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Title: Geochemical variation in the Stimson formation of Gale crater: Provenance, mineral sorting, and a comparison with modern Martian dunes

Abstract

The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover has encountered both ancient lithified and modern active aeolian dune deposits within Gale crater, providing an opportunity to study how aeolian processes have changed during Gale crater’s geological history. This study uses data from the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) and Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument suites onboard Curiosity to; (1) constrain the diagenetic processes that lithified and altered the ancient aeolian Stimson formation, (2) investigate whether the geochemical signature in the Stimson formation is consistent with the aeolian mafic-felsic mineral sorting trend identified in the modern Bagnold dune fields in Gale crater, and (3) discuss the provenance of the Stimson sediments, comparing it to those identified in the modern dune and ancient river and lake deposits also analyzed along Curiosity’s traverse. The ancient Stimson dune deposits that stratigraphically overlie the Gale fluvio-lacustrine units were analyzed in two locations; the Emerson and the Naukluft plateaus. ChemCam data show that the Stimson formation has subtle variations in MgO, Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O between the two localities. An agglomerative cluster analysis of the constrained Stimson dataset reveals five clusters, four of which relate to different proportions of mafic and felsic minerals analyzed by ChemCam. In general, themore » cluster analysis shows that the Emerson plateau has a greater proportion of mafic minerals and fewer coarse, felsic grains relative to the Naukluft plateau. This variation in mafic and felsic minerals between localities suggests a southwest to northeast net sediment transport direction due to aeolian mineral sorting dynamics preferentially transporting mafic minerals that are easier to saltate than the elongate, often coarser, felsic minerals. This derived transport direction for the Stimson formation supports that determined by sedimentological evidence and is opposite to that previously determined for the active Bagnold dunes inferring a change in the wind regime with time. An opposite sediment transport direction between the ancient and modern dunes in Gale crater further supports geochemical and mineralogical evidence that suggests different basaltic source regions. Compositionally, the bulk Stimson formation is most similar to the subalkaline basalt source region that is inferred to be the dominant sediment source of the fluvio-lacustrine Bradbury group. This is likely the result of the Stimson formation and basaltic Bradbury group sediments sharing a similar local basaltic source region such as the rim and walls of Gale crater.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4]; ORCiD logo [5];  [6];  [7];  [8]; ORCiD logo [5]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. Space Research Association, Houston, TX (United States); NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX (United States)
  2. The Open Univ., Walton Hall, Milton Keynes (United Kingdom)
  3. Univ. of Leicester (United Kingdom)
  4. Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)
  5. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  6. Univ. de Toulouse (France)
  7. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX (United States)
  8. Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). Natural History Museum of Denmark
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); UK Space Agency (UKSA); Carlsberg Foundation; The National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)
OSTI Identifier:
1634975
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-19-32329
Journal ID: ISSN 0019-1035; TRN: US2201322
Grant/Contract Number:  
89233218CNA000001; ST/N50421X/1; ST/P002110/1
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Icarus
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 341; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0019-1035
Publisher:
Elsevier
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Planetary Sciences

Citation Formats

Bedford, C. C., Schwenzer, S. P., Bridges, J. C., Banham, S., Wiens, Roger Craig, Gasnault, Olivier, Rampe, E. B., Frydenvang, Jens, and Gasda, Patrick J. Geochemical variation in the Stimson formation of Gale crater: Provenance, mineral sorting, and a comparison with modern Martian dunes. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113622.
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Bedford, C. C., Schwenzer, S. P., Bridges, J. C., Banham, S., Wiens, Roger Craig, Gasnault, Olivier, Rampe, E. B., Frydenvang, Jens, & Gasda, Patrick J. Geochemical variation in the Stimson formation of Gale crater: Provenance, mineral sorting, and a comparison with modern Martian dunes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113622
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Bedford, C. C., Schwenzer, S. P., Bridges, J. C., Banham, S., Wiens, Roger Craig, Gasnault, Olivier, Rampe, E. B., Frydenvang, Jens, and Gasda, Patrick J. Wed . "Geochemical variation in the Stimson formation of Gale crater: Provenance, mineral sorting, and a comparison with modern Martian dunes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113622. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1634975.
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@article{osti_1634975,
title = {Geochemical variation in the Stimson formation of Gale crater: Provenance, mineral sorting, and a comparison with modern Martian dunes},
author = {Bedford, C. C. and Schwenzer, S. P. and Bridges, J. C. and Banham, S. and Wiens, Roger Craig and Gasnault, Olivier and Rampe, E. B. and Frydenvang, Jens and Gasda, Patrick J.},
abstractNote = {The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover has encountered both ancient lithified and modern active aeolian dune deposits within Gale crater, providing an opportunity to study how aeolian processes have changed during Gale crater’s geological history. This study uses data from the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) and Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument suites onboard Curiosity to; (1) constrain the diagenetic processes that lithified and altered the ancient aeolian Stimson formation, (2) investigate whether the geochemical signature in the Stimson formation is consistent with the aeolian mafic-felsic mineral sorting trend identified in the modern Bagnold dune fields in Gale crater, and (3) discuss the provenance of the Stimson sediments, comparing it to those identified in the modern dune and ancient river and lake deposits also analyzed along Curiosity’s traverse. The ancient Stimson dune deposits that stratigraphically overlie the Gale fluvio-lacustrine units were analyzed in two locations; the Emerson and the Naukluft plateaus. ChemCam data show that the Stimson formation has subtle variations in MgO, Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O between the two localities. An agglomerative cluster analysis of the constrained Stimson dataset reveals five clusters, four of which relate to different proportions of mafic and felsic minerals analyzed by ChemCam. In general, the cluster analysis shows that the Emerson plateau has a greater proportion of mafic minerals and fewer coarse, felsic grains relative to the Naukluft plateau. This variation in mafic and felsic minerals between localities suggests a southwest to northeast net sediment transport direction due to aeolian mineral sorting dynamics preferentially transporting mafic minerals that are easier to saltate than the elongate, often coarser, felsic minerals. This derived transport direction for the Stimson formation supports that determined by sedimentological evidence and is opposite to that previously determined for the active Bagnold dunes inferring a change in the wind regime with time. An opposite sediment transport direction between the ancient and modern dunes in Gale crater further supports geochemical and mineralogical evidence that suggests different basaltic source regions. Compositionally, the bulk Stimson formation is most similar to the subalkaline basalt source region that is inferred to be the dominant sediment source of the fluvio-lacustrine Bradbury group. This is likely the result of the Stimson formation and basaltic Bradbury group sediments sharing a similar local basaltic source region such as the rim and walls of Gale crater.},
doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113622},
journal = {Icarus},
number = C,
volume = 341,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jan 15 00:00:00 EST 2020},
month = {Wed Jan 15 00:00:00 EST 2020}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113622
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Figures / Tables:

