Water reuse for sustainable microalgae cultivation: current knowledge and future directions

Lu, Zhiying; Loftus, Sarah; Sha, Jun; Wang, Wenxuan; Park, Min S.; Zhang, Xuezhi; Johnson, Zackary I.; Hu, Qiang

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104975

Title: Water reuse for sustainable microalgae cultivation: current knowledge and future directions

Abstract

Microalgae hold great promise as environmentally sustainable sources of food, animal feed, and fuel. However, large amounts of water are used during microalgae cultivation and this negatively impacts economic viability and environmental sustainability. Reusing cultivation water can reduce the direct impacts of water usage and also reduce nutrient requirements and algal wastewater treatment. However, studies have shown that algae growth in reused water can be compromised, unaffected, or sometimes enhanced compared to controls. This review examines recent studies on water reuse to qualitatively understand these varied effects. Growth inhibitors and stimulators in reused water and their underlying mechanisms are discussed, as well as recent pre-treatment technologies and factors affecting the quality of reused water, such as microalgae taxa, culture conditions, and harvesting methods, are considered. A scheme is proposed for water reuse and harvesting methods based on the desired algal end products. Finally, taking these findings together, here we provide recommendations for further research directions as well as new insights into designing and integrating a cultivation strategy with a harvesting platform to reuse water for more efficient microalgae cultivation.

Authors:

Lu, Zhiying ^[1]; Loftus, Sarah ^[2]; Sha, Jun ^[3]; Wang, Wenxuan ^[4]; Park, Min S. ^[5];

^[5]; Johnson, Zackary I. ^[6]; Hu, Qiang ^[7]

Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC (United States); Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Key Lab. for Algal Biology; Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham, AL (United States)
Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC (United States)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Key Lab. for Algal Biology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)
Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC (United States); Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Key Lab. for Algal Biology
Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC (United States); Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan (China). Inst. of Hydrobiology. Key Lab. for Algal Biology; SDIC Biotech Investment Co., LTD., Beijing (China); Beijing Key Lab. of Algae Biomass, Beijing (China)

Publication Date:: Thu Jun 11 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Chinese Foreign Experts Bureau; US National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship

OSTI Identifier:: 1848483

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1633114

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0007091; 31672625; 21603263; 2016M602391; 32OCPC2017; 164486820174200002

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Resources, Conservation and Recycling

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 161; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0921-3449

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 42 ENGINEERING; 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Algae; Bioenergy; Cultivation; Dissolved organic matter; Harvesting; Water reuse

Citation Formats


                    Lu, Zhiying, Loftus, Sarah, Sha, Jun, Wang, Wenxuan, Park, Min S., Zhang, Xuezhi, Johnson, Zackary I., and Hu, Qiang. Water reuse for sustainable microalgae cultivation: current knowledge and future directions.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104975.

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                    Lu, Zhiying, Loftus, Sarah, Sha, Jun, Wang, Wenxuan, Park, Min S., Zhang, Xuezhi, Johnson, Zackary I., & Hu, Qiang. Water reuse for sustainable microalgae cultivation: current knowledge and future directions.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104975

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                    Lu, Zhiying, Loftus, Sarah, Sha, Jun, Wang, Wenxuan, Park, Min S., Zhang, Xuezhi, Johnson, Zackary I., and Hu, Qiang. Thu .  
"Water reuse for sustainable microalgae cultivation: current knowledge and future directions".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104975.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1848483.

