Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity
Abstract
Microglia are resident cells of the brain involved in regulatory processes critical for development, maintenance of the neural environment, injury and repair. They belong to the monocytic-macrophage lineage and serve as brain immune cells to orchestrate innate immune responses; however, they are distinct from other tissue macrophages due to their relatively quiescent phenotype and tight regulation by the CNS microenvironment. Microglia actively survey the surrounding parenchyma and respond rapidly to changes such that any disruption to neural architecture or function can contribute to the loss in regulation of the microglia phenotype. In many models of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity, early events of synaptic degeneration and neuronal loss are accompanied by an inflammatory response including activation of microglia, perivascular monocytes, and recruitment of leukocytes. In culture, microglia have been shown to be capable of releasing several potentially cytotoxic substances, such as reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide, proteases, arachidonic acid derivatives, excitatory amino acids, and cytokines; however, they also produce various neurotrophic factors and quench damage from free radicals and excitotoxins. As the primary source for pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia are implicated as pivotal mediators of neuroinflammation and can induce or modulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Neuroinflammation should be considered as amore »
- Authors:
-
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Arlington, VA (United States)
- National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Institutes of Health (NIH); US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1628353
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0014664; 1Z01ES101623; ES021164
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1660-4601
- Publisher:
- MDPI
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; neuroinflammation; microglia; neurotoxicity; neurodegeneration; cytokines; environmental exposure
Citation Formats
Kraft, Andrew D., and Harry, G. Jean. Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity. United States: N. p., 2011.
Web. doi:10.3390/ijerph8072980.
Kraft, Andrew D., & Harry, G. Jean. Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity. United States. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8072980
Kraft, Andrew D., and Harry, G. Jean. Wed .
"Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity". United States. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8072980. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1628353.
@article{osti_1628353,
title = {Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity},
author = {Kraft, Andrew D. and Harry, G. Jean},
abstractNote = {Microglia are resident cells of the brain involved in regulatory processes critical for development, maintenance of the neural environment, injury and repair. They belong to the monocytic-macrophage lineage and serve as brain immune cells to orchestrate innate immune responses; however, they are distinct from other tissue macrophages due to their relatively quiescent phenotype and tight regulation by the CNS microenvironment. Microglia actively survey the surrounding parenchyma and respond rapidly to changes such that any disruption to neural architecture or function can contribute to the loss in regulation of the microglia phenotype. In many models of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity, early events of synaptic degeneration and neuronal loss are accompanied by an inflammatory response including activation of microglia, perivascular monocytes, and recruitment of leukocytes. In culture, microglia have been shown to be capable of releasing several potentially cytotoxic substances, such as reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide, proteases, arachidonic acid derivatives, excitatory amino acids, and cytokines; however, they also produce various neurotrophic factors and quench damage from free radicals and excitotoxins. As the primary source for pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia are implicated as pivotal mediators of neuroinflammation and can induce or modulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Neuroinflammation should be considered as a balanced network of processes whereby subtle modifications can shift the cells toward disparate outcomes. For any evaluation of neuroinflammation and microglial responses, within the framework of neurotoxicity or degeneration, one key question in determining the consequence of neuroinflammation is whether the response is an initiating event or the consequence of tissue damage. As examples of environmental exposure-related neuroinflammation in the literature, we provide an evaluation of data on manganese and diesel exhaust particles.},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph8072980},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
number = 7,
volume = 8,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jul 20 00:00:00 EDT 2011},
month = {Wed Jul 20 00:00:00 EDT 2011}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Microglial activation, recruitment and phagocytosis as linked phenomena in ferric oxide nanoparticle exposure
journal, August 2011
- Wang, Yun; Wang, Bing; Zhu, Mo-Tao
- Toxicology Letters, Vol. 205, Issue 1
Monocyte recruitment into the scrapie-affected brain
journal, August 1995
- Williams, A. E.; Ryder, S.; Blakemore, W. F.
- Acta Neuropathologica, Vol. 90, Issue 2
Recovery from EAE is associated with decreased survival of encephalitogenic T cells in the CNS of B7-1/B7-2-deficient mice
journal, July 2003
- Chang, Tammy T.; Sobel, Raymond A.; Wei, Tao
- European Journal of Immunology, Vol. 33, Issue 7
Microglia Kv1.3 Channels Contribute to Their Ability to Kill Neurons
journal, August 2005
- Fordyce, C. B.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 25, Issue 31
UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis
journal, April 2007
- Koizumi, Schuichi; Shigemoto-Mogami, Yukari; Nasu-Tada, Kaoru
- Nature, Vol. 446, Issue 7139
Nitric Oxide and Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity
journal, April 2001
- Thiel, Victoria E.; Audus, Kenneth L.
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 3, Issue 2
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling in Response to Brain Injury: An Innate Bridge to Neuroinflammation
journal, December 2006
- Babcock, A. A.; Wirenfeldt, M.; Holm, T.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 26, Issue 49
Effect of prolonged exposure to diesel engine exhaust on proinflammatory markers in different regions of the rat brain
journal, January 2010
- Gerlofs-Nijland, Miriam E.; van Berlo, Damien; Cassee, Flemming R.
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Microglia
journal, December 2004
- van Rossum, Denise; Hanisch, Uwe-Karsten
- Metabolic Brain Disease, Vol. 19, Issue 3/4
Combining nitric oxide release with anti-inflammatory activity preserves nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation and prevents motor impairment in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease
journal, January 2010
- L'Episcopo, Francesca; Tirolo, Cataldo; Caniglia, Salvatore
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Formation and maintenance of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid plaques in the absence of microglia
journal, October 2009
- Grathwohl, Stefan A.; Kälin, Roland E.; Bolmont, Tristan
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 12, Issue 11
Role of the Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
journal, January 2007
- Walter, Silke; Letiembre, Maryse; Liu, Yang
- Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 6
Low Doses of Carbon Monoxide Protect Against Experimental Focal Brain Ischemia
journal, February 2009
- Zeynalov, Emil; Doré, Sylvain
- Neurotoxicity Research, Vol. 15, Issue 2
Activation of microglia in the brains of humans with heart disease and hypercholesterolemic rabbits
journal, February 1997
- Streit, W. J.; Sparks, D. Larry
- Journal of Molecular Medicine, Vol. 75, Issue 2
Pro-regenerative properties of cytokine-activated astrocytes
journal, June 2004
- Liberto, Christina M.; Albrecht, P. J.; Herx, L. M.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 89, Issue 5
Microglial degeneration in the aging brain - bad news for neurons?
journal, January 2008
- Streit, Wolfgang, J.
