DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Graphitic Carbon Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the energy storage market for more than two decades; however, the quest for lower-cost battery alternatives is rapidly expanding, especially for large-scale applications. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently experienced an impressive resurgence owing to the earth's abundance of sodium resources and the similar electrochemistry of SIBs and the well-established LIBs. Nonetheless, whereas cost-effective and reliable graphite anodes have served as a cornerstone in current LIB technology, one of the major limitations of SIBs has been the inability to exploit graphite as an electrode because of its negligible sodium storage capability. Recently, however, clear progress has been made in preparing high-performance graphitic carbon anodes for SIBs with new findings on the mechanisms of sodium storage. This paper aims to review the progress made in understanding the sodium storage mechanisms in graphitic carbon materials and comprehensively summarize the start-of-the-art achievements by surveying the correlations among the type of graphitic material, microstructure, sodium storage mechanisms, and electrochemical performance in SIBs. In addition, perspectives related to practical applications, including the electrolyte, coulombic efficiency, and applicability in sodium-ion full cells, are also presented.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. Seoul National Univ. (South Korea)
  2. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); Samsung Electronics; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
OSTI Identifier:
1631604
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Small Methods
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 3; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2366-9608
Publisher:
Wiley
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
25 ENERGY STORAGE; anode materials; graphitic carbon; sodium-ion batteries

Citation Formats

Xu, Zheng‐Long, Park, Jooha, Yoon, Gabin, Kim, Haegyeom, and Kang, Kisuk. Graphitic Carbon Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1002/smtd.201800227.
Xu, Zheng‐Long, Park, Jooha, Yoon, Gabin, Kim, Haegyeom, & Kang, Kisuk. Graphitic Carbon Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201800227
Xu, Zheng‐Long, Park, Jooha, Yoon, Gabin, Kim, Haegyeom, and Kang, Kisuk. Wed . "Graphitic Carbon Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201800227. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631604.
@article{osti_1631604,
title = {Graphitic Carbon Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries},
author = {Xu, Zheng‐Long and Park, Jooha and Yoon, Gabin and Kim, Haegyeom and Kang, Kisuk},
abstractNote = {Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the energy storage market for more than two decades; however, the quest for lower-cost battery alternatives is rapidly expanding, especially for large-scale applications. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently experienced an impressive resurgence owing to the earth's abundance of sodium resources and the similar electrochemistry of SIBs and the well-established LIBs. Nonetheless, whereas cost-effective and reliable graphite anodes have served as a cornerstone in current LIB technology, one of the major limitations of SIBs has been the inability to exploit graphite as an electrode because of its negligible sodium storage capability. Recently, however, clear progress has been made in preparing high-performance graphitic carbon anodes for SIBs with new findings on the mechanisms of sodium storage. This paper aims to review the progress made in understanding the sodium storage mechanisms in graphitic carbon materials and comprehensively summarize the start-of-the-art achievements by surveying the correlations among the type of graphitic material, microstructure, sodium storage mechanisms, and electrochemical performance in SIBs. In addition, perspectives related to practical applications, including the electrolyte, coulombic efficiency, and applicability in sodium-ion full cells, are also presented.},
doi = {10.1002/smtd.201800227},
journal = {Small Methods},
number = 4,
volume = 3,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Sep 05 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Wed Sep 05 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 69 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: (a) Comparison of Li and Na intercalation in graphite, (b) schematic illustration of possible major factors affecting the Na interaction in graphite, including (i) metal decohesion, (ii) graphite layer deviation and (iii) metal-C interaction, (c) Ed, metal values upon lattice reconstruction from metal to MC6 or MC8 (formore » factor i), (d) Ed, graphite changes upon AM intercalation and charge transfer (for factor ii) and (e) Ei between AM and a single layer graphene (for factor iii). (a) Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2001, Electrochemical Society. (b-e) Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.« less

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

A comparative study on the impact of different glymes and their derivatives as electrolyte solvents for graphite co-intercalation electrodes in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries
journal, January 2016