Fig. 1 Fig. 1: Context images for the Stimson formation sandstone. A) An isopach map of the Stimson formation, white line shows the rover traverse and triangles indicate waypoints. The locations of drilled, unaltered Stimson samples and the Bagnold dune campaigns are also shown. To calculate the preserved thickness (isopach), the unconformitymore » was mapped where it intersected the ground-surface using satellite images and Digital Elevation Models (Watkins et al., 2016). An interpolated surface was generated based on the vertical position of the unconformity (nearest neighbour) to create a depth map. This depth map was subtracted from the present-day land surface, to give a thickness map of the remnant Stimson. Where the thickness of Stimson was 0 or less is where the Stimson has been totally removed by erosion, and these areas were deleted. B) Annotated Mast camera (Mastcam) image of the lithified Stimson formation at Williams Peak in the Emerson Plateau (mcam04777, sol 1099). Annotations show the cross laminations and cross set thicknesses present within the lithified deposit (Banham et al., 2018), and C) Mastcam mosaic of the modern Bagnold dune deposits (mcam05410, sol 1192).« less
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  • Rampe, E. B.; Lapotre, M. G. A.; Bristow, T. F.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 18
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018GL079073

Curiosity’s Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Investigation
journal, July 2012

  • Edgett, Kenneth S.; Yingst, R. Aileen; Ravine, Michael A.
  • Space Science Reviews, Vol. 170, Issue 1-4
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11214-012-9910-4

Mineralogy and stratigraphy of the Gale crater rim, wall, and floor units: Gale Crater Mineralogy and Stratigraphy
journal, May 2017

  • Buz, Jennifer; Ehlmann, Bethany L.; Pan, Lu
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 122, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1002/2016JE005163

Aeolian processes on the terrestrial planets: Recent observations and future focus
journal, November 2011

  • Craddock, Robert A.
  • Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, Vol. 36, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1177/0309133311425399

Paleoclimate of Mars as captured by the stratigraphic record in Gale Crater: STRATIGRAPHY OF GALE CRATER
journal, February 2010

  • Milliken, R. E.; Grotzinger, J. P.; Thomson, B. J.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1029/2009GL041870

First-order and super bounding surfaces in eolian sequences—Bounding surfaces revisited
journal, April 1988

Gale crater: the Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Rover Landing Site
journal, September 2012

The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests
journal, June 2012

  • Wiens, Roger C.; Maurice, Sylvestre; Barraclough, Bruce
  • Space Science Reviews, Vol. 170, Issue 1-4
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11214-012-9902-4

Carving intracrater layered deposits with wind on Mars
journal, March 2016

  • Day, M.; Anderson, W.; Kocurek, G.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1002/2016GL068011

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Bagnold Dunes Campaign, Phase I: Overview and introduction to the special issue: Bagnold Dunes Campaign Overview
journal, January 2018

  • Bridges, Nathan T.; Ehlmann, Bethany L.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 123, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1002/2017JE005401

Bedform Alignment in Directionally Varying Flows
journal, July 1987

Aeolian processes and dune morphology in Gale Crater
journal, November 2010

Basalt-trachybasalt samples in Gale Crater, Mars
journal, September 2017

  • Edwards, Peter H.; Bridges, John C.; Wiens, Roger
  • Meteoritics & Planetary Science
  • DOI: 10.1111/maps.12953
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    Extraformational sediment recycling on Mars
    journal, October 2020

    • Edgett, Kenneth S.; Banham, Steven G.; Bennett, Kristen A.
    • Geosphere, Vol. 16, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1130/ges02244.1
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