- Frontiers in Bioscience, Vol. Volume, Issue 13
Multiple sclerosis: Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes predict innate regulation
journal, January 2003
- Cannella, Barbara; Raine, Cedric S.
- Annals of Neurology, Vol. 55, Issue 1
An update on the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease
journal, July 2009
- Imbimbo, Bruno P.
- Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, Vol. 18, Issue 8
The Neuropathology of Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism
journal, August 2007
- Perl, Daniel P.; Olanow, C. Warren
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Vol. 66, Issue 8
Lipid-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease
journal, January 2011
- Farooqui, Tahira; Farooqui, Akhlaq A.
- Parkinson's Disease, Vol. 2011
Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease
journal, November 2001
- Du, Y.; Ma, Z.; Lin, S.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98, Issue 25
Lessons from the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease
journal, April 2010
- Greenamyre, J. Timothy; Cannon, Jason R.; Drolet, Robert
- Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 31, Issue 4
Heme oxygenase-1 mediates cytoprotective effects of immunostimulation in microglia
journal, September 2007
- Lee, Shinrye; Suk, Kyoungho
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 74, Issue 5
Essential role of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) for central nervous tissue immune homeostasis
journal, March 2007
- Neumann, H.; Takahashi, K.
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 184, Issue 1-2
Effects of Paraquat on the Substantia Nigra of the Wistar Rats: Neurochemical, Histological, and Behavioral Studies
journal, March 1996
- Liou, Horng-Huei; Chen, Rong-Chi; Tsai, Yuan-Feen
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 137, Issue 1
Antigen presentation in autoimmunity and CNS inflammation: how T lymphocytes recognize the brain
journal, June 2006
- Becher, Burkhard; Bechmann, Ingo; Greter, Melanie
- Journal of Molecular Medicine, Vol. 84, Issue 7
A Common Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene Causes Neuronal Death in Mouse via Microglial Activation
journal, April 2010
- Dutta, Kallol; Ghosh, Debapriya; Nazmi, Arshed
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Microglia Proliferation Is Regulated by Hydrogen Peroxide from NADPH Oxidase
journal, January 2006
- Mander, Palwinder K.; Jekabsone, Aiste; Brown, Guy C.
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 176, Issue 2
Temporal variation of hydroxyl radical generation and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine formation by coarse and fine particulate matter
journal, May 2003
- Shi, T.
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 60, Issue 5
AMPA–Kainate Subtypes of Glutamate Receptor in Rat Cerebral Microglia
journal, January 2000
- Noda, Mami; Nakanishi, Hiroshi; Nabekura, Junichi
- The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 20, Issue 1
Fractalkine Attenuates Excito-neurotoxicity via Microglial Clearance of Damaged Neurons and Antioxidant Enzyme Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression
journal, January 2011
- Noda, Mariko; Doi, Yukiko; Liang, Jianfeng
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 286, Issue 3
CNS dendritic cells: Critical participants in CNS inflammation?
journal, July 2006
- Mcmahon, E.; Bailey, S.; Miller, S.
- Neurochemistry International, Vol. 49, Issue 2
CD14 and Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Are Required for Fibrillar A -Stimulated Microglial Activation
journal, September 2009
- Reed-Geaghan, E. G.; Savage, J. C.; Hise, A. G.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 38
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Is Involved in Subacute Stress–Induced Neuroinflammation and in the Worsening of Experimental Stroke
journal, April 2008
- Caso, Javier R.; Pradillo, Jesus M.; Hurtado, Olivia
- Stroke, Vol. 39, Issue 4
Paroxetine Prevents Loss of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons by Inhibiting Brain Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Experimental Model of Parkinson’s Disease
journal, June 2010
- Chung, Young C.; Kim, Sang R.; Jin, Byung K.
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 185, Issue 2
The Role of Microglial Cell Subsets in Alzheimers Disease
journal, March 2011
- Naert, G.; Rivest, S.
- Current Alzheimer Research, Vol. 8, Issue 2
Neuronal ‘On’ and ‘Off’ signals control microglia
journal, November 2007
- Biber, Knut; Neumann, Harald; Inoue, Kazuhide
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 30, Issue 11
Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products
journal, July 2003
- Bowman, Christal C.; Rasley, Amy; Tranguch, Susanne L.
- Glia, Vol. 43, Issue 3
K+ modulation of microglial superoxide production: involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
journal, June 1994
- Colton, C. A.; Jia, M.; Li, M. X.
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 266, Issue 6
Impairment of nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission by manganese is mediated by pre-synaptic mechanism(s): implications to manganese-induced parkinsonism
journal, December 2008
- Guilarte, Tomás R.; Burton, Neal C.; McGlothan, Jennifer L.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 107, Issue 5
Nox4 NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species, via endogenous carbon monoxide, promote survival of brain endothelial cells during TNF-α-induced apoptosis
journal, February 2011
- Basuroy, Shyamali; Tcheranova, Dilyara; Bhattacharya, Sujoy
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 300, Issue 2
Defining “Neuroinflammation”
journal, October 2008
- O'Callaghan, James P.; Sriram, Krishnan; Miller, Diane B.
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1139, Issue 1
Purinergic signalling in inflammation of the central nervous system
journal, February 2009
- Di Virgilio, Francesco; Ceruti, Stefania; Bramanti, Placido
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 32, Issue 2
Microgliosis: the questions shape the answers
journal, December 2007
- Ransohoff, Richard M.
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 12
Regulation of haeme oxygenase-1 for treatment of neuroinflammation and brain disorders: Regulating HO-1 in the CNS
journal, November 2008
- Syapin, P. J.
- British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 155, Issue 5
Microglia: biology and pathology
journal, December 2009
- Graeber, Manuel B.; Streit, Wolfgang J.
- Acta Neuropathologica, Vol. 119, Issue 1
Alterations of Glial Cells in the Mouse Hippocampus During Postnatal Development
journal, May 2009
- Kimoto, Hiroki; Eto, Risa; Abe, Manami
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 29, Issue 8
Characterization of the CD200 Receptor Family in Mice and Humans and Their Interactions with CD200
journal, September 2003
- Wright, Gavin J.; Cherwinski, Holly; Foster-Cuevas, Mildred
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 171, Issue 6
The origin and cell lineage of microglia—New concepts
journal, February 2007
- Chan, W. Y.; Kohsaka, S.; Rezaie, P.
- Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 53, Issue 2
Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease
journal, May 2011
- Srikanth, Velandai; Maczurek, Annette; Phan, Thanh
- Neurobiology of Aging, Vol. 32, Issue 5
Inflammatory Mechanisms after Ischemia and Stroke
journal, February 2003
- Danton, Gary H.; Dietrich, W. Dalton
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Vol. 62, Issue 2
Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions
journal, November 2007
- Mildner, Alexander; Schmidt, Hauke; Nitsche, Mirko
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 12
Raft aggregation with specific receptor recruitment is required for microglial phagocytosis of Aβ 42
journal, February 2009
- Persaud-Sawin, Dixie-Ann; Banach, Lynna; Harry, Gaylia Jean
- Glia, Vol. 57, Issue 3
Fibrinogen signal transduction in the nervous system
journal, July 2009
- Ryu, J. K.; Davalos, D.; Akassoglou, K.
- Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Vol. 7
Bone marrow stem cells have the ability to populate the entire central nervous system into fully differentiated parenchymal microglia
journal, April 2004
- Simard, Alain R.; Rivest, Serge
- The FASEB Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 9
Nonparticulate Components of Diesel Exhaust Promote Constriction in Coronary Arteries from ApoE−/− Mice
journal, August 2005
- Campen, Matthew J.; Babu, N. Sathish; Helms, G. Andrew
- Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 88, Issue 1
A Nurr1/CoREST Pathway in Microglia and Astrocytes Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Inflammation-Induced Death
journal, April 2009
- Saijo, Kaoru; Winner, Beate; Carson, Christian T.
- Cell, Vol. 137, Issue 1
Microglial phenotype: is the commitment reversible?
journal, February 2006
- Schwartz, Michal; Butovsky, Oleg; Brück, Wolfgang
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 29, Issue 2
Stimulus-dependent requirement of ion channels for microglial NADPH oxidase-mediated production of reactive oxygen species
journal, August 2010
- Schilling, Tom; Eder, Claudia
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 225, Issue 1-2
Inflammatory Mediators Leading to Protein Misfolding and Uncompetitive/Fast Off‐Rate Drug Therapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders
book, January 2007
- Lipton, Stuart A.; Gu, Zezong; Nakamura, Tomohiro
- International Review of Neurobiology
Modulation by Astrocytes of Microglial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Effect on the Activation of Microglial Signaling Pathways
journal, January 2007
- Tichauer, J.; Saud, K.; von Bernhardi, R.
- Neuroimmunomodulation, Vol. 14, Issue 3-4
The diagnosis of manganese-induced parkinsonism
journal, May 2006
- Cersosimo, Maria G.; Koller, William C.
- NeuroToxicology, Vol. 27, Issue 3
Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo
journal, January 1988
- Hickey, W.; Kimura, H.
- Science, Vol. 239, Issue 4837
Regulation of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Monocytes and Dendritic Cells
journal, January 2001
- Visintin, Alberto; Mazzoni, Alessandra; Spitzer, Jessica H.
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 166, Issue 1
Temporal effects of paraquat/maneb on microglial activation and dopamine neuronal loss in older rats
journal, August 2006
- Saint-Pierre, Martine; Tremblay, Marie-Eve; Sik, Attila
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 98, Issue 3
Apolipoprotein E and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease: pathways, pathogenesis and therapy
journal, April 2009
- Bu, Guojun
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 5
Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway
journal, June 2003
- Lehnardt, Seija; Massillon, Leon; Follett, Pamela
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, Issue 14
Tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta protect neurons against amyloid beta-peptide toxicity: evidence for involvement of a kappa B-binding factor and attenuation of peroxide and Ca2+ accumulation.
journal, September 1995
- Barger, S. W.; Horster, D.; Furukawa, K.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 92, Issue 20
The Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Cell Function and Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
journal, March 1998
- Bayram, Hasan; Devalia, Jagdish L.; Sapsford, Raymond J.
- American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 3
Comparison of phenotypic and functional properties of immediately ex vivo and cultured human adult microglia
journal, September 1996
- Becher, Burkhard; Antel, Jack Perry
- Glia, Vol. 18, Issue 1
Stimulation of the NADPH oxidase in activated rat microglia removes nitric oxide but induces peroxynitrite production
journal, January 2002
- Bal-Price, Anna; Matthias, Anita; Brown, Guy C.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 80, Issue 1
Diesel exhaust particles induce oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and P‐glycoprotein up‐regulation at the blood‐brain barrier
journal, March 2008
- Hartz, Anika M. S.; Bauer, Björn; Block, Michelle L.
- The FASEB Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 8
Inflammatory Neurodegeneration Mediated by Nitric Oxide from Activated Glia-Inhibiting Neuronal Respiration, Causing Glutamate Release and Excitotoxicity
journal, September 2001
- Bal-Price, Anna; Brown, Guy C.
- The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 21, Issue 17
NADPH Oxidases of the Brain: Distribution, Regulation, and Function
journal, September 2006
- Infanger, David W.; Sharma, Ram V.; Davisson, Robin L.
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 8, Issue 9-10
Inflammation and the Degenerative Diseases of Aging
journal, December 2004
- McGEER, P. L.
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1035, Issue 1
Microglial senescence: does the brain's immune system have an expiration date?
journal, September 2006
- Streit, Wolfgang J.
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 29, Issue 9
Manganese-induced potentiation of in vitro proinflammatory cytokine production by activated microglial cells is associated with persistent activation of p38 MAPK
journal, February 2008
- Crittenden, P. L.; Filipov, N. M.
- Toxicology in Vitro, Vol. 22, Issue 1
Mechanisms of microglia accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease: therapeutic implications
journal, December 2008
- Khoury, Joseph El; Luster, Andrew D.
- Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 29, Issue 12
A Critical Assessment of Studies on the Carcinogenic Potential of Diesel Exhaust
journal, January 2006
- Hesterberg, Thomas W.; Bunn III, William B.; Chase, Gerald R.
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol. 36, Issue 9
Air pollution is associated with brainstem auditory nuclei pathology and delayed brainstem auditory evoked potentials
journal, March 2011
- Calderón‐Garcidueñas, Lilian; D'Angiulli, Amedeo; Kulesza, Randy J.
- International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 4
Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in Parkinson's Disease
journal, June 2003
- Tieu, Kim; Ischiropoulos, Harry; Przedborski, Serge
- IUBMB Life (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Life), Vol. 55, Issue 6
The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain
journal, June 2005
- Guix, F. X.; Uribesalgo, I.; Coma, M.
- Progress in Neurobiology, Vol. 76, Issue 2
Induction of nitric oxide in cultured microglia: Evidence for a cytoprotective role
journal, January 1995
- Colton, Carol A.
- Advances in Neuroimmunology, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Dopamine and noradrenaline control distinct functions in rodent microglial cells
journal, May 2005
- Färber, Katrin; Pannasch, Ulrike; Kettenmann, Helmut
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 1
Minocycline inhibits microglial activation and protects nigral cells after 6-hydroxydopamine injection into mouse striatum
journal, August 2001
- He, Yi; Appel, Stanley; Le, Weidong
- Brain Research, Vol. 909, Issue 1-2
A leaky blood-brain barrier, fibrinogen infiltration and microglial reactivity in inflamed Alzheimer’s disease brain
journal, September 2009
- Ryu, Jae K.; McLarnon, James G.
- Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Vol. 13, Issue 9a
Microglial dystrophy in the aged and Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with ferritin immunoreactivity
journal, January 2008
- Lopes, Kryslaine O.; Sparks, D. Larry; Streit, Wolfgang J.
- Glia, Vol. 56, Issue 10
Microglial Interactions with Synapses Are Modulated by Visual Experience
journal, November 2010
- Tremblay, Marie-Ève; Lowery, Rebecca L.; Majewska, Ania K.
- PLoS Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 11
Localizing central nervous system immune surveillance: Meningeal antigen-presenting cells activate T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
journal, April 2009
- Kivisäkk, Pia; Imitola, Jaime; Rasmussen, Stine
- Annals of Neurology, Vol. 65, Issue 4
Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease
journal, May 2011
- Srikanth, Velandai; Maczurek, Annette; Phan, Thanh
- Neurobiology of Aging, Vol. 32, Issue 5
Mechanisms of inflammatory neurodegeneration: iNOS and NADPH oxidase
journal, October 2007
- Brown, G. C.
- Biochemical Society Transactions, Vol. 35, Issue 5
Characterization of NO and Cytokine Production in Immune-Activated Microglia and Peritoneal Macrophages Derived from a Mouse Model Expressing the Human NOS2 Gene on a Mouse NOS2 Knockout Background
journal, May 2006
- Vitek, Michael P.; Brown, Candice; Xu, Qing
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 8, Issue 5-6
Characterization of the CD200 Receptor Family in Mice and Humans and Their Interactions with CD200
journal, September 2003
- Wright, Gavin J.; Cherwinski, Holly; Foster-Cuevas, Mildred
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 171, Issue 6
Species differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species by microglia
journal, May 1996
- Colton, Carol; Wilt, Susan; Gilbert, Daniel
- Molecular and chemical neuropathology, Vol. 28, Issue 1-3
Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1.
journal, August 1991
- Schreck, R.; Rieber, P.; Baeuerle, P. A.
- The EMBO Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 8
What is immune privilege (not)?
journal, January 2007
- Galea, Ian; Bechmann, Ingo; Perry, V. Hugh
- Trends in Immunology, Vol. 28, Issue 1
Microglia Potentiate Damage to Blood–Brain Barrier Constituents: Improvement by Minocycline In Vivo and In Vitro
journal, April 2006
- Yenari, Midori A.; Xu, Lijun; Tang, Xian Nan
- Stroke, Vol. 37, Issue 4
Microglial activation as a priming event leading to paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration
journal, February 2007
- Purisai, Maya G.; McCormack, Alison L.; Cumine, Suzanne
- Neurobiology of Disease, Vol. 25, Issue 2
Blockade of Microglial Activation Is Neuroprotective in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease
journal, March 2002
- Wu, Du Chu; Jackson-Lewis, Vernice; Vila, Miquel
- The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 22, Issue 5
TNF- α Pretreatment Induces Protective Effects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
journal, May 1997
- Nawashiro, Hiroshi; Tasaki, Kaoru; Ruetzler, Christl A.
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 17, Issue 5
Inflammation and the Degenerative Diseases of Aging
journal, December 2004
- McGEER, P. L.
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1035, Issue 1
Microglial degeneration in the aging brain - bad news for neurons?
journal, January 2008
- Streit, Wolfgang, J.
- Frontiers in Bioscience, Vol. Volume, Issue 13
Age-related alterations in the dynamic behavior of microglia: Age-related changes in microglial behavior
journal, December 2010
- Damani, Mausam R.; Zhao, Lian; Fontainhas, Aurora M.
- Aging Cell, Vol. 10, Issue 2
P2X7 Mediates Superoxide Production in Primary Microglia and Is Up-regulated in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
journal, April 2003
- Parvathenani, Lav K.; Tertyshnikova, Svetlana; Greco, Corinne R.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 278, Issue 15
Resting Microglia Directly Monitor the Functional State of Synapses In Vivo and Determine the Fate of Ischemic Terminals
journal, April 2009
- Wake, H.; Moorhouse, A. J.; Jinno, S.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 13
Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
journal, October 2007
- Hanisch, Uwe-Karsten; Kettenmann, Helmut
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 11
CD40 Expression by Microglial Cells Is Required for Their Completion of a Two-Step Activation Process during Central Nervous System Autoimmune Inflammation
journal, January 2006
- Ponomarev, Eugene D.; Shriver, Leah P.; Dittel, Bonnie N.
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 176, Issue 3
Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors
journal, July 1996
- Bruce, Annadora J.; Boling, Warren; Kindy, Mark S.
- Nature Medicine, Vol. 2, Issue 7
The fibrin-derived γ377-395 peptide inhibits microglia activation and suppresses relapsing paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease
journal, March 2007
- Adams, Ryan A.; Bauer, Jan; Flick, Matthew J.
- Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 204, Issue 3
The microglia/macrophage response in the neonatal rat facial nucleus following axotomy
journal, December 1998
- Graeber, Manuel B.; López-Redondo, Fernando; Ikoma, Etsuko
- Brain Research, Vol. 813, Issue 2
Identification of Tim4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor
journal, October 2007
- Miyanishi, Masanori; Tada, Kazutoshi; Koike, Masato
- Nature, Vol. 450, Issue 7168
Characterizing the Appearance and Growth of Amyloid Plaques in APP/PS1 Mice
journal, August 2009
- Yan, P.; Bero, A. W.; Cirrito, J. R.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 34
Tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta protect neurons against amyloid beta-peptide toxicity: evidence for involvement of a kappa B-binding factor and attenuation of peroxide and Ca2+ accumulation.
journal, September 1995
- Barger, S. W.; Horster, D.; Furukawa, K.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 92, Issue 20
Mature microglia resemble immature antigen-presenting cells
journal, January 1998
- Carson, Monica J.; Reilly, Christina R.; Sutcliffe, J. Gregor
- Glia, Vol. 22, Issue 1
The Activation Status of Neuroantigen-specific T Cells in the Target Organ Determines the Clinical Outcome of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
journal, January 2004
- Kawakami, Naoto; Lassmann, Silke; Li, Zhaoxia
- Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 199, Issue 2
Immunotoxicity and Environment: Immunodysregulation and Systemic Inflammation in Children
journal, February 2009
- Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Macías-Parra, Mercedes; Hoffmann, Hans J.
- Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 37, Issue 2
NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen
journal, March 2004
- Lambeth, J. David
- Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 4, Issue 3
The role of microglia in amyloid clearance from the AD brain
journal, June 2010
- Lee, C. Y. Daniel; Landreth, Gary E.
- Journal of Neural Transmission, Vol. 117, Issue 8
Activation of protein kinase C by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to H2O2
journal, October 1997
- Konishi, H.; Tanaka, M.; Takemura, Y.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 94, Issue 21
Inflammation, immunoregulation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase
journal, August 1993
- Nussler, Andreas K.; Billiar, Timothy R.
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology, Vol. 54, Issue 2
Manganese potentiates nitric oxide production by microglia
journal, May 1999
- Chang, Jason Y.; Liu, Ling-Zhi
- Molecular Brain Research, Vol. 68, Issue 1-2
Characterization of NO and Cytokine Production in Immune-Activated Microglia and Peritoneal Macrophages Derived from a Mouse Model Expressing the Human NOS2 Gene on a Mouse NOS2 Knockout Background
journal, May 2006
- Vitek, Michael P.; Brown, Candice; Xu, Qing
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 8, Issue 5-6
Toll-like receptor 2 mediates CNS injury in focal cerebral ischemia
journal, October 2007
- Lehnardt, Seija; Lehmann, Sabrina; Kaul, David
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 190, Issue 1-2
The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-β
journal, July 2008
- Halle, Annett; Hornung, Veit; Petzold, Gabor C.
- Nature Immunology, Vol. 9, Issue 8
Nigrostriatal dopamine system dysfunction and subtle motor deficits in manganese-exposed non-human primates
journal, December 2006
- Guilarte, T.; Chen, M.; Mcglothan, J.
- Experimental Neurology, Vol. 202, Issue 2
Manganese exposure induces microglia activation and dystrophy in the substantia nigra of non-human primates
journal, March 2011
- Verina, Tatyana; Kiihl, Samara F.; Schneider, Jay S.
- NeuroToxicology, Vol. 32, Issue 2
Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in Parkinson's Disease
journal, June 2003
- Tieu, Kim; Ischiropoulos, Harry; Przedborski, Serge
- IUBMB Life (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Life), Vol. 55, Issue 6
Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease
journal, June 2000
- Akiyama, H.
- Neurobiology of Aging, Vol. 21, Issue 3
Purinergic signalling in inflammation of the central nervous system
journal, February 2009
- Di Virgilio, Francesco; Ceruti, Stefania; Bramanti, Placido
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 32, Issue 2
Low Doses of Carbon Monoxide Protect Against Experimental Focal Brain Ischemia
journal, February 2009
- Zeynalov, Emil; Doré, Sylvain
- Neurotoxicity Research, Vol. 15, Issue 2
Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats.
journal, August 2001
- Takenaka, S.; Karg, E.; Roth, C.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 109, Issue suppl 4
Dopaminergic neurotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to manganese-containing welding fumes
journal, March 2010
- Sriram, Krishnan; Lin, Gary X.; Jefferson, Amy M.
- Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 84, Issue 7
Evidence that tricyclic small molecules may possess toll-like receptor and myeloid differentiation protein 2 activity
journal, June 2010
- Hutchinson, M. R.; Loram, L. C.; Zhang, Y.
- Neuroscience, Vol. 168, Issue 2
Carbon monoxide as an endogenous vascular modulator
journal, July 2011
- Leffler, Charles W.; Parfenova, Helena; Jaggar, Jonathan H.
- American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 301, Issue 1
The prospects of minocycline in multiple sclerosis
journal, June 2011
- Chen, Xiaohong; Ma, Xiaomeng; Jiang, Ying
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 235, Issue 1-2
Diesel Exhaust Inhalation Causes Vascular Dysfunction and Impaired Endogenous Fibrinolysis
journal, December 2005
- Mills, Nicholas L.; Törnqvist, Håkan; Robinson, Simon D.
- Circulation, Vol. 112, Issue 25
Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions
journal, October 2009
- Bartholomäus, Ingo; Kawakami, Naoto; Odoardi, Francesca
- Nature, Vol. 462, Issue 7269
A Vicious Cycle Involving Release of Heat Shock Protein 60 from Injured Cells and Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Neurodegeneration in the CNS
journal, March 2008
- Lehnardt, S.; Schott, E.; Trimbuch, T.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 28, Issue 10
K + channels and the microglial respiratory burst
journal, April 2001
- Khanna, Rajesh; Roy, Lipi; Zhu, Xiaoping
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 280, Issue 4
Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs
journal, November 2008
- Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Mora-Tiscareño, Antonieta; Ontiveros, Esperanza
- Brain and Cognition, Vol. 68, Issue 2
Inflammatory Neurodegeneration and Mechanisms of Microglial Killing of Neurons
journal, March 2010
- Brown, Guy C.; Neher, Jonas J.
- Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 41, Issue 2-3
Minocycline protects the blood–brain barrier and reduces edema following intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat
journal, October 2007
- Wasserman, Jason K.; Schlichter, Lyanne C.
- Experimental Neurology, Vol. 207, Issue 2
Voluntary exercise protects hippocampal neurons from trimethyltin injury: Possible role of interleukin-6 to modulate tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated neurotoxicity
journal, August 2011
- Funk, Jason A.; Gohlke, Julia; Kraft, Andrew D.
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Vol. 25, Issue 6
Non-cancer health effects of diesel exhaust: A critical assessment of recent human and animal toxicological literature
journal, March 2009
- Hesterberg, Thomas W.; Long, Christopher M.; Bunn, William B.
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol. 39, Issue 3
The promise of minocycline in neurology
journal, December 2004
- Yong, V. Wee; Wells, Jennifer; Giuliani, Fabrizio
- The Lancet Neurology, Vol. 3, Issue 12
Necrotic neurons enhance microglial neurotoxicity through induction of glutaminase by a MyD88-dependent pathway
journal, January 2008
- Pais, Teresa F.; Figueiredo, Catarina; Peixoto, Rui
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Silencing survival data
journal, October 2000
- Mattson, Mark P.; Barger, Steven W.
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 23, Issue 10
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) Activity in Rat Brain is Associated with Cerebroprotection after Closed Head Injury
journal, May 1996
- Shohami, E.; Bass, R.; Wallach, D.
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 16, Issue 3
Impairment of nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission by manganese is mediated by pre-synaptic mechanism(s): implications to manganese-induced parkinsonism
journal, December 2008
- Guilarte, Tomás R.; Burton, Neal C.; McGlothan, Jennifer L.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 107, Issue 5
TNF signaling inhibition in the CNS: implications for normal brain function and neurodegenerative disease
journal, January 2008
- McCoy, Melissa K.; Tansey, Malú G.