  • Jache, Birte; Binder, Jan Oliver; Abe, Takeshi
  • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6CP00651E

Sodium intercalation chemistry in graphite
journal, January 2015

  • Kim, Haegyeom; Hong, Jihyun; Yoon, Gabin
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5EE02051D

Alloy-Based Anode Materials toward Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, June 2017


Use of Graphite as a Highly Reversible Electrode with Superior Cycle Life for Sodium-Ion Batteries by Making Use of Co-Intercalation Phenomena
journal, July 2014

  • Jache, Birte; Adelhelm, Philipp
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 38
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403734

Conversion-Based Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium Batteries
journal, January 2018

  • Kim, Jongsoon; Kim, Hyungsub; Kang, Kisuk
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702646

High Capacity Anode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2000

  • Stevens, D. A.; Dahn, J. R.
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.1393348

Correlations between electrochemical Na + storage properties and physiochemical characteristics of holey graphene nanosheets
journal, January 2015

  • Luo, Xu-Feng; Yang, Cheng-Hsien; Chang, Jeng-Kuei
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 33
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5TA03687A

Sulfur-Doped Carbon with Enlarged Interlayer Distance as a High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, August 2015


Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage
journal, January 2013

  • Pan, Huilin; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Chen, Liquan
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3ee40847g

Adsorption of Na on intrinsic, B-doped, N-doped and vacancy graphenes: A first-principles study
journal, April 2014


Prussian blue: a new framework of electrode materials for sodium batteries
journal, January 2012

  • Lu, Yuhao; Wang, Long; Cheng, Jinguang
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 48, Issue 52, p. 6544-6546
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31777j

A New High-Energy Cathode for a Na-Ion Battery with Ultrahigh Stability
journal, September 2013

  • Park, Young-Uk; Seo, Dong-Hwa; Kwon, Hyung-Soon
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 37
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja406016j

Nanosilicon anodes for high performance rechargeable batteries
journal, October 2017


Sodium-Ion Batteries: From Academic Research to Practical Commercialization
journal, September 2017

  • Deng, Jianqiu; Luo, Wen-Bin; Chou, Shu-Lei
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201701428

A thermodynamic study of sodium-intercalated TaS2 and TiS2
journal, September 1979


Progress in High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, September 2017


Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries: Potential Alternatives to Current Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, May 2012

  • Kim, Sung-Wook; Seo, Dong-Hwa; Ma, Xiaohua
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 7, p. 710-721
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201200026

Highly doped graphene with multi-dopants for high-capacity and ultrastable sodium-ion batteries
journal, July 2018


A sodium-ion battery exploiting layered oxide cathode, graphite anode and glyme-based electrolyte
journal, April 2016


Large Reversible Li Storage of Graphene Nanosheet Families for Use in Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries
journal, August 2008

  • Yoo, EunJoo; Kim, Jedeok; Hosono, Eiji
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 8, p. 2277-2282
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl800957b

Recent Progress in Organic Electrodes for Li and Na Rechargeable Batteries
journal, March 2018


Na 3.12 Fe 2.44 (P 2 O 7 ) 2 /multi-walled carbon nanotube composite as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries
journal, January 2015

  • Niu, Yubin; Xu, Maowen; Cheng, Chuanjun
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 33
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5TA03127C

Carbon Anode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, March 2017

  • Hou, Hongshuai; Qiu, Xiaoqing; Wei, Weifeng
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602898

Surface Layer Evolution on Graphite During Electrochemical Sodium-tetraglyme Co-intercalation
journal, March 2017

  • Maibach, Julia; Jeschull, Fabian; Brandell, Daniel
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16536

Rhombohedral Prussian White as Cathode for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, February 2015

  • Wang, Long; Song, Jie; Qiao, Ruimin
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja510347s

Utilizing the full capacity of carbon black as anode for Na-ion batteries via solvent co-intercalation
journal, October 2017


