Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Stromberg, Zachary R.; Fischer, Will; Bradfute, Steven B.; Kubicek-Sutherland, Jessica Z.; Hraber, Peter

doi:10.3390/vaccines8020273

Title: Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Abstract

Vaccinations are a crucial intervention in combating infectious diseases. The three neurotropic Alphaviruses, Eastern (EEEV), Venezuelan (VEEV), and Western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses, are pathogens of interest for animal health, public health, and biological defense. In both equines and humans, these viruses can cause febrile illness that may progress to encephalitis. Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available for these viruses in humans. Experimental vaccines have shown variable efficacy and may cause severe adverse effects. Here, we outline recent strategies used to generate vaccines against EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV with an emphasis on virus-vectored and plasmid DNA delivery. Despite candidate vaccines protecting against one of the three viruses, few studies have demonstrated an effective trivalent vaccine. We evaluated the potential of published vaccines to generate cross-reactive protective responses by comparing DNA vaccine sequences to a set of EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV genomes and determining the vaccine coverages of potential epitopes. Finally, we discuss future directions in the development of vaccines to combat EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]; Bradfute, Steven B. ^[2];

^[1];

^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States). Center for Global Health

Publication Date:: 2020-06-03

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1648092

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-20-20011
Journal ID: ISSN 2076-393X

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Vaccines

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2076-393X

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; Alphavirus; antigens; DNA vaccine; Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV); vaccine; Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV); Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV)

Citation Formats


                    Stromberg, Zachary R., Fischer, Will, Bradfute, Steven B., Kubicek-Sutherland, Jessica Z., and Hraber, Peter. Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.3390/vaccines8020273.

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                    Stromberg, Zachary R., Fischer, Will, Bradfute, Steven B., Kubicek-Sutherland, Jessica Z., & Hraber, Peter. Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020273

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                    Stromberg, Zachary R., Fischer, Will, Bradfute, Steven B., Kubicek-Sutherland, Jessica Z., and Hraber, Peter. Wed .  
"Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020273.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1648092.

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@article{osti_1648092,

  title        = {Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses},

  author       = {Stromberg, Zachary R. and Fischer, Will and Bradfute, Steven B. and Kubicek-Sutherland, Jessica Z. and Hraber, Peter},

  abstractNote = {Vaccinations are a crucial intervention in combating infectious diseases. The three neurotropic Alphaviruses, Eastern (EEEV), Venezuelan (VEEV), and Western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses, are pathogens of interest for animal health, public health, and biological defense. In both equines and humans, these viruses can cause febrile illness that may progress to encephalitis. Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available for these viruses in humans. Experimental vaccines have shown variable efficacy and may cause severe adverse effects. Here, we outline recent strategies used to generate vaccines against EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV with an emphasis on virus-vectored and plasmid DNA delivery. Despite candidate vaccines protecting against one of the three viruses, few studies have demonstrated an effective trivalent vaccine. We evaluated the potential of published vaccines to generate cross-reactive protective responses by comparing DNA vaccine sequences to a set of EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV genomes and determining the vaccine coverages of potential epitopes. Finally, we discuss future directions in the development of vaccines to combat EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV.},

  doi          = {10.3390/vaccines8020273},

  journal      = {Vaccines},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 8,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2020},

  month        = {6}

}

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DNA vaccines expressing codon-optimized Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein genes provide protective immunity to mice and nonhuman primates when delivered by intramuscular (IM) electroporation (EP). To achieve equivalent protective efficacy in the absence of EP, we evaluated VEEV and EBOV DNA vaccines constructed using minimalized Nanoplasmid expression vectors that are smaller than conventional plasmids used for DNA vaccination. These vectors may also be designed to co-express type I interferon inducing innate immune agonist genes that have an adjuvant effect. Nanoplasmid vaccinated mice had increased antibody responses as compared to those receiving our conventional pWRG7077-based vaccinesmore »« less
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Title: Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Abstract

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Self-replicating alphavirus RNA vaccines journal, October 2014

Emerging infectious diseases: A proactive approach journal, April 2017

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Virus species and virus identification: Past and current controversies journal, January 2007

Attenuation of Human Respiratory Viruses by Synonymous Genome Recoding journal, June 2019

Evaluation in Humans of a New, Inactivated Vaccine for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (C-84) journal, December 1979