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
journal, October 2010
- Ginhoux, F.; Greter, M.; Leboeuf, M.
- Science, Vol. 330, Issue 6005
Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: a target for neuroprotection?
journal, April 2009
- Hirsch, Etienne C.; Hunot, Stéphane
- The Lancet Neurology, Vol. 8, Issue 4
A Dual Activity of ROS and Oxidative Stress on Adult Neurogenesis and Alzheimers Disease
journal, March 2010
- Taupin, Philippe
- Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Effects of a Cyclooxygenase-2 Preferential Inhibitor in Young Healthy Dogs Exposed to Air Pollution: A Pilot Study
journal, July 2009
- Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Mora-Tiscareño, Antonieta; Gómez-Garza, Gilberto
- Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 37, Issue 5
Nonparticulate Components of Diesel Exhaust Promote Constriction in Coronary Arteries from ApoE−/− Mice
journal, August 2005
- Campen, Matthew J.; Babu, N. Sathish; Helms, G. Andrew
- Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 88, Issue 1
Enhanced synaptic connectivity and epilepsy in C1q knockout mice
journal, April 2010
- Chu, Yunxiang; Jin, Xiaoming; Parada, Isabel
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 17
Dystrophic microglia in the aging human brain
journal, January 2004
- Streit, Wolfgang J.; Sammons, Nicole W.; Kuhns, Amanda J.
- Glia, Vol. 45, Issue 2
The Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System as a Preferential Target of Repeated Exposures to Combined Paraquat and Maneb: Implications for Parkinson's Disease
journal, December 2000
- Thiruchelvam, Mona; Richfield, Eric K.; Baggs, Raymond B.
- The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 20, Issue 24
Air Pollution and Brain Damage
journal, April 2002
- Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Azzarelli, Biagio; Acuna, Hilda
- Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 30, Issue 3
Transformation of donor-derived bone marrow precursors into host microglia during autoimmune CNS inflammation and during the retrograde response to axotomy: Bone Marrow-Origin of Adult Microglia
journal, September 2001
- Flügel, Alexander; Bradl, Monika; Kreutzberg, Georg W.
- Journal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 66, Issue 1
Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain
journal, June 2009
- Rivest, Serge
- Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 9, Issue 6
The Role of Microglia in Synaptic Stripping and Synaptic Degeneration: A Revised Perspective
journal, September 2010
- Perry, V. Hugh; O'Connor, Vincent
- ASN Neuro, Vol. 2, Issue 5
Microglia: biology and pathology
journal, December 2009
- Graeber, Manuel B.; Streit, Wolfgang J.
- Acta Neuropathologica, Vol. 119, Issue 1
CD200 and membrane protein interactions in the control of myeloid cells
journal, June 2002
- Barclay, A. Neil; Wright, Gavin J.; Brooke, Gary
- Trends in Immunology, Vol. 23, Issue 6
Cloning and expression of a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end products of proteins.
journal, July 1992
- Neeper, M.; Schmidt, A. M.; Brett, J.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 267, Issue 21
Cytokine and chemokine inter-regulation in the inflamed or injured CNS
journal, April 2005
- Owens, Trevor; Babcock, Alicia A.; Millward, Jason M.
- Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 2
Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in Parkinson’s Disease
journal, March 2008
- Miller, Rebecca L.; James-Kracke, Marilyn; Sun, Grace Y.
- Neurochemical Research, Vol. 34, Issue 1
Physiology of microglial cells
journal, April 2005
- Färber, Katrin; Kettenmann, Helmut
- Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 2
Defining “Neuroinflammation”
journal, October 2008
- O'Callaghan, James P.; Sriram, Krishnan; Miller, Diane B.
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1139, Issue 1
Characterization of the microglial response in murine scrapie
journal, February 1994
- Williams, A. E.; Lawson, L. J.; Perry, V. H.
- Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, Vol. 20, Issue 1
Effects of Subchronic Exposures to Concentrated Ambient Particles in Mice: IX. Integral Assessment and Human Health Implications of Subchronic Exposures of Mice to CAPs
journal, January 2005
- Lippmann, Morton; Gordon, Terry; Chen, Lung Chi
- Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 17, Issue 4-5
Nigrostriatal dopamine system dysfunction and subtle motor deficits in manganese-exposed non-human primates
journal, December 2006
- Guilarte, T.; Chen, M.; Mcglothan, J.
- Experimental Neurology, Vol. 202, Issue 2
Pre-conditioning induced by carbon monoxide provides neuronal protection against apoptosis: Carbon monoxide as neuroprotector
journal, August 2008
- Vieira, Helena L. A.; Queiroga, Cláudia S. F.; Alves, Paula M.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 107, Issue 2
Inflammatory Signals Induce Neurotrophin Expression in Human Microglial Cells
journal, February 1998
- Heese, Klaus; Hock, Christoph; Otten, Uwe
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 70, Issue 2
TLR-4 deficiency protects against focal cerebral ischemia and axotomy-induced neurodegeneration
journal, July 2008
- Kilic, Ulkan; Kilic, Ertugrul; Matter, Christian M.
- Neurobiology of Disease, Vol. 31, Issue 1
Diesel exhaust particles induce oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and P‐glycoprotein up‐regulation at the blood‐brain barrier
journal, March 2008
- Hartz, Anika M. S.; Bauer, Björn; Block, Michelle L.
- The FASEB Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 8
Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function
journal, January 2002
- Dröge, Wulf
- Physiological Reviews, Vol. 82, Issue 1
Stimulation of the NADPH oxidase in activated rat microglia removes nitric oxide but induces peroxynitrite production
journal, January 2002
- Bal-Price, Anna; Matthias, Anita; Brown, Guy C.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 80, Issue 1
Minocycline or iNOS inhibition block 3-nitrotyrosine increases and blood–brain barrier leakiness in amyloid beta-peptide-injected rat hippocampus
journal, April 2006
- Ryu, Jae K.; McLarnon, James G.
- Experimental Neurology, Vol. 198, Issue 2
Brain macrophages: evaluation of microglia and their functions
journal, January 1992
- Eric Thomas, W.
- Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 17, Issue 1
Increased excitotoxicity and neuroinflammatory markers in postmortem frontal cortex from bipolar disorder patients
journal, June 2009
- Rao, J. S.; Harry, G. J.; Rapoport, S. I.
- Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 15, Issue 4
Isolation and characterization of two binding proteins for advanced glycosylation end products from bovine lung which are present on the endothelial cell surface.
journal, July 1992
- Schmidt, A. M.; Vianna, M.; Gerlach, M.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 267, Issue 21
Minocycline restores striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in GDNF heterozygous mice but not in methamphetamine-treated mice
journal, March 2009
- Boger, Heather A.; Middaugh, Lawrence D.; Granholm, Ann-Charlotte
- Neurobiology of Disease, Vol. 33, Issue 3
Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS
journal, August 1996
- Kreutzberg, Georg W.