Important Role of Functional Groups for Sodium Ion Intercalation in Expanded Graphite
journal, July 2015


High energy density sodium-ion capacitors through co-intercalation mechanism in diglyme-based electrolyte system
journal, November 2015


Crumpled graphene paper for high power sodium battery anode
journal, April 2016


Three dimensional cellular architecture of sulfur doped graphene: self-standing electrode for flexible supercapacitors, lithium ion and sodium ion batteries
journal, January 2017

  • Islam, Md. Monirul; Subramaniyam, Chandrasekar M.; Akhter, Taslima
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6TA10933K

The Electrochemical Decomposition of Propylene Carbonate on Graphite
journal, January 1970

  • Dey, A. N.; Sullivan, B. P.
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 117, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.2407470

Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite
journal, January 2017

  • Seidl, L.; Bucher, N.; Chu, E.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/C7EE00546F

Electrochemical Insertion of Sodium into Carbon
journal, January 1993

  • Doeff, Marca M.
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.2221153

Ultrafast Solvent-Assisted Sodium Ion Intercalation into Highly Crystalline Few-Layered Graphene
journal, December 2015


Flash-induced reduced graphene oxide as a Sn anode host for high performance sodium ion batteries
journal, January 2016

  • Jeon, Yeryung; Han, Xiaogang; Fu, Kun
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 47
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6TA07582G

Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2018

  • Lu, Yong; Lu, Yanying; Niu, Zhiqiang
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702469

Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: a review
journal, January 2011

  • Etacheri, Vinodkumar; Marom, Rotem; Elazari, Ran
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 4, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1039/c1ee01598b

Sodium adsorption and intercalation in bilayer graphene from density functional theory calculations
journal, June 2016


Na-Ion Battery Anodes: Materials and Electrochemistry
journal, January 2016


Expanded graphite as superior anode for sodium-ion batteries
journal, June 2014

  • Wen, Yang; He, Kai; Zhu, Yujie
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5033

Graphene mediated improved sodium storage in nanocrystalline anatase TiO 2 for sodium ion batteries with ether electrolyte
journal, January 2016

  • Das, Shyamal K.; Jache, Birte; Lahon, Homen
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 52, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5CC09656A

From Charge Storage Mechanism to Performance: A Roadmap toward High Specific Energy Sodium-Ion Batteries through Carbon Anode Optimization
journal, March 2018

  • Saurel, Damien; Orayech, Brahim; Xiao, Biwei
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201703268

Reduced graphene oxide with superior cycling stability and rate capability for sodium storage
journal, June 2013


Is single layer graphene a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries?
journal, October 2015


First-principles study of alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds
journal, December 2013


Cohesion and structure in stage-1 graphite intercalation compounds
journal, August 1985


A comparative study of graphite electrodes using the co-intercalation phenomenon for rechargeable Li, Na and K batteries
journal, January 2016

  • Kim, Haegyeom; Yoon, Gabin; Lim, Kyungmi
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 52, Issue 85
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6CC05362A

Commercial Prospects of Existing Cathode Materials for Sodium Ion Storage
journal, July 2017

  • Li, Wei-Jie; Han, Chao; Wang, Wanlin
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700274

The Mechanisms of Lithium and Sodium Insertion in Carbon Materials
journal, January 2001

  • Stevens, D. A.; Dahn, J. R.
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 148, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.1379565

High Energy Organic Cathode for Sodium Rechargeable Batteries
journal, October 2015


High-Performance Sodium Ion Batteries Based on a 3D Anode from Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foams
journal, February 2015

  • Xu, Jiantie; Wang, Min; Wickramaratne, Nilantha P.
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405370

A combined first principles and experimental study on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 for rechargeable Na batteries
journal, January 2012

  • Shakoor, R. A.; Seo, Dong-Hwa; Kim, Hyungsub
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 38
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33862a

Boric Acid Assisted Reduction of Graphene Oxide: A Promising Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, July 2016

