. Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia (Spain)
  3. California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL); California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  4. California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  5. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Climate Change Inst.
  6. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
  7. Univ. of Heidelberg (Germany)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
OSTI Identifier:
1661207
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1638778
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725; DE‐AC05‐00OR22725
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 125; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-8953
Publisher:
American Geophysical Union
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF); assessment of retrieval methods; field spectroscopy

Citation Formats

Chang, Christine Y., Guanter, Luis, Frankenberg, Christian, Köhler, Philipp, Gu, Lianhong, Magney, Troy S., Grossmann, Katja, and Sun, Ying. Systematic Assessment of Retrieval Methods for Canopy Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Using High-Frequency Automated Field Spectroscopy. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. doi:10.1029/2019jg005533.
Chang, Christine Y., Guanter, Luis, Frankenberg, Christian, Köhler, Philipp, Gu, Lianhong, Magney, Troy S., Grossmann, Katja, & Sun, Ying. Systematic Assessment of Retrieval Methods for Canopy Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Using High-Frequency Automated Field Spectroscopy. United States. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jg005533
Chang, Christine Y., Guanter, Luis, Frankenberg, Christian, Köhler, Philipp, Gu, Lianhong, Magney, Troy S., Grossmann, Katja, and Sun, Ying. Thu . "Systematic Assessment of Retrieval Methods for Canopy Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Using High-Frequency Automated Field Spectroscopy". United States. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jg005533. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1661207.
@article{osti_1661207,
title = {Systematic Assessment of Retrieval Methods for Canopy Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Using High-Frequency Automated Field Spectroscopy},
author = {Chang, Christine Y. and Guanter, Luis and Frankenberg, Christian and Köhler, Philipp and Gu, Lianhong and Magney, Troy S. and Grossmann, Katja and Sun, Ying},
abstractNote = {Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) offers potential to infer photosynthesis across scales and biomes. Many retrieval methods have been developed to estimate top-of-canopy SIF using ground-based spectroscopy. However, inconsistencies among methods may confound interpretation of SIF dynamics, eco-physiological/environmental drivers, and its relationship with photosynthesis. Using high temporal- and spectral resolution ground-based spectroscopy, we aimed to (1) evaluate performance of SIF retrieval methods under diverse sky conditions using continuous field measurements; (2) assess method sensitivity to fluctuating light, reflectance, and fluorescence emission spectra; and (3) inform users for optimal ground-based SIF retrieval. Analysis included field measurements from bi-hemispherical and hemispherical-conical systems and synthetic upwelling radiance constructed from measured downwelling radiance, simulated reflectance, and simulated fluorescence for benchmarking. Fraunhofer-based differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) and singular vector decomposition (SVD) retrievals exhibit convergent SIF-PAR relationships and diurnal consistency across different sky conditions, while O2A-based spectral fitting method (SFM), SVD, and modified Fraunhofer line discrimination (3FLD) exhibit divergent SIF-PAR relationships across sky conditions. We find that such behavior holds across system configurations, though hemispherical-conical systems diverge less across sky conditions. O2A retrieval accuracy, influenced by atmospheric distortion, improves with a narrower fitting window and when training SVD with temporally local spectra. This may impact SIF-photosynthesis relationships interpreted by previous studies using O2A-based retrievals with standard (759–767.76 nm) fitting windows. Fraunhofer-based retrievals resist atmospheric impacts but are noisier and more sensitive to assumed SIF spectral shape than O2A-based retrievals. We recommend SVD or SFM using reduced fitting window (759.5–761.5 nm) for robust far-red SIF retrievals across sky conditions.},
doi = {10.1029/2019jg005533},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences},
number = 7,
volume = 125,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Thu Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 48 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Comparison of Bi-Hemispherical and Hemispherical-Conical Configurations for In Situ Measurements of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence
journal, November 2019

  • Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Xiaokang; Li, Zhaohui
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 22, p. 2642
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs11222642

