Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D

Hollmann, Eric M.; Bykov, Igor; Eidietis, N. W.; Herfindal, J. L.; Lvovskiy, A.; Moyer, R. A.; Parks, P. B.; Paz-Soldan, C.; Pigarov, A. Yu.; Rudakov, D. L.; Shiraki, D.; Watkins, J.

doi:10.1063/5.0003299

Title: Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D

Abstract

Herein, a 1D radial diffusion model is developed to study the observed rapid expulsion of argon from the runaway electron plateau in the DIII-D tokamak following secondary massive low-Z (D₂ or He) gas injection. The expulsion of argon is found to be caused by further cooling of the background plasma due to the added neutrals, accompanied by recombination of argon ions and greatly increased outward radial transport rate of argon (now dominantly in neutral form) out of the runaway electron beam. After argon expulsion, power loss out of the runaway electron plateau is found to be dominated by neutral transport to the wall (rather than by radiation); this result resolves the power balance discrepancy highlighted in previous work on argon expulsion out of the runaway electron plateau.

Authors:

^[1]; Bykov, Igor ^[1]; Eidietis, N. W. ^[2];

^[3];

^[2];

^[1];

^[2];

^[2]; Pigarov, A. Yu. ^[4]; Rudakov, D. L. ^[1];

^[3]; Watkins, J. ^[5]

Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
CompX Corp., Del Mar, CA (United States)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Apr 20 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States); Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1631980

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1615413; OSTI ID: 1657911

Grant/Contract Number:: FC02-04ER54698; FG02-07ER54917; AC05-00OR22725; AC52-07NA27344; FG02-04ER54744; AC05-06OR23100

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physics of Plasmas

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 27; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; Plasma temperature; Electron impact ionization; Ionization processes; Recombination reactions; Plasma confinement; Tokamaks; Runaway electrons; Energy conversion

Citation Formats


                    Hollmann, Eric M., Bykov, Igor, Eidietis, N. W., Herfindal, J. L., Lvovskiy, A., Moyer, R. A., Parks, P. B., Paz-Soldan, C., Pigarov, A. Yu., Rudakov, D. L., Shiraki, D., and Watkins, J. Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/5.0003299.

Copy to clipboard


                    Hollmann, Eric M., Bykov, Igor, Eidietis, N. W., Herfindal, J. L., Lvovskiy, A., Moyer, R. A., Parks, P. B., Paz-Soldan, C., Pigarov, A. Yu., Rudakov, D. L., Shiraki, D., & Watkins, J. Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003299

Copy to clipboard


                    Hollmann, Eric M., Bykov, Igor, Eidietis, N. W., Herfindal, J. L., Lvovskiy, A., Moyer, R. A., Parks, P. B., Paz-Soldan, C., Pigarov, A. Yu., Rudakov, D. L., Shiraki, D., and Watkins, J. Mon .  
"Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003299.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631980.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1631980,

  title        = {Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D},

  author       = {Hollmann, Eric M. and Bykov, Igor and Eidietis, N. W. and Herfindal, J. L. and Lvovskiy, A. and Moyer, R. A. and Parks, P. B. and Paz-Soldan, C. and Pigarov, A. Yu. and Rudakov, D. L. and Shiraki, D. and Watkins, J.},

  abstractNote = {Herein, a 1D radial diffusion model is developed to study the observed rapid expulsion of argon from the runaway electron plateau in the DIII-D tokamak following secondary massive low-Z (D2 or He) gas injection. The expulsion of argon is found to be caused by further cooling of the background plasma due to the added neutrals, accompanied by recombination of argon ions and greatly increased outward radial transport rate of argon (now dominantly in neutral form) out of the runaway electron beam. After argon expulsion, power loss out of the runaway electron plateau is found to be dominated by neutral transport to the wall (rather than by radiation); this result resolves the power balance discrepancy highlighted in previous work on argon expulsion out of the runaway electron plateau.},

  doi          = {10.1063/5.0003299},

  journal      = {Physics of Plasmas},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 27,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Apr 20 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Mon Apr 20 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003299