  • Wang, Ying; Wang, Caiyun; Wang, Yijing
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 29
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04774

Graphene and its composites with nanoparticles for electrochemical energy applications
journal, October 2014


Lamellar Compound of Sodium with Graphite
journal, February 1958

  • Asher, R. C.; Wilson, S. A.
  • Nature, Vol. 181, Issue 4606
  • DOI: 10.1038/181409a0

Electrolyte design strategies and research progress for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries
journal, January 2017

  • Che, Haiying; Chen, Suli; Xie, Yingying
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1039/C7EE00524E

Graphite as Cointercalation Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Electrode Dynamics and the Missing Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)
journal, February 2018

  • Goktas, Mustafa; Bolli, Christoph; Berg, Erik J.
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702724

Adsorption contributions of graphene to sodium ion storage performance
journal, April 2018

  • Fu, Hao; Xu, Zhanwei; Guan, Weiwei
  • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aabc4b

Sodium Storage Behavior in Natural Graphite using Ether-based Electrolyte Systems
journal, November 2014

  • Kim, Haegyeom; Hong, Jihyun; Park, Young-Uk
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201402984

Improved Surface Stability of C+M x O y @Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 Prepared by Ultrasonic Method as Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2017

  • Klee, Rafael; Wiatrowski, Maciej; Aragón, María J.
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12688

A Chemically Coupled Antimony/Multilayer Graphene Hybrid as a High-Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, November 2015


Carbon nanomaterials for advanced lithium sulfur batteries
journal, April 2018


Unveiling the Unique Phase Transformation Behavior and Sodiation Kinetics of 1D van der Waals Sb 2 S 3 Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
journal, December 2016

  • Yao, Shanshan; Cui, Jiang; Lu, Ziheng
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602149

Engineering Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Pseudocapacitive Anatase TiO 2 Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, May 2018

  • Xu, Zheng-Long; Lim, Kyungmi; Park, Kyu-Young
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 29
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201802099

Highly stable and ultrafast electrode reaction of graphite for sodium ion batteries
journal, October 2015


On the Reliability of Sodium Co-Intercalation in Expanded Graphite Prepared by Different Methods as Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2017

  • Cabello, Marta; Bai, Xue; Chyrka, Taras
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1149/2.0211714jes

Bulk Bismuth as a High-Capacity and Ultralong Cycle-Life Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries by Coupling with Glyme-Based Electrolytes
journal, July 2017


“Protrusions” or “holes” in graphene: which is the better choice for sodium ion storage?
journal, January 2017

  • Yang, Yijun; Tang, Dai-Ming; Zhang, Chao
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1039/C7EE00329C

Exploiting Lithium-Ether Co-Intercalation in Graphite for High-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, June 2017

  • Kim, Haegyeom; Lim, Kyungmi; Yoon, Gabin
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700418

Cathode properties of Na2C6O6 for sodium-ion batteries
journal, November 2013


Why is sodium-intercalated graphite unstable?
journal, January 2017

  • Moriwake, Hiroki; Kuwabara, Akihide; Fisher, Craig A. J.
  • RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 58
  • DOI: 10.1039/C7RA06777A

Lithium availability and future production outlooks
journal, October 2013


Electrochemical intercalation of sodium in graphite
journal, September 1988


A phosphorene–graphene hybrid material as a high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries
journal, September 2015


A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes
journal, March 2016


Electrochemical Properties of Monoclinic NaNiO 2
journal, November 2012

  • Vassilaras, Plousia; Ma, Xiaohua; Li, Xin
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1149/2.023302jes

High-Performance P2-Type Na 2/3 (Mn 1/2 Fe 1/4 Co 1/4 )O 2 Cathode Material with Superior Rate Capability for Na-Ion Batteries
journal, September 2015


Origin of low sodium capacity in graphite and generally weak substrate binding of Na and Mg among alkali and alkaline earth metals
journal, March 2016