Measurement and Analysis of Bidirectional SIF Emissions in Wheat Canopies
journal, May 2016

  • Liu, Liangyun; Liu, Xinjie; Wang, Zhihui
  • IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 54, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2015.2504089

A Spectral Fitting Algorithm to Retrieve the Fluorescence Spectrum from Canopy Radiance
journal, August 2019

  • Cogliati, Sergio; Celesti, Marco; Cesana, Ilaria
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs11161840

PhotoSpec: A new instrument to measure spatially distributed red and far-red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence
journal, October 2018

  • Grossmann, Katja; Frankenberg, Christian; Magney, Troy S.
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 216
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.002

Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in vegetation: 50 years of progress
journal, September 2019

  • Mohammed, Gina H.; Colombo, Roberto; Middleton, Elizabeth M.
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 231
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.030

Sun-induced fluorescence - a new probe of photosynthesis: First maps from the imaging spectrometer  HyPlant
journal, September 2015

  • Rascher, U.; Alonso, L.; Burkart, A.
  • Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13017

A Field Platform for Continuous Measurement of Canopy Fluorescence
journal, September 2010

  • Daumard, Fabrice; Champagne, Sébastien; Fournier, Antoine
  • IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 48, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2046420

Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Photosynthesis, and Light Use Efficiency of a Soybean Field from Seasonally Continuous Measurements
journal, February 2018

  • Miao, Guofang; Guan, Kaiyu; Yang, Xi
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 123, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1002/2017JG004180

Retrieval of maize canopy fluorescence and reflectance by spectral fitting in the O2–A absorption band
journal, September 2012


An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance
journal, January 2009


A linear method for the retrieval of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY data
journal, January 2015

  • Köhler, P.; Guanter, L.; Joiner, J.
  • Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 8, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.5194/amt-8-2589-2015

Disentangling Changes in the Spectral Shape of Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Implications for Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis
journal, June 2019

  • Magney, Troy S.; Frankenberg, Christian; Köhler, Philipp
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 124, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005029

The hyperspectral irradiometer, a new instrument for long-term and unattended field spectroscopy measurements
journal, April 2011

  • Meroni, M.; Barducci, A.; Cogliati, S.
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 82, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3574360

Linking canopy scattering of far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence with reflectance
journal, May 2018


Retrieval of global terrestrial solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from TanSat satellite
journal, November 2018


Deriving diurnal variations in sun-induced chlorophyll- a fluorescence in winter wheat canopies and maize leaves from ground-based hyperspectral measurements
journal, May 2016


Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results
journal, April 1999


First observations of global and seasonal terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from space
journal, January 2011


Response of Canopy Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence to the Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation Absorbed by Chlorophyll
journal, September 2017

  • Du, Shanshan; Liu, Liangyun; Liu, Xinjie
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs9090911

Global sensitivity analysis of the SCOPE model: What drives simulated canopy-leaving sun-induced fluorescence?
journal, September 2015

  • Verrelst, Jochem; Rivera, Juan Pablo; van der Tol, Christiaan
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 166
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.06.002

Reconstruction of the full spectrum of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Intercomparison study for a novel method
journal, December 2018


Improved Bend Loss Formula Verified for Optical Fiber by Simulation and Experiment
journal, October 2007

  • Schermer, Ross T.; Cole, James H.
  • IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 43, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2007.903364

Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications
journal, October 2009


Polarization of skylight in the O_2A band: effects of aerosol properties
journal, January 2008

  • Boesche, Eyk; Stammes, Piet; Preusker, Réne
  • Applied Optics, Vol. 47, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1364/AO.47.003467

The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation
journal, July 1960


Developments for vegetation fluorescence retrieval from spaceborne high-resolution spectrometry in the O 2 -A and O 2 -B absorption bands
journal, January 2010

  • Guanter, L.; Alonso, L.; Gómez-Chova, L.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D19
  • DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013716

New global observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle from GOSAT: Patterns of plant fluorescence with gross primary productivity: CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE FROM SPACE
journal, September 2011