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 19, Issue 8
Nitric oxide induces rapid, calcium-dependent release of vesicular glutamate and ATP from cultured rat astrocytes
journal, October 2002
- Bal-Price, Anna; Moneer, Zahid; Brown, Guy C.
- Glia, Vol. 40, Issue 3
Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease
journal, December 1994
- Eikelenboom, Piet; Zhan, Shan-Shan; van Gool, Willem A.
- Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 15, Issue 12
The biological effects of coarse and fine particulate matter
journal, May 2003
- Donaldson, K.
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 60, Issue 5
Like cops on the beat: the active role of resting microglia
journal, November 2005
- Raivich, Gennadij
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 28, Issue 11
Brain injury and tumor necrosis factors induce calbindin D-28K in astrocytes: Evidence for a cytoprotective response
journal, October 1995
- Mattson, M. P.; Cheng, B.; Baldwin, S. A.
- Journal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 42, Issue 3
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination
journal, December 2007
- Stevens, Beth; Allen, Nicola J.; Vazquez, Luis E.
- Cell, Vol. 131, Issue 6
Manganism and idiopathic parkinsonism: Similarities and differences
journal, September 1994
- Calne, D. B.; Chu, N. -S.; Huang, C. -C.
- Neurology, Vol. 44, Issue 9
Preferential expression and function of Toll-like receptor 3 in human astrocytes
journal, February 2005
- Farina, Cinthia; Krumbholz, Markus; Giese, Thomas
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 159, Issue 1-2
Innate immunity triggers oligodendrocyte progenitor reactivity and confines damages to brain injuries
journal, February 2006
- Glezer, Isaias; Lapointe, Amelie; Rivest, Serge
- The FASEB Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 6
Inflammatory priming of the substantia nigra influences the impact of later paraquat exposure: Neuroimmune sensitization of neurodegeneration
journal, September 2009
- Mangano, Emily N.; Hayley, Shawn
- Neurobiology of Aging, Vol. 30, Issue 9
ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
journal, May 2005
- Davalos, Dimitrios; Grutzendler, Jaime; Yang, Guang
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 8, Issue 6
Obligatory Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Ischemic Preconditioning
journal, February 2005
- Cho, Sunghee; Park, Eun-Mi; Zhou, Ping
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 25, Issue 4
Peroxynitrite and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease
journal, June 2003
- Ebadi, Manuchair; Sharma, Sushil K.
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 5, Issue 3
Ion Channels on Microglia: Therapeutic Targets for Neuroprotection
journal, February 2011
- D. Skaper, Stephen
- CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Ccr2 deficiency impairs microglial accumulation and accelerates progression of Alzheimer-like disease
journal, March 2007
- El Khoury, Joseph; Toft, Michelle; Hickman, Suzanne E.
- Nature Medicine, Vol. 13, Issue 4
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) Activity in Rat Brain is Associated with Cerebroprotection after Closed Head Injury
journal, May 1996
- Shohami, E.; Bass, R.; Wallach, D.
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 16, Issue 3
Effects of Paraquat on the Substantia Nigra of the Wistar Rats: Neurochemical, Histological, and Behavioral Studies
journal, March 1996
- Liou, Horng-Huei; Chen, Rong-Chi; Tsai, Yuan-Feen
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 137, Issue 1
Scavenger receptors in neurobiology and neuropathology: Their role on microglia and other cells of the nervous system
journal, October 2002
- Husemann, Jens; Loike, John D.; Anankov, Roman
- Glia, Vol. 40, Issue 2
Microglia as liaisons between the immune and central nervous systems: Functional implications for multiple sclerosis
journal, October 2002
- Carson, Monica J.
- Glia, Vol. 40, Issue 2
Expression and function of inducible nitric oxide synthase in neurons
journal, March 2001
- Heneka, Michael T.; Feinstein, Douglas L.
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 114, Issue 1-2
Characterization of microglial responses to Staphylococcus aureus: effects on cytokine, costimulatory molecule, and Toll-like receptor expression
journal, September 2002
- Kielian, Tammy; Mayes, Patrick; Kielian, Mark
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 130, Issue 1-2
Mechanisms Underlying Inflammation in Neurodegeneration
journal, March 2010
- Glass, Christopher K.; Saijo, Kaoru; Winner, Beate
- Cell, Vol. 140, Issue 6
Heme oxygenase-1 mediates cytoprotective effects of immunostimulation in microglia
journal, September 2007
- Lee, Shinrye; Suk, Kyoungho
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 74, Issue 5
Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of manganese and lipopolysaccharide: differential involvement of microglia and astroglia
journal, January 2010
- Zhang, Ping; Lokuta, Kyle M.; Turner, DeAnne E.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 112, Issue 2
Microglial P2X 7 receptor expression is accompanied by neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of the APP swe /PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
journal, January 2011
- Lee, Hwan Goo; Won, Sun Mi; Gwag, Byoung Joo
- Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Vol. 43, Issue 1
Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products
journal, July 2003
- Bowman, Christal C.; Rasley, Amy; Tranguch, Susanne L.
- Glia, Vol. 43, Issue 3
Enhanced synaptic connectivity and epilepsy in C1q knockout mice
journal, April 2010
- Chu, Yunxiang; Jin, Xiaoming; Parada, Isabel
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 17
Interleukin-18 is induced in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
journal, March 2001
- Jander, Sebastian; Stoll, Guido
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 114, Issue 1-2
Effect of prolonged exposure to diesel engine exhaust on proinflammatory markers in different regions of the rat brain
journal, January 2010
- Gerlofs-Nijland, Miriam E.; van Berlo, Damien; Cassee, Flemming R.
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses of the Central Nervous System
journal, January 2006
- Bailey, Samantha L.; Carpentier, Pamela A.; McMahon, Eileen J.
- Critical Reviews™ in Immunology, Vol. 26, Issue 2
Activation of microglial NADPH oxidase is synergistic with glial iNOS expression in inducing neuronal death: a dual-key mechanism of inflammatory neurodegeneration
journal, September 2005
- Mander, Palwinder; Brown, Guy C.
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia
journal, November 1987
- Colton, Carol A.; Gilbert, Daniel L.
- FEBS Letters, Vol. 223, Issue 2
The microglial "activation" continuum: from innate to adaptive responses
journal, October 2005
- Town, Terrence; Nikolic, Veljko; Tan, Jun
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke.
journal, September 1992
- Kochanek, P. M.; Hallenbeck, J. M.