Protective efficacy of monovalent and trivalent recombinant MVA-based vaccines against three encephalitic alphaviruses journal, August 2018

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V ENEZUELAN E QUINE E NCEPHALITIS journal, January 2004

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Novel insect-specific Eilat virus-based chimeric vaccine candidates provide durable, mono- and multi-valent, single dose protection against lethal alphavirus challenge
journal, November 2017

Self-replicating alphavirus RNA vaccines
journal, October 2014

Emerging infectious diseases: A proactive approach
journal, April 2017

The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned?
journal, February 2020

Genotype 1 and global hepatitis C T-cell vaccines designed to optimize coverage of genetic diversity
journal, January 2010

Designing and Testing Broadly-Protective Filoviral Vaccines Optimized for Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitope Coverage
journal, October 2012

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex-specific monoclonal antibody provides broad protection, in murine models, against airborne challenge with viruses from serogroups I, II and III
journal, September 2006

Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses
journal, May 2018

Deliberate reduction of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase expression of influenza virus leads to an ultraprotective live vaccine in mice
journal, May 2013

Advancements in DNA vaccine vectors, non-mechanical delivery methods, and molecular adjuvants to increase immunogenicity
journal, June 2017

The Etiology of Epizootic Encephalomyelitis of Horses in the san Joaquin Valley, 1930
journal, August 1931

A VSV-based Zika virus vaccine protects mice from lethal challenge
journal, July 2018

Novel vaccine against Venezuelan equine encephalitis combines advantages of DNA immunization and a live attenuated vaccine
journal, February 2013

T-Cell Vaccine Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the Virus with a Thousand Faces
journal, May 2009

Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses
journal, January 2015

Virus species and virus identification: Past and current controversies
journal, January 2007

Attenuation of Human Respiratory Viruses by Synonymous Genome Recoding
journal, June 2019

Evaluation in Humans of a New, Inactivated Vaccine for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (C-84)
journal, December 1979

Protective efficacy of monovalent and trivalent recombinant MVA-based vaccines against three encephalitic alphaviruses
journal, August 2018

New Vaccine Technologies to Combat Outbreak Situations
journal, September 2018

Vaccines for Covid-19: Perspectives, Prospects, and Challenges Based on Candidate Sars, Mers, and Animal Coronavirus Vaccines
journal, March 2020

Immune interference in the setting of same-day administration of two similar inactivated alphavirus vaccines: Eastern equine and western equine encephalitis
journal, November 2012

CpG Used as an Adjuvant for an Adenovirus-Based Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Increases the Immune Response to the Vector, But Not to the Transgene Product
journal, December 2008

A Multiagent Alphavirus DNA Vaccine Delivered by Intramuscular Electroporation Elicits Robust and Durable Virus-Specific Immune Responses in Mice and Rabbits and Completely Protects Mice against Lethal Venezuelan, Western, and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Aerosol Challenges
journal, June 2018

The Causative Agent of Infectious Equine Encephalomyelitis in Venezuela
journal, July 1939

Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases
journal, October 2018

Global emergence of Alphaviruses that cause arthritis in humans
journal, January 2015

Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates protect mice from intranasal challenge with western equine encephalitis virus
journal, July 2009

Novel DNA-launched Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine with rearranged genome
journal, May 2019

Alphavirus-Based Vaccines
journal, June 2014

Recombinant Sindbis/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Is Highly Attenuated and Immunogenic
journal, September 2003

Expanded Breadth of the T-Cell Response to Mosaic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope DNA Vaccination
journal, December 2008

Protection of Mice by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1–Based Experimental Vaccine against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection in the Absence of Neutralizing Antibodies
journal, January 2008

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection and Transmission in Poultry, United States1
journal, February 2020

Evolutionary Patterns of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in North versus South America Suggest Ecological Differences and Taxonomic Revision
journal, November 2009

Envelope protein E1 as vaccine target for western equine encephalitis virus
journal, January 2011

Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines
journal, June 2010

Recombinant Isfahan Virus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vectors Provide Durable, Multivalent, Single-Dose Protection against Lethal Alphavirus Challenge
journal, February 2017

Increased Valency of Conserved-mosaic Vaccines Enhances the Breadth and Depth of Epitope Recognition
journal, February 2016

Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
journal, September 2003

An immunoinformatics-derived DNA vaccine encoding human class II T cell epitopes of Ebola virus, Sudan virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is immunogenic in HLA transgenic mice
journal, June 2017

Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines
journal, August 2012

A chimeric Sindbis-based vaccine protects cynomolgus macaques against a lethal aerosol challenge of eastern equine encephalitis virus
journal, March 2013

Identification of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Structural Proteins That Confer Protection after DNA Vaccination
journal, November 2009

DNA-launched live-attenuated vaccines for biodefense applications
journal, April 2016

REVIEW PAPER: Pathology of Animal Models of Alphavirus Encephalitis
journal, June 2010

Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication
journal, August 2012

Immunization Against Equine Encephalomyelitis with Chick Embryo Vaccines
journal, May 1938

The Length Distribution of Class I–Restricted T Cell Epitopes Is Determined by Both Peptide Supply and MHC Allele–Specific Binding Preference
journal, January 2016

Taking forward a ‘One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential
journal, June 2016

Development of Live-Attenuated Arenavirus Vaccines Based on Codon Deoptimization
journal, January 2015

Hepatitis C Genotype 1 Mosaic Vaccines Are Immunogenic in Mice and Induce Stronger T-Cell Responses than Natural Strains
journal, December 2012

How Did Zika Virus Emerge in the Pacific Islands and Latin America?
journal, October 2016

Complete protection of the BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice against Ebola and Marburg virus lethal challenges by pan-filovirus T-cell epigraph vaccine
journal, February 2019

Vaccines and Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention
journal, April 2020

Alphaviral equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western and Venezuelan): -EN- -FR- Les encéphalomyélites équines (de l’Est, de l’Ouest et vénézuélienne) dues à des alphavirus -ES- Encefalomielitis equina alfavírica (del Este, del Oeste y venezolana)
journal, August 2015

Chikungunya: Evolutionary history and recent epidemic spread
journal, August 2015

V ENEZUELAN E QUINE E NCEPHALITIS
journal, January 2004

Chimeric Sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis vaccine candidates are highly attenuated and immunogenic in mice
journal, October 2007

Insect-Specific Virus Discovery: Significance for the Arbovirus Community
journal, September 2015

Replication and Clearance of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus from the Brains of Animals Vaccinated with Chimeric SIN/VEE Viruses
journal, March 2006

Boosting with an adenovirus-based vaccine improves protective efficacy against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus following DNA vaccination
journal, April 2006

Current Strategic Thinking for the Development of a Trivalent Alphavirus Vaccine for Human Use
journal, September 2014

A Phase 1 clinical trial of a DNA vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis delivered by intramuscular or intradermal electroporation
journal, June 2016

VSV-GP: a Potent Viral Vaccine Vector That Boosts the Immune Response upon Repeated Applications
journal, February 2014

Improved Efficacy of a Gene Optimised Adenovirus-based Vaccine for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
journal, January 2009

Evolutionary reversion of live viral vaccines: Can genetic engineering subdue it?
journal, January 2015

Epigraph: A Vaccine Design Tool Applied to an HIV Therapeutic Vaccine and a Pan-Filovirus Vaccine
journal, October 2016

A DNA Vaccine for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Delivered by Intramuscular Electroporation Elicits High Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies in Multiple Animal Models and Provides Protective Immunity to Mice and Nonhuman Primates
journal, March 2011

Antibody to the E3 Glycoprotein Protects Mice against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection
journal, October 2010

Intranasal immunisation with defective adenovirus serotype 5 expressing the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E2 glycoprotein protects against airborne challenge with virulent virus
journal, February 2005

Advanced Safety and Genetic Stability in Mice of a Novel DNA-Launched Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine with Rearranged Structural Genes
journal, March 2020

Immune interference after sequential alphavirus vaccine vaccinations
journal, August 2009

Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
journal, January 2013

Adenoviral vector-based strategies against infectious disease and cancer
journal, March 2016

Prevention of Experimental Equine Encephalomyelitis in Guinea pigs by Means of Virus Adsorbed on Aluminum Hydroxide
journal, May 1934

Mosaic vaccines elicit CD8⁺ T lymphocyte responses that confer enhanced immune coverage of diverse HIV strains in monkeys
journal, February 2010

Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas
journal, August 2017

Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination
journal, February 2017

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus aerosol challenge in nonhuman primates
journal, October 2010