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@article{osti_1848483,

  title        = {Water reuse for sustainable microalgae cultivation: current knowledge and future directions},

  author       = {Lu, Zhiying and Loftus, Sarah and Sha, Jun and Wang, Wenxuan and Park, Min S. and Zhang, Xuezhi and Johnson, Zackary I. and Hu, Qiang},

  abstractNote = {Microalgae hold great promise as environmentally sustainable sources of food, animal feed, and fuel. However, large amounts of water are used during microalgae cultivation and this negatively impacts economic viability and environmental sustainability. Reusing cultivation water can reduce the direct impacts of water usage and also reduce nutrient requirements and algal wastewater treatment. However, studies have shown that algae growth in reused water can be compromised, unaffected, or sometimes enhanced compared to controls. This review examines recent studies on water reuse to qualitatively understand these varied effects. Growth inhibitors and stimulators in reused water and their underlying mechanisms are discussed, as well as recent pre-treatment technologies and factors affecting the quality of reused water, such as microalgae taxa, culture conditions, and harvesting methods, are considered. A scheme is proposed for water reuse and harvesting methods based on the desired algal end products. Finally, taking these findings together, here we provide recommendations for further research directions as well as new insights into designing and integrating a cultivation strategy with a harvesting platform to reuse water for more efficient microalgae cultivation.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104975},

  journal      = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 161,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jun 11 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Thu Jun 11 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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Abstract

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Metabolic profiling reveals growth stage variability in diatom exudates: Exometabolome of diatoms journal, May 2009

Polyphenolic allelochemical pyrogallic acid induces caspase-3(like)-dependent programmed cell death in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa journal, January 2017

Use of conditioned medium for efficient transformation and cost-effective cultivation of Nannochloropsis salina journal, April 2015

Freshwater microalgae harvested via flocculation induced by pH decrease journal, January 2013

Towards industrial products from microalgae journal, January 2016

Astaxanthin: To delay skin aging journal, January 2011

Cross-study analysis of factors affecting algae cultivation in recycled medium for biofuel production journal, June 2017

An Autoinhibitory Substance Produced by Platydorina caudata Kofoid journal, February 1970

pH-stat photoheterotrophic cultivation of indigenous Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biomass and lipid production using acetic acid as the carbon source journal, May 2012

The role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Copper Toxicity to two Freshwater Green Algae journal, April 2008

Enhanced Microalgal Harvesting Using Microalgae-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substance as Flocculation Aid journal, February 2020

Microalgae harvesting by pH adjusted coagulation-flocculation, recycling of the coagulant and the growth media journal, September 2016

A Novel Treatment Protects Chlorella at Commercial Scale from the Predatory Bacterium Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus journal, June 2016

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances journal, May 2008

Optimization of flocculation with tannin-based flocculant in the water reuse and lipidic production for the cultivation of Acutodesmus obliquus journal, December 2016

Evaluation of physicochemical treatment conditions for the reuse of a spent growth medium in Arthrospira platensis cultivation journal, January 2016

Biomass, lipid content, and fatty acid composition of freshwater Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus grown under salt stress journal, February 2013

A recycling culture of Neochloris oleoabundans in a bicarbonate-based integrated carbon capture and algae production system with harvesting by auto-flocculation journal, July 2018

The inhibition effect of recycled Scenedesmus acuminatus culture media: Influence of growth phase, inhibitor identification and removal journal, September 2019

Microalgae-based biorefinery – From biofuels to natural products journal, May 2013

Growth Inhibiting Substances Formed by Algae journal, October 1956

Algae based biorefinery—How to make sense? journal, July 2015

Microalgae biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel for power generation journal, May 2016

A synergistic combination of algal wastewater treatment and hydrothermal biofuel production maximized by nutrient and carbon recycling journal, January 2013

Using nano-chitosan for harvesting microalga Nannochloropsis sp. journal, March 2013

Development and validation of a minimal growth medium for recycling Chlorella vulgaris culture journal, November 2012

Scaling up microalgal cultures to commercial scale journal, October 2017

Algal biorefinery-based industry: an approach to address fuel and food insecurity for a carbon-smart world journal, October 2010

Influence of Daily Collection and Culture Medium Recycling on the Growth and β-Carotene Yield of Dunaliella salina journal, June 2008

Ferric chloride flocculation plus carbon adsorption allows to reuse spent culture medium of Arthrospira platensis journal, January 2015

Cross‐protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities journal, February 2018

Effects of pyrogallic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa: oxidative stress related toxicity journal, October 2016

Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris induced by high pH: Role of magnesium and calcium and practical implications journal, February 2012

Extinction of cells of cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in the presence of humic acid under illumination journal, February 2006

Transdisciplinarity and the food energy and water nexus: Ecological modernization and supply chain sustainability perspectives journal, June 2018

Facilitating access to the algal economy: Mapping waste resources to identify suitable locations for algal farms in Queensland journal, May 2014

Medium recycling for Nannochloropsis gaditana cultures for aquaculture journal, February 2013

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) release by phytoplankton in the contemporary and future ocean journal, January 2014

Techno-economic evaluation of microalgae harvesting and dewatering systems journal, April 2018

Effect of Centrifugation on Water Recycling and Algal Growth to Enable Algae Biodiesel Production journal, December 2014

Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics journal, January 2003

Continuous cultivation of Arthrospira platensis using exhausted medium treated with granular activated carbon journal, March 2015

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in microalgal photobioreactors: A potential loss in solar energy conversion? journal, November 2010

Qualitative analysis of algal secretions with multiple mass spectrometric platforms journal, June 2012

Effect of salinity stress on growth, lipid productivity, fatty acid composition, and biodiesel properties in Acutodesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris journal, April 2017

Improving the reliability of fluorescence-based neutral lipid content measurements in microalgal cultures journal, October 2012

The Effects of Plant Growth Substances and Mixed Cultures on Growth and Metabolite Production of Green Algae Chlorella sp.: A Review journal, November 2012

Reuse of rejuvenated media during laboratory and pilot scale cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. journal, November 2017

Evaluation of several flocculants for flocculating microalgae journal, December 2015

PCD and autophagy in the unicellular green alga Micrasterias denticulata journal, August 2009

Identification of auto-inhibitors in the reused culture media of the Chlorophyta Scenedesmus acuminatus journal, December 2019

The culture of Chlorella vulgaris in a recycled supernatant: Effects on biomass production and medium quality journal, March 2013

Phytoplankton extracellular release and bacterial growth: dependence on the inorganic N: P ratio journal, January 1995

Harvesting of microalgal biomass: Efficient method for flocculation through pH modulation journal, August 2016

The effects of algal extracellular substances on algal growth, metabolism and long-term medium recycle, and inhibition alleviation through ultrasonication journal, November 2018

COMPETITION BETWEEN SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND OLISTHODISCUS LUTEUS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY AND IN CULTURE: COMPETITION BETWEEN SKELETONEMA AND OLISTHODISCUS journal, April 1966

Impact of changes in broth composition on Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in a membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) with permeate recycle journal, January 2014

Effect of harvesting methods on the reusability of water for cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, its lipid productivity and biodiesel quality journal, March 2015

Efficient use of strong light for high photosynthetic productivity: interrelationships between the optical path, the optimal population density and cell-growth inhibition journal, July 2003

Cytotoxic effects of free fatty acids on phytoplankton algae and cyanobacteria journal, December 2006

Life Cycle Water Footprints of Nonfood Biomass Fuels in China journal, March 2014

Efficient utilisation of high photon irradiance for mass production of photoautotrophic micro-organisms journal, January 1999

Long-term semi-continuous cultivation of a halo-tolerant Tetraselmis sp. using recycled growth media journal, March 2019

Harvest of Scenedesmus sp. with bioflocculant and reuse of culture medium for subsequent high-density cultures journal, February 2011

Algae as an important environment for bacteria – phylogenetic relationships among new bacterial species isolated from algae journal, January 2013

Magnetophoretic harvesting of oleaginous Chlorella sp. by using biocompatible chitosan/magnetic nanoparticle composites
journal, December 2013

Toxic mechanism of eucalyptol and β-cyclocitral on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by inducing programmed cell death
journal, May 2020

High pH-induced flocculation of marine Chlorella sp. for biofuel production
journal, May 2015

Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids
journal, January 1991

Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts
journal, November 2011

Implementation of flocculation and sand filtration in medium recirculation in a closed microalgae production system
journal, January 2016

Effect of recycling the culture medium on biodiversity and population dynamics of bio-contaminants in Spirulina platensis mass culture systems
journal, December 2019

Coagulation: Effectiveness in Removing Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions
journal, March 2000

Growth inhibition of Monodus subterraneus by free fatty acids
journal, December 2008

MODIFICATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH BY EXCRETED COMPOUNDS IN LOW-DENSITY POPULATIONS ¹
journal, March 1975

Applying ecological principles of crop cultivation in large-scale algal biomass production
journal, April 2014

Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris biomass harvesting by natural flocculant: effects on biomass sedimentation, spent medium recycling and lipid extraction
journal, June 2018

Metabolic profiling reveals growth stage variability in diatom exudates: Exometabolome of diatoms
journal, May 2009

Polyphenolic allelochemical pyrogallic acid induces caspase-3(like)-dependent programmed cell death in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa
journal, January 2017

Use of conditioned medium for efficient transformation and cost-effective cultivation of Nannochloropsis salina
journal, April 2015

Freshwater microalgae harvested via flocculation induced by pH decrease
journal, January 2013

Towards industrial products from microalgae
journal, January 2016

Astaxanthin: To delay skin aging
journal, January 2011

Cross-study analysis of factors affecting algae cultivation in recycled medium for biofuel production
journal, June 2017

An Autoinhibitory Substance Produced by Platydorina caudata Kofoid
journal, February 1970

pH-stat photoheterotrophic cultivation of indigenous Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biomass and lipid production using acetic acid as the carbon source
journal, May 2012

The role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Copper Toxicity to two Freshwater Green Algae
journal, April 2008

Enhanced Microalgal Harvesting Using Microalgae-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substance as Flocculation Aid
journal, February 2020

Microalgae harvesting by pH adjusted coagulation-flocculation, recycling of the coagulant and the growth media
journal, September 2016

A Novel Treatment Protects Chlorella at Commercial Scale from the Predatory Bacterium Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus
journal, June 2016

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances
journal, May 2008

Optimization of flocculation with tannin-based flocculant in the water reuse and lipidic production for the cultivation of Acutodesmus obliquus
journal, December 2016

Evaluation of physicochemical treatment conditions for the reuse of a spent growth medium in Arthrospira platensis cultivation
journal, January 2016

Biomass, lipid content, and fatty acid composition of freshwater Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus grown under salt stress
journal, February 2013

A recycling culture of Neochloris oleoabundans in a bicarbonate-based integrated carbon capture and algae production system with harvesting by auto-flocculation
journal, July 2018

The inhibition effect of recycled Scenedesmus acuminatus culture media: Influence of growth phase, inhibitor identification and removal
journal, September 2019

Microalgae-based biorefinery – From biofuels to natural products
journal, May 2013

Growth Inhibiting Substances Formed by Algae
journal, October 1956

Algae based biorefinery—How to make sense?
journal, July 2015

Microalgae biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel for power generation
journal, May 2016

A synergistic combination of algal wastewater treatment and hydrothermal biofuel production maximized by nutrient and carbon recycling
journal, January 2013

Using nano-chitosan for harvesting microalga Nannochloropsis sp.
journal, March 2013

Development and validation of a minimal growth medium for recycling Chlorella vulgaris culture
journal, November 2012

Scaling up microalgal cultures to commercial scale
journal, October 2017

Algal biorefinery-based industry: an approach to address fuel and food insecurity for a carbon-smart world
journal, October 2010

Influence of Daily Collection and Culture Medium Recycling on the Growth and β-Carotene Yield of Dunaliella salina
journal, June 2008

Ferric chloride flocculation plus carbon adsorption allows to reuse spent culture medium of Arthrospira platensis
journal, January 2015

Cross‐protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities
journal, February 2018

Effects of pyrogallic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa: oxidative stress related toxicity
journal, October 2016

Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris induced by high pH: Role of magnesium and calcium and practical implications
journal, February 2012

Extinction of cells of cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in the presence of humic acid under illumination
journal, February 2006

Transdisciplinarity and the food energy and water nexus: Ecological modernization and supply chain sustainability perspectives
journal, June 2018

Facilitating access to the algal economy: Mapping waste resources to identify suitable locations for algal farms in Queensland
journal, May 2014

Medium recycling for Nannochloropsis gaditana cultures for aquaculture
journal, February 2013

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) release by phytoplankton in the contemporary and future ocean
journal, January 2014

Techno-economic evaluation of microalgae harvesting and dewatering systems
journal, April 2018

Effect of Centrifugation on Water Recycling and Algal Growth to Enable Algae Biodiesel Production
journal, December 2014

Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics
journal, January 2003

Continuous cultivation of Arthrospira platensis using exhausted medium treated with granular activated carbon
journal, March 2015

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in microalgal photobioreactors: A potential loss in solar energy conversion?
journal, November 2010

Qualitative analysis of algal secretions with multiple mass spectrometric platforms
journal, June 2012

Effect of salinity stress on growth, lipid productivity, fatty acid composition, and biodiesel properties in Acutodesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris
journal, April 2017

Improving the reliability of fluorescence-based neutral lipid content measurements in microalgal cultures
journal, October 2012

The Effects of Plant Growth Substances and Mixed Cultures on Growth and Metabolite Production of Green Algae Chlorella sp.: A Review
journal, November 2012

Reuse of rejuvenated media during laboratory and pilot scale cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp.
journal, November 2017

Evaluation of several flocculants for flocculating microalgae
journal, December 2015

PCD and autophagy in the unicellular green alga Micrasterias denticulata
journal, August 2009

Identification of auto-inhibitors in the reused culture media of the Chlorophyta Scenedesmus acuminatus
journal, December 2019

The culture of Chlorella vulgaris in a recycled supernatant: Effects on biomass production and medium quality
journal, March 2013

Phytoplankton extracellular release and bacterial growth: dependence on the inorganic N: P ratio
journal, January 1995

Harvesting of microalgal biomass: Efficient method for flocculation through pH modulation
journal, August 2016

The effects of algal extracellular substances on algal growth, metabolism and long-term medium recycle, and inhibition alleviation through ultrasonication
journal, November 2018

COMPETITION BETWEEN SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND OLISTHODISCUS LUTEUS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY AND IN CULTURE: COMPETITION BETWEEN SKELETONEMA AND OLISTHODISCUS
journal, April 1966

Impact of changes in broth composition on Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in a membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) with permeate recycle
journal, January 2014

Effect of harvesting methods on the reusability of water for cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, its lipid productivity and biodiesel quality
journal, March 2015

Efficient use of strong light for high photosynthetic productivity: interrelationships between the optical path, the optimal population density and cell-growth inhibition
journal, July 2003

Cytotoxic effects of free fatty acids on phytoplankton algae and cyanobacteria
journal, December 2006

Life Cycle Water Footprints of Nonfood Biomass Fuels in China
journal, March 2014

Efficient utilisation of high photon irradiance for mass production of photoautotrophic micro-organisms
journal, January 1999

Long-term semi-continuous cultivation of a halo-tolerant Tetraselmis sp. using recycled growth media
journal, March 2019

Harvest of Scenedesmus sp. with bioflocculant and reuse of culture medium for subsequent high-density cultures
journal, February 2011

Algae as an important environment for bacteria – phylogenetic relationships among new bacterial species isolated from algae
journal, January 2013

Interaction and signalling between a cosmopolitan phytoplankton and associated bacteria
journal, May 2015

Cell growth, effect of filtrate and nutritive value of the tropical Prasinophyte Tetraselmis tetrathele (Butcher) at different phases of culture
journal, November 2005

Carbohydrate-degrading bacteria closely associated with Tetraselmis indica: influence on algal growth
journal, April 2012