  • Frankenberg, Christian; Fisher, Joshua B.; Worden, John
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1029/2011GL048738

Do Daily and Seasonal Trends in Leaf Solar Induced Fluorescence Reflect Changes in Photosynthesis, Growth or Light Exposure?
journal, June 2017

  • Wyber, Rhys; Malenovský, Zbyněk; Ashcroft, Michael
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs9060604

Dynamic response of plant chlorophyll fluorescence to light, water and nutrient availability
journal, January 2015

  • Cendrero-Mateo, M. Pilar; Carmo-Silva, A. Elizabete; Porcar-Castell, Albert
  • Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 42, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1071/FP15002

Retrieval and global assessment of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT space measurements
journal, June 2012


Improved Fraunhofer Line Discrimination Method for Vegetation Fluorescence Quantification
journal, October 2008

  • Alonso, Luis; Gomez-Chova, Luis; Vila-Frances, Joan
  • IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2008.2001180

SIFSpec: Measuring Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Observations for Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis
journal, July 2019

  • Du, Shanshan; Liu, Liangyun; Liu, Xinjie
  • Sensors, Vol. 19, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.3390/s19133009

Models of fluorescence and photosynthesis for interpreting measurements of solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence
journal, December 2014

  • Tol, C.; Berry, J. A.; Campbell, P. K. E.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 119, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014JG002713

Influence of the canopy BRDF characteristics and illumination conditions on the retrieval of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence
journal, December 2017


The Fraunhofer Line Discriminator MKII-An Airborne Instrument for Precise and Standardized Ecological Luminescence Measurement
journal, January 1975

  • Plascyk, James A.; Gabriel, Fred C.
  • IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 24, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1109/TIM.1975.4314448

Simultaneous measurement of atmospheric CH 2 O, O 3 , and NO 2 by differential optical absorption
journal, January 1979

  • Platt, U.; Perner, D.; Pätz, H. W.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, Issue C10
  • DOI: 10.1029/JC084iC10p06329

Comparison of Four Different Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Retrieval Algorithms Using Simulated and Field-Measured Data
conference, July 2018

  • Ji, Menghao; Tang, Bo-Hui
  • IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
  • DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8519140

Atmospheric Correction for Tower-Based Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Observations at O2-A Band
journal, February 2019

  • Liu, Xinjie; Guo, Jian; Hu, Jiaochan
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs11030355

Performance of Spectral Fitting Methods for vegetation fluorescence quantification
journal, February 2010


Global Retrievals of Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence With TROPOMI: First Results and Intersensor Comparison to OCO‐2
journal, October 2018

  • Köhler, Philipp; Frankenberg, Christian; Magney, Troy S.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018GL079031

Chlorophyll fluorescence tracks seasonal variations of photosynthesis from leaf to canopy in a temperate forest
journal, January 2017

  • Yang, Hualei; Yang, Xi; Zhang, Yongguang
  • Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13590

Retrieval of Terrestrial Plant Fluorescence Based on the In-Filling of Far-Red Fraunhofer Lines Using SCIAMACHY Observations
journal, December 2015

  • Khosravi, Narges; Vountas, Marco; Rozanov, Vladimir V.
  • Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 3
  • DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2015.00078

New methods for the retrieval of chlorophyll red fluorescence from hyperspectral satellite instruments: simulations and application to GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY
journal, January 2016

  • Joiner, Joanna; Yoshida, Yasuko; Guanter, Luis
  • Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 9, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3939-2016

Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: mechanisms and challenges
journal, May 2014

  • Porcar-Castell, Albert; Tyystjärvi, Esa; Atherton, Jon
  • Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 65, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru191

Towards a Harmonized Long‐Term Spaceborne Record of Far‐Red Solar‐Induced Fluorescence
journal, August 2019

  • Parazoo, Nicholas C.; Frankenberg, Christian; Köhler, Philipp
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 124, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005289