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 14 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Measurement of runaway electron energy distribution function during high-Z gas injection into runaway electron plateaus in DIII-Da)
journal, May 2015

Hollmann, E. M.; Parks, P. B.; Commaux, N.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4921149

A design retrospective of the DIII-D tokamak
journal, May 2002

Luxon, J. L.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 42, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/42/5/313

Corrigendum: Runaway electron beam generation and mitigation during disruptions at JET-ILW (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)
journal, November 2015

Reux, C.; Plyusnin, V.; Alper, B.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/129501

Kink instabilities of the post-disruption runaway electron beam at low safety factor
journal, March 2019

Paz-Soldan, C.; Eidietis, N. W.; Liu, Y. Q.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aafd15

Study of argon assimilation into the post-disruption runaway electron plateau in DIII-D and comparison with a 1D diffusion model
journal, August 2019

Hollmann, E. M.; Eidietis, N. W.; Herfindal, J. L.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab32b2

Inter-machine comparison of the termination phase and energy conversion in tokamak disruptions with runaway current plateau formation and implications for ITER
journal, July 2014

Martín-Solís, J. R.; Loarte, A.; Hollmann, E. M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/54/8/083027

Study of Z scaling of runaway electron plateau final loss energy deposition into wall of DIII-D
journal, June 2017

Hollmann, E. M.; Commaux, N.; Eidietis, N. W.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.4985086

Measurement and modeling of molecular ion concentrations in a hydrogen reflex-arc discharge
journal, October 2002

Hollmann, E. M.; Pigarov, A. Yu.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 9, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.1503070

Dissociative recombination and dissociative excitation of ${}^{4}{HeH}^{+}$ : Absolute cross sections and mechanisms
journal, October 1996

Strömholm, C.; Semaniak, J.; Rosén, S.
Physical Review A, Vol. 54, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.54.3086

Disruptions in ITER and strategies for their control and mitigation
journal, August 2015

Lehnen, M.; Aleynikova, K.; Aleynikov, P. B.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.10.075

Cretin—a radiative transfer capability for laboratory plasmas
journal, October 2001

Scott, Howard A.
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 71, Issue 2-6
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00109-1

The cross section for symmetric charge exchange of He ⁺ in He at energies between 0.3 and 8 eV
journal, December 1977

Helm, H.
Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/10/18/025

Control and dissipation of runaway electron beams created during rapid shutdown experiments in DIII-D
journal, July 2013

Hollmann, E. M.; Austin, M. E.; Boedo, J. A.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083004

Evaluated Bimolecular Ion‐Molecule Gas Phase Kinetics of Positive Ions for Use in Modeling Planetary Atmospheres, Cometary Comae, and Interstellar Clouds
journal, November 1993

Anicich, Vincent G.
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 22, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.555940

Runaway electron damage to the Tore Supra Phase III outboard pump limiter
journal, February 1997

Nygren, R.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 241-243, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00557-0

Coupled plasma–wall modeling
journal, June 2009

Pigarov, A. Yu.; Krasheninnikov, S. I.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 390-391
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.01.165

Status of research toward the ITER disruption mitigation system
journal, November 2014

Hollmann, E. M.; Aleynikov, P. B.; Fülöp, T.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.4901251

Application of the collisional-radiative, atomic-molecular model to the recombining divertor plasma
journal, November 1996

Pigarov, A. Yu; Krasheninnikov, S. I.
Physics Letters A, Vol. 222, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(96)00629-9

Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions
journal, June 2007

Hender, T. C.; Wesley, J. C.; Bialek, J.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/47/6/S03

Dissipation of post-disruption runaway electron plateaus by shattered pellet injection in DIII-D
journal, March 2018

Shiraki, D.; Commaux, N.; Baylor, L. R.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aab0d6

Physics of runaway electrons in tokamaks
journal, June 2019

Breizman, Boris N.; Aleynikov, Pavel; Hollmann, Eric M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab1822

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Trends in runaway electron plateau partial recombination by massive H ₂ or D ₂ injection in DIII-D and JET and first extrapolations to ITER and SPARC