  • Liu, Yuanyue; Merinov, Boris V.; Goddard, William A.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602473113

Density Functional Theory Calculations of Alkali Metal (Li, Na, and K) Graphite Intercalation Compounds
journal, December 2013

  • Okamoto, Yasuharu
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp4063753

Few-Layered SnS 2 on Few-Layered Reduced Graphene Oxide as Na-Ion Battery Anode with Ultralong Cycle Life and Superior Rate Capability
journal, November 2014

  • Zhang, Yandong; Zhu, Peiyi; Huang, Liliang
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201402833

Enhanced conversion reaction kinetics in low crystallinity SnO 2 /CNT anodes for Na-ion batteries
journal, January 2016

  • Cui, Jiang; Xu, Zheng-Long; Yao, Shanshan
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 28
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6TA03541H

Boosting the rate capability of hard carbon with an ether-based electrolyte for sodium ion batteries
journal, January 2017

  • Zhu, Yuan-En; Yang, Leping; Zhou, Xianlong
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1039/C7TA02515G

Atomic scale, amorphous FeOx/carbon nanofiber anodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries
journal, July 2017


New Iron-Based Mixed-Polyanion Cathodes for Lithium and Sodium Rechargeable Batteries: Combined First Principles Calculations and Experimental Study
journal, June 2012

  • Kim, Hyungsub; Park, Inchul; Seo, Dong-Hwa
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 25
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja3038646

Core-Shell Ge@Graphene@TiO 2 Nanofibers as a High-Capacity and Cycle-Stable Anode for Lithium and Sodium Ion Battery
journal, December 2015

  • Wang, Xiaoyan; Fan, Ling; Gong, Decai
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504589

Chemistry of intercalation compounds: Metal guests in chalcogenide hosts
journal, January 1978


Intercalation compounds of graphite
journal, January 2002


Carbon Nanosheet Frameworks Derived from Peat Moss as High Performance Sodium Ion Battery Anodes
journal, November 2013

  • Ding, Jia; Wang, Huanlei; Li, Zhi
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/nn404640c

Achieving superb sodium storage performance on carbon anodes through an ether-derived solid electrolyte interphase
journal, January 2017

  • Zhang, Jun; Wang, Da-Wei; Lv, Wei
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6EE03367A

Conditions for Reversible Na Intercalation in Graphite: Theoretical Studies on the Interplay Among Guest Ions, Solvent, and Graphite Host
journal, September 2016

  • Yoon, Gabin; Kim, Haegyeom; Park, Inchul
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201601519

Graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and activated carbon as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries
journal, January 2015

  • Luo, Xu-Feng; Yang, Cheng-Hsien; Peng, You-Yu
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5TA00727E

Building better batteries
journal, February 2008

  • Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.-M.
  • Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7179, p. 652-657
  • DOI: 10.1038/451652a

The potential of silicon anode based lithium ion batteries
journal, November 2016


Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, July 2016

  • Kim, Hyungsub; Kim, Haegyeom; Ding, Zhang
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600943

Na-ion mobility in layered Na2FePO4F and olivine Na[Fe,Mn]PO4
journal, January 2013

  • Tripathi, R.; Wood, S. M.; Islam, M. S.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3ee40914g

A Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Core with Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon Shell as Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries
journal, September 2016

  • Chen, Han-Yi; Bucher, Nicolas; Hartung, Steffen
  • Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 3, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600357

Recent Advances and Prospects of Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, August 2015


Reduced Graphene Oxide Paper Electrode: Opposing Effect of Thermal Annealing on Li and Na Cyclability
journal, November 2014

  • David, Lamuel; Singh, Gurpreet
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 49
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp5080847

Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage
journal, November 2014


An Amorphous Red Phosphorus/Carbon Composite as a Promising Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries
journal, March 2013


Removal of Interstitial H 2 O in Hexacyanometallates for a Superior Cathode of a Sodium-Ion Battery
journal, February 2015