Effect of aerosol microphysical properties on polarization of skylight: sensitivity study and measurements
journal, January 2006

  • Boesche, Eyk; Stammes, Piet; Ruhtz, Thomas
  • Applied Optics, Vol. 45, Issue 34
  • DOI: 10.1364/AO.45.008790

PROSPECT+SAIL models: A review of use for vegetation characterization
journal, September 2009

  • Jacquemoud, Stéphane; Verhoef, Wout; Baret, Frédéric
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2008.01.026

Diurnal Response of Sun-Induced Fluorescence and PRI to Water Stress in Maize Using a Near-Surface Remote Sensing Platform
journal, September 2018

  • Xu, Shan; Liu, Zhigang; Zhao, Liang
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs10101510

The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Spectrometer (CFIS), mapping far red fluorescence from aircraft
journal, November 2018

  • Frankenberg, Christian; Köhler, Philipp; Magney, Troy S.
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 217
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.032

Comparison of Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Estimates Obtained from Four Portable Field Spectroradiometers
journal, February 2016

  • Julitta, Tommaso; Corp, Lawrence; Rossini, Micol
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 8, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs8020122

Compensation of Oxygen Transmittance Effects for Proximal Sensing Retrieval of Canopy–Leaving Sun–Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence
journal, September 2018

  • Sabater, Neus; Vicent, Jorge; Alonso, Luis
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs10101551

Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C 4 MIP Model Intercomparison
journal, July 2006

  • Friedlingstein, P.; Cox, P.; Betts, R.
  • Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3800.1

Directly estimating diurnal changes in GPP for C3 and C4 crops using far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence
journal, January 2017


Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence III: Benchmarking Retrieval Methods and Sensor Characteristics for Proximal Sensing
journal, April 2019

  • Cendrero-Mateo, M. Pilar; Wieneke, Sebastian; Damm, Alexander
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 8, p. 962
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs11080962

Modeling the impact of spectral sensor configurations on the FLD retrieval accuracy of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence
journal, August 2011

  • Damm, Alexander; Erler, André; Hillen, Walter
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 115, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.011

Leaf level detection of solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence by means of a subnanometer resolution spectroradiometer
journal, August 2006


Advancing Terrestrial Ecosystem Science With a Novel Automated Measurement System for Sun‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence for Integration With Eddy Covariance Flux Networks
journal, January 2019

  • Gu, L.; Wood, J. D.; Chang, C. Y. ‐Y.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 124, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018JG004742

Sun‐induced Chl fluorescence and its importance for biophysical modeling of photosynthesis based on light reactions
journal, April 2019

  • Gu, Lianhong; Han, Jimei; Wood, Jeffrey D.
  • New Phytologist, Vol. 223, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1111/nph.15796

Bidirectional sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission is influenced by leaf structure and light scattering properties — A bottom-up approach
journal, March 2015

  • Van Wittenberghe, Shari; Alonso, Luis; Verrelst, Jochem
  • Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2014.11.012

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and its link to canopy photosynthesis in maize from continuous ground measurements
journal, January 2020


Red and far red Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence as a measure of plant photosynthesis
journal, March 2015

  • Rossini, M.; Nedbal, L.; Guanter, L.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062943

Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthesis In Vivo
journal, June 2008


Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks
journal, January 2008


Spatial Variation of Leaf Optical Properties in a Boreal Forest Is Influenced by Species and Light Environment
journal, March 2017


Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is more strongly related to absorbed light than to photosynthesis at half-hourly resolution in a rice paddy
journal, October 2018


Retrieval of sun-induced fluorescence using advanced spectral fitting methods
journal, November 2015


Diurnal and Seasonal Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis in a Boreal Scots Pine Canopy
journal, January 2019

  • Nichol, Caroline; Drolet, Guillaume; Porcar-Castell, Albert
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.3390/rs11030273

Reduction of the polarization sensitivity of grating-based spectrometer using an achromatic quarter-wave plate
journal, June 2017