Journal Article Hollmann, E. M. ; Baylor, L. ; Boboc, A. ; ... - Nuclear Fusion

Experimental trends in thermal plasma partial recombination resulting from massivemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb4aa
Dynamic measurement of impurity ion transport in runaway electron plateaus in DIII-D

Journal Article Hollmann, E. M. ; Bortolon, A. ; Effenberg, F. ; ... - Physics of Plasmas

In this work, the first dynamic (time-dependent) measurements of impurity ion radial (cross field) and parallel (along-field) diffusion coefficients for post-disruption runaway electron plateaus are presented. Small (~1 mm diameter) carbon or silicon pellets are fired into the edge of steady-state runaway electron (RE) plateaus, and the resulting radial and toroidal transport of singly charged impurity ions (C⁺ or Si⁺) is monitored with spatially distributed visible spectrometers. Consistent with previous steady-state particle balance estimates of Ar⁺ radial transport, radial (cross field) diffusion coefficients D_⟂ ≈ 2–5 m²/s are obtained, about 10× larger than expected from neo-classical theory. Parallel diffusion coefficientsmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0080385

Full Text Available
Study of argon assimilation into the post-disruption runaway electron plateau in DIII-D and comparison with a 1D diffusion model

Journal Article Hollmann, E. M. ; Eidietis, N. W. ; Herfindal, Jeffrey L. ; ... - Nuclear Fusion

The assimilation of argon injected into post-disruption runaway electron (RE) plateaus is studied and compared to the vertical loss rate for vertically unstable RE plateaus. A 1D diffusion model is developed to include neutral diffusion and ionization and is used to help in data interpretation. It is found that the radial mixing time scale of argon ions (~0.05 s) is comparable to the vertical loss timescale. Neutral argon becomes the dominant Ar species in the RE plateau for large Ar numbers (> 3 x 10²¹); at the same time the neutral Ar diffusivity decreases due to plasma cooling, causing amore »« less
Cited by 14
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab32b2

Full Text Available
Dissipation of post-disruption runaway electron plateaus by shattered pellet injection in DIII-D

Journal Article Shiraki, D. ; Commaux, N. ; Baylor, L. R. ; ... - Nuclear Fusion

Here, we report on the first demonstration of dissipation of fully avalanched post-disruption runaway electron (RE) beams by shattered pellet injection in the DIII-D tokamak. Variation of the injected species shows that dissipation depends strongly on the species mixture, while comparisons with massive gas injection do not show a significant difference between dissipation by pellets or by gas, suggesting that the shattered pellet is rapidly ablated by the relativistic electrons before significant radial penetration into the runaway beam can occur. Pure or dominantly neon injection increases the RE current dissipation through pitch-angle scattering due to collisions with impurity ions. Deuteriummore »« less
Cited by 34
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aab0d6

Full Text Available
Observation of D₂ molecule line emission after massive D₂ injection into runaway electron plateaus in DIII-D

Journal Article Hollmann, E. M. ; Herfindal, J. L. ; McLean, A. ; ... - Physics of Plasmas

Molecular deuterium line emission is observed in both the visible and ultraviolet (UV) wavelength ranges after massive (> 100 Torr-L) injection of D₂ gas into post-disruption runaway electron (RE) dominated plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak. D₂ UV line emission is found to be the dominant source of radiated power, surpassing D Lyα. Interpretive modeling with a collisional-radiative model (CRM) indicates that D₂ radiation surpasses D radiation because Lyα is strongly trapped, while D₂ UV lines are mostly untrapped. The CRM also indicates that the D₂ line emission is completely dominated by RE impact (rather than thermal electron impact), so themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0162644

Similar Records

Title: Study of argon expulsion from the post-disruption runaway electron plateau following low-Z massive gas injection in DIII-D

Abstract

Citation Formats

Measurement of runaway electron energy distribution function during high-Z gas injection into runaway electron plateaus in DIII-Da) journal, May 2015