  • Song, Jie; Wang, Long; Lu, Yuhao
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja512383b

P2-type Nax[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2 made from earth-abundant elements for rechargeable Na batteries
journal, April 2012

  • Yabuuchi, Naoaki; Kajiyama, Masataka; Iwatate, Junichi
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3309

Na+ intercalation pseudocapacitance in graphene-coupled titanium oxide enabling ultra-fast sodium storage and long-term cycling
journal, April 2015

  • Chen, Chaoji; Wen, Yanwei; Hu, Xianluo
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7929

Durable potassium ion battery electrodes from high-rate cointercalation into graphitic carbons
journal, January 2016

  • Cohn, Adam P.; Muralidharan, Nitin; Carter, Rachel
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 39
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6TA06797B

Flexible graphite film with laser drilling pores as novel integrated anode free of metal current collector for sodium ion battery
journal, December 2015


Carbon Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries
journal, September 2015

  • Jian, Zelang; Luo, Wei; Ji, Xiulei
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 36
  • DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06809

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
journal, January 2017

  • Hwang, Jang-Yeon; Myung, Seung-Taek; Sun, Yang-Kook
  • Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 46, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00776G

High Capacity and Rate Capability of Amorphous Phosphorus for Sodium Ion Batteries
journal, March 2013

  • Qian, Jiangfeng; Wu, Xianyong; Cao, Yuliang
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209689

Sodium Ion Insertion in Hollow Carbon Nanowires for Battery Applications
journal, June 2012

  • Cao, Yuliang; Xiao, Lifen; Sushko, Maria L.
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl3016957

All Organic Sodium-Ion Batteries with Na 4 C 8 H 2 O 6
journal, February 2014

  • Wang, Shiwen; Wang, Lijiang; Zhu, Zhiqiang
  • Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 126, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400032

Renewable-Juglone-Based High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, February 2015


Correlation Between Cointercalation of Solvents and Electrochemical Intercalation of Lithium into Graphite in Propylene Carbonate Solution
journal, January 2003

  • Abe, Takeshi; Kawabata, Naoki; Mizutani, Yasuo
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.1541004

3D-0D Graphene-Fe 3 O 4 Quantum Dot Hybrids as High-Performance Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
journal, September 2016

  • Liu, Huan; Jia, Mengqiu; Zhu, Qizhen
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 40
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09496

SnO2@graphene nanocomposites as anode materials for Na-ion batteries with superior electrochemical performance
journal, January 2013

  • Su, Dawei; Ahn, Hyo-Jun; Wang, Guoxiu
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 49, Issue 30
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40448j

High Capacity and Rate Capability of Amorphous Phosphorus for Sodium Ion Batteries
journal, March 2013

  • Qian, Jiangfeng; Wu, Xianyong; Cao, Yuliang
  • Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 125, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209689

Intercalation compounds of graphite
journal, April 1981


Works referencing / citing this record:

Stable and High‐Power Calcium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Calcium Intercalation into Graphite
journal, November 2019


Graphitic Hollow Nanocarbon as a Promising Conducting Agent for Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
journal, March 2019


Bacterium, Fungus, and Virus Microorganisms for Energy Storage and Conversion
journal, October 2019


Scalable lignin/graphite electrodes formed by mechanochemistry
journal, January 2019

  • Liu, Lianlian; Solin, Niclas; Inganäs, Olle
  • RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 68
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07507k

Vanadium-based nanowires for sodium-ion batteries
journal, February 2019


Biocarbon Meets Carbon—Humic Acid/Graphite Electrodes Formed by Mechanochemistry
journal, December 2019

  • Liu, Lianlian; Solin, Niclas; Inganäs, Olle
  • Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.3390/ma12244032

Biocarbon Meets Carbon—Humic Acid/Graphite Electrodes Formed by Mechanochemistry
journal, December 2019

  • Liu, Lianlian; Solin, Niclas; Inganäs, Olle
  • Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.3390/ma12244032