Projected changes in the terrestrial and oceanic regulators of climate variability across sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract
Future changes in the sign and intensity of ocean–land–atmosphere interactions have been insufficiently studied, despite implications for regional climate change projections, extreme event statistics, and seasonal climate predictability. In response to this deficiency, the present study focuses on projected responses to the enhanced greenhouse effect in: (1) the mean state of the atmosphere and land surface; (2) oceanic and terrestrial drivers of sub-Saharan climate variability; and (3) total seasonal climate predictability of sub-Saharan Africa, a region known for its pronounced land–atmosphere coupling. Analysis focuses on output from 23 Earth System Models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Five for the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is projected that the greatest warming across sub-Saharan Africa will occur over the Sahel, the monsoon season will become more persistent into late summer and autumn, short rains in the Horn of Africa (HOA) will intensify, and leaf area index will increase across the HOA. Stepwise Generalized Equilibrium Feedback Assessment, i.e. a multivariate statistical approach, is applied to the model output over sub-Saharan Africa in order to explore the oceanic and terrestrial drivers of regional climate. The models indicate that the study region’s climate variability is dominated by oceanic drivers, with secondary contributionsmore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[3]
- Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Nelson Inst. Center for Climatic Research
- Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1632064
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Climate Dynamics
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 55; Journal Issue: 5-6; Journal ID: ISSN 0930-7575
- Publisher:
- Springer-Verlag
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Citation Formats
Notaro, Michael, Wang, Fuyao, Yu, Yan, and Mao, Jiafu. Projected changes in the terrestrial and oceanic regulators of climate variability across sub-Saharan Africa. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05308-0.
Notaro, Michael, Wang, Fuyao, Yu, Yan, & Mao, Jiafu. Projected changes in the terrestrial and oceanic regulators of climate variability across sub-Saharan Africa. United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05308-0
Notaro, Michael, Wang, Fuyao, Yu, Yan, and Mao, Jiafu. Wed .
"Projected changes in the terrestrial and oceanic regulators of climate variability across sub-Saharan Africa". United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05308-0. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1632064.
@article{osti_1632064,
title = {Projected changes in the terrestrial and oceanic regulators of climate variability across sub-Saharan Africa},
author = {Notaro, Michael and Wang, Fuyao and Yu, Yan and Mao, Jiafu},
abstractNote = {Future changes in the sign and intensity of ocean–land–atmosphere interactions have been insufficiently studied, despite implications for regional climate change projections, extreme event statistics, and seasonal climate predictability. In response to this deficiency, the present study focuses on projected responses to the enhanced greenhouse effect in: (1) the mean state of the atmosphere and land surface; (2) oceanic and terrestrial drivers of sub-Saharan climate variability; and (3) total seasonal climate predictability of sub-Saharan Africa, a region known for its pronounced land–atmosphere coupling. Analysis focuses on output from 23 Earth System Models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Five for the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is projected that the greatest warming across sub-Saharan Africa will occur over the Sahel, the monsoon season will become more persistent into late summer and autumn, short rains in the Horn of Africa (HOA) will intensify, and leaf area index will increase across the HOA. Stepwise Generalized Equilibrium Feedback Assessment, i.e. a multivariate statistical approach, is applied to the model output over sub-Saharan Africa in order to explore the oceanic and terrestrial drivers of regional climate. The models indicate that the study region’s climate variability is dominated by oceanic drivers, with secondary contributions from soil moisture and very modest impacts from vegetation. Overall, the general model consensus of future projections indicates a concerning diminished seasonal predictability of sub-Saharan African regional climate based on key oceanic and terrestrial predictors and an elevated role of the land surface (associated with soil moisture anomalies) compared to oceanic drivers in regulating regional climate variability.},
doi = {10.1007/s00382-020-05308-0},
journal = {Climate Dynamics},
number = 5-6,
volume = 55,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jun 03 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Wed Jun 03 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 3 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Carbon isotope discrimination indicates improving water-use efficiency of trees in northern Eurasia over the last 100 years
journal, December 2004
- Saurer, Matthias; Siegwolf, Rolf T. W.; Schweingruber, Fritz H.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 10, Issue 12
Plant water relations at elevated CO2 - implications for water-limited environments
journal, February 2002
- Wullschleger, S. D.; Tschaplinski, T. J.; Norby, R. J.
- Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 25, Issue 2
Uncertain soil moisture feedbacks in model projections of Sahel precipitation: Soil Moisture Feedbacks in the Sahel
journal, June 2017
- Berg, Alexis; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Findell, Kirsten
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 12
Increased water-use efficiency during the 20th century did not translate into enhanced tree growth: Tree growth in the 20th century
journal, November 2010
- Peñuelas, Josep; Canadell, Josep G.; Ogaya, Romà
- Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 20, Issue 4
Africa and the global carbon cycle
journal, March 2007
- Williams, Christopher A.; Hanan, Niall P.; Neff, Jason C.
- Carbon Balance and Management, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Potential feedback of recent vegetation changes on summer rainfall in the Sahel
journal, November 2015
- Lee, Eungul; He, Yaqian; Zhou, Mo
- Physical Geography, Vol. 36, Issue 6
Temporal dynamics and spatial variability in the enhancement of canopy leaf area under elevated atmospheric CO 2
journal, December 2007
- McCARTHY, Heather R.; Oren, Ram; Finzi, Adrien C.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 12
Regions of Strong Coupling Between Soil Moisture and Precipitation
journal, August 2004
- Koster, R. D.
- Science, Vol. 305, Issue 5687
Northern-hemispheric differential warming is the key to understanding the discrepancies in the projected Sahel rainfall
journal, January 2015
- Park, Jong-Yeon; Bader, Jürgen; Matei, Daniela
- Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Advancing a Model-Validated Statistical Method for Decomposing the Key Oceanic Drivers of Regional Climate: Focus on Northern and Tropical African Climate Variability in the Community Earth System Model (CESM)
journal, November 2017
- Wang, Fuyao; Yu, Yan; Notaro, Michael
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 21
Ecological Lessons from Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) Experiments
journal, December 2011
- Norby, Richard J.; Zak, Donald R.
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 42, Issue 1
GLACE: The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview
journal, August 2006
- Koster, Randal D.; Sud, Y. C.; Guo, Zhichang
- Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 7, Issue 4
On the Assessment of Nonlocal Climate Feedback. Part I: The Generalized Equilibrium Feedback Assessment
journal, January 2008
- Liu, Zhengyu; Wen, Na; Liu, Yun
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 1
Land surface processes and Sahel climate
journal, February 2000
- Nicholson, Sharon
- Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 38, Issue 1
Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene
journal, May 2015
- Frank, D. C.; Poulter, B.; Saurer, M.
- Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, Issue 6
What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2: Tansley review
journal, November 2004
- Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Long, Stephen P.
- New Phytologist, Vol. 165, Issue 2
Assessment of the Representation of West African Storm Lifecycles in Convection‐Permitting Simulations
journal, May 2019
- Crook, Julia; Klein, Cornelia; Folwell, Sonja
- Earth and Space Science
The Contribution to Tropical Rainfall with respect to Convective System Type, Size, and Intensity Estimated from the 85-GHz Ice-Scattering Signature
journal, May 1999
- Mohr, Karen I.; Famiglietti, James S.; Zipser, Edward J.
- Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 38, Issue 5
Seasonal Drought in the Greater Horn of Africa and Its Recent Increase during the March–May Long Rains
journal, November 2014
- Lyon, Bradfield
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 21
A Robust but Spurious Pattern of Climate Change in Model Projections over the Tropical Indian Ocean
journal, July 2016
- Li, Gen; Xie, Shang-Ping; Du, Yan
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 15
CMIP5 Projected Changes in the Annual Cycle of Precipitation in Monsoon Regions
journal, October 2013
- Seth, Anji; Rauscher, Sara A.; Biasutti, Michela
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 19
Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change
journal, December 2018
- Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Issue 23
Will There Be a Significant Change to El Niño in the Twenty-First Century?
journal, March 2012
- Stevenson, Samantha; Fox-Kemper, Baylor; Jochum, Markus
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 6
Long-Term Variability in a Coupled Atmosphere–Biosphere Model
journal, October 2004
- Delire, Christine; Foley, Jonathan A.; Thompson, Starley
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 17, Issue 20
African rainfall and its relation to the upper air circulation
journal, July 1977
- Kidson, John W.; Newell, R. E.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 103, Issue 437
A Process-Based Assessment of CMIP5 Rainfall in the Congo Basin: The September–November Rainy Season
journal, September 2018
- Creese, A.; Washington, R.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Issue 18
The terrestrial segment of soil moisture-climate coupling: SOIL MOISTURE-CLIMATE COUPLING
journal, August 2011
- Dirmeyer, Paul A.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 16
DIEL AND SEASONAL PATTERNS OF TROPICAL FOREST CO 2 EXCHANGE
journal, August 2004
- Goulden, Michael L.; Miller, Scott D.; da Rocha, Humberto R.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 14, Issue sp4
Projections of leaf area index in earth system models
journal, January 2016
- Mahowald, Natalie; Lo, Fiona; Zheng, Yun
- Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Mesoscale Convective System Rainfall in the Sahel
journal, November 2002
- Mathon, Vincent; Laurent, Henri; Lebel, Thierry
- Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 41, Issue 11
Delayed Sahel rainfall and global seasonal cycle in a warmer climate
journal, January 2009
- Biasutti, Michela; Sobel, Adam H.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 23
Resolving Sahelian thunderstorms improves mid-latitude weather forecasts
journal, August 2019
- Pante, Gregor; Knippertz, Peter
- Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Interannual Variability in Rainfall, Water Vapor Flux, and Vertical Motion over West Africa
journal, November 2000
- Long, Marybeth; Entekhabi, Dara; Nicholson, Sharon E.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 13, Issue 21
C4 grasses prosper as carbon dioxide eliminates desiccation in warmed semi-arid grassland
journal, August 2011
- Morgan, Jack A.; LeCain, Daniel R.; Pendall, Elise
- Nature, Vol. 476, Issue 7359
The Impact of Mediterranean SSTs on the Sahelian Rainfall Season
journal, March 2003
- Rowell, David P.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 16, Issue 5
Dynamics of the West African Westerly Jet
journal, December 2010
- Pu, Bing; Cook, Kerry H.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, Issue 23
Historic and Projected Changes in Coupling Between Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration (ET) in CMIP5 Models Confounded by the Role of Different ET Components
journal, June 2019
- Berg, Alexis; Sheffield, Justin
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
The Multidecadal Atlantic SST—Sahel Rainfall Teleconnection in CMIP5 Simulations
journal, January 2014
- Martin, Elinor R.; Thorncroft, Chris; Booth, Ben B. B.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 2
A Biometrics Invited Paper. The Analysis and Selection of Variables in Linear Regression
journal, March 1976
- Hocking, R. R.
- Biometrics, Vol. 32, Issue 1
A new look at the statistical model identification
journal, December 1974
- Akaike, H.
- IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 19, Issue 6
How important is the contribution of the mesoscale convective complexes to the Sahelian rainfall?
journal, January 1998
- Laurent, H.; D'Amato, N.; Lebel, T.
- Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 23, Issue 5-6
Land–atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe
journal, September 2006
- Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Lüthi, Daniel; Litschi, Michael
- Nature, Vol. 443, Issue 7108
Disentangling the Changes in the Indian Ocean Dipole–Related SST and Rainfall Variability under Global Warming in CMIP5 Models
journal, June 2019
- Huang, Ping; Zheng, Xiao-Tong; Ying, Jun
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 32, Issue 13
On the projected increase of Sahel rainfall during the late rainy season: ON THE PROJECTED INCREASE OF SAHEL RAINFALL
journal, February 2016
- Monerie, Paul-Arthur; Biasutti, Michela; Roucou, Pascal
- International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 36, Issue 13
Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex
journal, January 2017
- Dargie, Greta C.; Lewis, Simon L.; Lawson, Ian T.
- Nature, Vol. 542, Issue 7639
Detection and Attribution of Twentieth-Century Northern and Southern African Rainfall Change
journal, August 2006
- Hoerling, Martin; Hurrell, James; Eischeid, Jon
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 16
Evapotranspiration: A process driving mass transport and energy exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere-climate system: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CLIMATE
journal, July 2012
- Katul, Gabriel G.; Oren, Ram; Manzoni, Stefano
- Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 50, Issue 3
Land–atmosphere interactions in the tropics – a review
journal, January 2019
- Gentine, Pierre; Massmann, Adam; Lintner, Benjamin R.
- Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 23, Issue 10
Forced Sahel rainfall trends in the CMIP5 archive: FORCED RAINFALL TRENDS IN THE SAHEL
journal, February 2013
- Biasutti, M.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 4
Rainfall Types in the West African Sudanian Zone during the Summer Monsoon 2002
journal, August 2006
- Fink, A. H.; Vincent, D. G.; Ermert, V.
- Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 134, Issue 8
New Rainfall Datasets for the Congo Basin and Surrounding Regions
journal, August 2018
- Nicholson, S. E.; Klotter, D.; Dezfuli, A. K.
- Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 19, Issue 8
Congo Basin rainfall climatology: can we believe the climate models?
journal, September 2013
- Washington, Richard; James, Rachel; Pearce, Helen
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 368, Issue 1625
Influence of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soils on the prediction of cumulus Convective rainfall
journal, May 2001
- Pielke, Roger A.
- Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 39, Issue 2
RISING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE: Plants FACE the Future
journal, June 2004
- Long, Stephen P.; Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Rogers, Alistair
- Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 55, Issue 1
The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability
journal, January 2013
- Nicholson, Sharon E.
- ISRN Meteorology, Vol. 2013
Modeling soil moisture-precipitation feedback in the Sahel: Importance of spatial scale versus convective parameterization: SOIL MOISTURE FEEDBACK IN MODELS
journal, December 2013
- Taylor, Christopher M.; Birch, Cathryn E.; Parker, Douglas J.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 23
The Predictability of Rainfall over the Greater Horn of Africa. Part I: Prediction of Seasonal Rainfall
journal, June 2014
- Nicholson, Sharon E.
- Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 3
Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Global Warming in the CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble*
journal, August 2013
- Zheng, Xiao-Tong; Xie, Shang-Ping; Du, Yan
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 16
Modification of land-atmosphere interactions by CO 2 effects: Implications for summer dryness and heat wave amplitude : How Rising CO
journal, October 2016
- Lemordant, Léo; Gentine, Pierre; Stéfanon, Marc
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 19
Validation of a Statistical Methodology for Extracting Vegetation Feedbacks: Focus on North African Ecosystems in the Community Earth System Model
journal, February 2018
- Yu, Yan; Notaro, Michael; Wang, Fuyao
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Issue 4
Anthropocene changes in desert area: Sensitivity to climate model predictions
journal, January 2007
- Mahowald, Natalie M.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 18
Enhancement of Interdecadal Climate Variability in the Sahel by Vegetation Interaction
journal, November 1999
- Zeng, N.
- Science, Vol. 286, Issue 5444
The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO 2 ]: mechanisms and environmental interactions : Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses to rising [CO
journal, January 2007
- Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Rogers, Alistair
- Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 30, Issue 3
Seasonality of African Precipitation from 1996 to 2009
journal, June 2012
- Liebmann, Brant; Bladé, Ileana; Kiladis, George N.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 12
CO2-Induced Sahel Greening in Three CMIP5 Earth System Models
journal, September 2014
- Bathiany, Sebastian; Claussen, Martin; Brovkin, Victor
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 18
Intraseasonal variability of the West African monsoon
journal, January 2011
- Janicot, S.; Caniaux, G.; Chauvin, F.
- Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 1
West African Monsoon Intraseasonal Variability: A Precipitable Water Perspective
journal, April 2013
- Poan, D. Emmanuel; Roehrig, Romain; Couvreux, Fleur
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 70, Issue 4
Past and future rainfall in the Horn of Africa
journal, October 2015
- Tierney, Jessica E.; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; deMenocal, Peter B.
- Science Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 9
Observed Local and Remote Influences of Vegetation on the Atmosphere across North America Using a Model-Validated Statistical Technique That First Excludes Oceanic Forcings
journal, January 2014
- Wang, Fuyao; Notaro, Michael; Liu, Zhengyu
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 1
Dynamics of the West African Monsoon Jump
journal, November 2007
- Hagos, Samson M.; Cook, Kerry H.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 21
Dynamics of Wet and Dry Years in West Africa
journal, May 1996
- Eltahir, Elfatih A. B.; Gong, Cuiling
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 9, Issue 5
Competing Influences of Anthropogenic Warming, ENSO, and Plant Physiology on Future Terrestrial Aridity
journal, September 2017
- Bonfils, Céline; Anderson, Gemma; Santer, Benjamin D.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 17
Role of the West African Westerly Jet in Sahel Rainfall Variations
journal, April 2012
- Pu, Bing; Cook, Kerry H.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 8
Combined statistical and dynamical assessment of simulated vegetation-rainfall interactions in North Africa during the mid-Holocene1: STATISTICAL AND DYNAMICAL ASSESSMENT OF SIMULATED VEGETATION-RAINFALL INTERACTIONS
journal, November 2007
- Notaro, Michael; Wang, Yi; Liu, Zhengyu
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 14, Issue 2
A spatial regression analysis of the influence of topography on monthly rainfall in East Africa: INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY ON MONTHLY RAINFALL IN EAST AFRICA
journal, June 2010
- Hession, S. L.; Moore, N.
- International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 31, Issue 10
Future change of the Indian Ocean basin-wide and dipole modes in the CMIP5
journal, November 2013
- Chu, Jung-Eun; Ha, Kyung-Ja; Lee, June-Yi
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 43, Issue 1-2
Impact of CO 2 fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe's warm, arid environments : CO
journal, June 2013
- Donohue, Randall J.; Roderick, Michael L.; McVicar, Tim R.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 12
Spatiotemporal variability of the relation between African Easterly Waves and West African Squall Lines in 1998 and 1999
journal, January 2003
- Fink, Andreas H.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D11
Assessing Atmospheric Response to Surface Forcing in the Observations. Part I: Cross Validation of Annual Response Using GEFA, LIM, and FDT
journal, April 2012
- Liu, Zhengyu; Wen, Na; Fan, Lei
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 19
Contributions of soil moisture interactions to climate change in the tropics in the GLACE–CMIP5 experiment
journal, March 2015
- May, Wilhelm; Meier, Arndt; Rummukainen, Markku
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 45, Issue 11-12
What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network
journal, December 2013
- Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia; da Rocha, Humberto R.; Hutyra, Lucy R.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 182-183
Uncertainties in summer evapotranspiration changes over Europe and implications for regional climate change
journal, January 2008
- Boé, Julien; Terray, Laurent
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 5
Skilful prediction of Sahel summer rainfall on inter-annual and multi-year timescales
journal, May 2017
- Sheen, K. L.; Smith, D. M.; Dunstone, N. J.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
A Joint Statistical and Dynamical Assessment of Atmospheric Response to North Pacific Oceanic Variability in CCSM3
journal, November 2008
- Zhong, Yafang; Liu, Zhengyu
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 22
Variability and Predictability of West African Droughts: A Review on the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
journal, May 2015
- Rodríguez-Fonseca, Belen; Mohino, Elsa; Mechoso, Carlos R.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 10
Elevated CO2 effects on plant carbon, nitrogen, and water relations: six important lessons from FACE
journal, April 2009
- Leakey, Andrew D. B.; Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Bernacchi, Carl J.
- Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 60, Issue 10
Seasonal differences in intraseasonal and interannual variability of Mediterranean Sea surface temperature: Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperature
journal, April 2015
- Zveryaev, Igor I.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 120, Issue 4
Evidence for Enhanced Land–Atmosphere Feedback in a Warming Climate
journal, June 2012
- Dirmeyer, Paul A.; Cash, Benjamin A.; Kinter, James L.
- Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 13, Issue 3
El Niño–Induced Tropical Droughts in Climate Change Projections
journal, December 2009
- Coelho, Caio A. S.; Goddard, Lisa
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 22, Issue 23
Projections of a Wetter Sahel in the Twenty-First Century from Global and Regional Models
journal, July 2013
- Vizy, Edward K.; Cook, Kerry H.; Crétat, Julien
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 13
Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa
journal, December 2015
- Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 24
Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales
journal, November 2003
- Giannini, A.
- Science, Vol. 302, Issue 5647
Simulating SST Teleconnections to Africa: What is the State of the Art?
journal, August 2013
- Rowell, David P.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 15
Ecohydrologic impact of reduced stomatal conductance in forests exposed to elevated CO2
journal, November 2010
- Warren, Jeffrey M.; Pötzelsberger, Elisabeth; Wullschleger, Stan D.
- Ecohydrology, Vol. 4, Issue 2
Evolving Land–Atmosphere Interactions over North America from CMIP5 Simulations
journal, October 2013
- Dirmeyer, Paul A.; Jin, Yan; Singh, Bohar
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 19
The Predictability of Rainfall over the Greater Horn of Africa. Part II: Prediction of Monthly Rainfall during the Long Rains
journal, October 2015
- Nicholson, Sharon E.
- Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 16, Issue 5
Sahel rainfall and decadal to multi-decadal sea surface temperature variability
journal, June 2010
- Mohino, Elsa; Janicot, Serge; Bader, Juergen
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 37, Issue 3-4
The mysteries of Sahel droughts
journal, October 2008
- Cook, Kerry H.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, Issue 10
The Role of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interaction on Future Hot Spells over North America as Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5)
journal, July 2017
- Diro, G. T.; Sushama, L.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 13
Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901–85
journal, April 1986
- Folland, C. K.; Palmer, T. N.; Parker, D. E.
- Nature, Vol. 320, Issue 6063
Cold Tongue and Warm Pool ENSO Events in CMIP5: Mean State and Future Projections
journal, April 2014
- Taschetto, Andréa S.; Gupta, Alexander Sen; Jourdain, Nicolas C.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 8
Observed positive vegetation-rainfall feedbacks in the Sahel dominated by a moisture recycling mechanism
journal, November 2017
- Yu, Yan; Notaro, Michael; Wang, Fuyao
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Intensification of hot extremes in the United States: INTENSIFICATION OF HOT EXTREMES
journal, August 2010
- Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Ashfaq, Moetasim
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 15
Elucidating observed land surface feedbacks across sub-Saharan Africa
journal, March 2019
- Notaro, Michael; Wang, Fuyao; Yu, Yan
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 53, Issue 3-4
SST Forcings and Sahel Rainfall Variability in Simulations of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
journal, July 2008
- Biasutti, M.; Held, I. M.; Sobel, A. H.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 14
Soil feedback drives the mid-Holocene North African monsoon northward in fully coupled CCSM2 simulations with a dynamic vegetation model
journal, November 2004
- Levis, Samuel; Bonan, Gordon B.; Bonfils, C�line
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 23, Issue 7-8