A design retrospective of the DIII-D tokamak journal, May 2002

Corrigendum: Runaway electron beam generation and mitigation during disruptions at JET-ILW (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013) journal, November 2015

Kink instabilities of the post-disruption runaway electron beam at low safety factor journal, March 2019

Study of argon assimilation into the post-disruption runaway electron plateau in DIII-D and comparison with a 1D diffusion model journal, August 2019

Inter-machine comparison of the termination phase and energy conversion in tokamak disruptions with runaway current plateau formation and implications for ITER journal, July 2014

Study of Z scaling of runaway electron plateau final loss energy deposition into wall of DIII-D journal, June 2017

Measurement and modeling of molecular ion concentrations in a hydrogen reflex-arc discharge journal, October 2002

Dissociative recombination and dissociative excitation of HeH + 4 : Absolute cross sections and mechanisms journal, October 1996

Disruptions in ITER and strategies for their control and mitigation journal, August 2015

Cretin—a radiative transfer capability for laboratory plasmas journal, October 2001

The cross section for symmetric charge exchange of He + in He at energies between 0.3 and 8 eV journal, December 1977

Control and dissipation of runaway electron beams created during rapid shutdown experiments in DIII-D journal, July 2013

Evaluated Bimolecular Ion‐Molecule Gas Phase Kinetics of Positive Ions for Use in Modeling Planetary Atmospheres, Cometary Comae, and Interstellar Clouds journal, November 1993

Runaway electron damage to the Tore Supra Phase III outboard pump limiter journal, February 1997

Coupled plasma–wall modeling journal, June 2009

Status of research toward the ITER disruption mitigation system journal, November 2014

Application of the collisional-radiative, atomic-molecular model to the recombining divertor plasma journal, November 1996

Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions journal, June 2007

Dissipation of post-disruption runaway electron plateaus by shattered pellet injection in DIII-D journal, March 2018

Physics of runaway electrons in tokamaks journal, June 2019

Measurement of runaway electron energy distribution function during high-Z gas injection into runaway electron plateaus in DIII-Da)
journal, May 2015

A design retrospective of the DIII-D tokamak
journal, May 2002

Corrigendum: Runaway electron beam generation and mitigation during disruptions at JET-ILW (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)
journal, November 2015

Kink instabilities of the post-disruption runaway electron beam at low safety factor
journal, March 2019

Study of argon assimilation into the post-disruption runaway electron plateau in DIII-D and comparison with a 1D diffusion model
journal, August 2019

Inter-machine comparison of the termination phase and energy conversion in tokamak disruptions with runaway current plateau formation and implications for ITER
journal, July 2014

Study of Z scaling of runaway electron plateau final loss energy deposition into wall of DIII-D
journal, June 2017

Measurement and modeling of molecular ion concentrations in a hydrogen reflex-arc discharge
journal, October 2002

Dissociative recombination and dissociative excitation of ${}^{4}{HeH}^{+}$ : Absolute cross sections and mechanisms
journal, October 1996

Disruptions in ITER and strategies for their control and mitigation
journal, August 2015

Cretin—a radiative transfer capability for laboratory plasmas
journal, October 2001

The cross section for symmetric charge exchange of He ⁺ in He at energies between 0.3 and 8 eV
journal, December 1977

Control and dissipation of runaway electron beams created during rapid shutdown experiments in DIII-D
journal, July 2013

Evaluated Bimolecular Ion‐Molecule Gas Phase Kinetics of Positive Ions for Use in Modeling Planetary Atmospheres, Cometary Comae, and Interstellar Clouds
journal, November 1993

Runaway electron damage to the Tore Supra Phase III outboard pump limiter
journal, February 1997

Coupled plasma–wall modeling
journal, June 2009

Status of research toward the ITER disruption mitigation system
journal, November 2014

Application of the collisional-radiative, atomic-molecular model to the recombining divertor plasma
journal, November 1996

Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions
journal, June 2007

Dissipation of post-disruption runaway electron plateaus by shattered pellet injection in DIII-D
journal, March 2018

Physics of runaway electrons in tokamaks
journal, June 2019