- Stroke, Vol. 23, Issue 9
Diesel exhaust particles induce matrix metalloprotease-1 in human lung epithelial cells via a NADP(H) oxidase/NOX4 redox-dependent mechanism
journal, July 2007
- Amara, Nadia; Bachoual, Rafik; Desmard, Mathieu
- American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Vol. 293, Issue 1
CNS dendritic cells: Critical participants in CNS inflammation?
journal, July 2006
- Mcmahon, E.; Bailey, S.; Miller, S.
- Neurochemistry International, Vol. 49, Issue 2
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with increased neuritic plaques
journal, September 2010
- Sonnen, J. A.; Larson, E. B.; Walker, R. L.
- Neurology, Vol. 75, Issue 13
Diesel exhaust particles modulate the tight junction protein occludin in lung cells in vitro
journal, January 2009
- Lehmann, Andrea D.; Blank, Fabian; Baum, Oliver
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Perivascular cells act as scavengers in the cerebral perivascular spaces and remain distinct from pericytes, microglia and macrophages
journal, May 1993
- Kida, Shinya; Steart, Philip V.; Zhang, En-Tan
- Acta Neuropathologica, Vol. 85, Issue 6
Thrombin-induced oxidative stress contributes to the death of hippocampal neurons: Role of neuronal NADPH oxidase
journal, April 2008
- Park, Keun W.; Jin, Byung K.
- Journal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 86, Issue 5
Microglia as a source and target of cytokines
journal, October 2002
- Hanisch, Uwe-Karsten
- Glia, Vol. 40, Issue 2
Essential role of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) for central nervous tissue immune homeostasis
journal, March 2007
- Neumann, H.; Takahashi, K.
- Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 184, Issue 1-2
Assessing Activation States in Microglia
journal, April 2010
- Colton, Carol A.; Wilcock, Donna M.
- CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, Vol. 9, Issue 2
Fibrillar beta-amyloid peptide Aβ1–40 activates microglial proliferation via stimulating TNF-α release and H2O2 derived from NADPH oxidase: a cell culture study
journal, September 2006
- Jekabsone, Aiste; Mander, Palwinder K.; Tickler, Anna
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 3, Issue 1
Tumor necrosis factor p55 and p75 receptors are involved in chemical-induced apoptosis of dentate granule neurons
journal, July 2008
- Harry, G. Jean; Lefebvre d’Hellencourt, Christian; McPherson, Christopher A.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 106, Issue 1
CD200 Ligand Receptor Interaction Modulates Microglial Activation In Vivo and In Vitro: A Role for IL-4
journal, August 2007
- Lyons, A.; Downer, E. J.; Crotty, S.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 27, Issue 31
Controversies on new animal models of Parkinson’s disease Pro and Con: the rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease (PD)
book, January 2006
- Schmidt, W. J.; Alam, M.
- Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders
Microglial clearance function in health and disease
journal, February 2009
- Napoli, I.; Neumann, H.
- Neuroscience, Vol. 158, Issue 3
“Recruitment Signals” from Apoptotic Cells
journal, June 2003
- Ravichandran, Kodi S.
- Cell, Vol. 113, Issue 7
Identification of Tim4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor
journal, October 2007
- Miyanishi, Masanori; Tada, Kazutoshi; Koike, Masato
- Nature, Vol. 450, Issue 7168
Inflammation in Neurological Disorders: A Help or a Hindrance?
journal, August 2010
- Wee Yong, V.
- The Neuroscientist, Vol. 16, Issue 4
Microglial Physiology: Unique Stimuli, Specialized Responses
journal, April 2009
- Ransohoff, Richard M.; Perry, V. Hugh
- Annual Review of Immunology, Vol. 27, Issue 1
Microglial activation as a priming event leading to paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration
journal, February 2007
- Purisai, Maya G.; McCormack, Alison L.; Cumine, Suzanne
- Neurobiology of Disease, Vol. 25, Issue 2
Microglial Interactions with Synapses Are Modulated by Visual Experience
journal, November 2010
- Tremblay, Marie-Ève; Lowery, Rebecca L.; Majewska, Ania K.
- PLoS Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 11
Central Nervous System-Initiated Inflammation and Neurotrophism in Trauma: IL-1β Is Required for the Production of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
journal, August 2000
- Herx, Leonie M.; Rivest, Serge; Yong, V. Wee
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 165, Issue 4
Comparative study on the response of rat primary astrocytes and microglia to methylmercury toxicity
journal, February 2011
- Ni, Mingwei; Li, Xin; Yin, Zhaobao
- Glia, Vol. 59, Issue 5
A Common Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene Causes Neuronal Death in Mouse via Microglial Activation
journal, April 2010
- Dutta, Kallol; Ghosh, Debapriya; Nazmi, Arshed
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 5, Issue 4
A new concept in neurodegeneration: TNFα is a silencer of survival signals
journal, April 2000
- Venters, Homer D.; Dantzer, Robert; Kelley, Keith W.
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 23, Issue 4
Nanosize Titanium Dioxide Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species in Brain Microglia and Damages Neurons in Vitro
journal, November 2007
- Long, Thomas C.; Tajuba, Julianne; Sama, Preethi
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115, Issue 11
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Is Toxic to Embryonic Mesencephalic Dopamine Neurons
journal, June 2001
- McGuire, Susan O.; Ling, Zao Dung; Lipton, Jack W.
- Experimental Neurology, Vol. 169, Issue 2
Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions
journal, November 2007
- Mildner, Alexander; Schmidt, Hauke; Nitsche, Mirko
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 12
Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life
journal, November 2007
- Ajami, Bahareh; Bennett, Jami L.; Krieger, Charles
- Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 12
On the Role of Nitric Oxide in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation
journal, March 2003
- Bon, Christelle L. M.; Garthwaite, John
- The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 23, Issue 5
Environmental Risk Factors and Parkinson's Disease: Selective Degeneration of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons Caused by the Herbicide Paraquat
journal, July 2002
- McCormack, Alison L.; Thiruchelvam, Mona; Manning-Bog, Amy B.
- Neurobiology of Disease, Vol. 10, Issue 2
Mechanisms of Diesel-Induced Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Dysfunction in Coronary Arterioles
journal, January 2011
- Cherng, Tom W.; Paffett, Michael L.; Jackson-Weaver, Olan
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 119, Issue 1
Particulate Matter in Polluted Air May Increase Biomarkers of Inflammation in Mouse Brain
journal, January 2005
- Campbell, A.; Oldham, M.; Becaria, A.
- NeuroToxicology, Vol. 26, Issue 1
The Activation Status of Neuroantigen-specific T Cells in the Target Organ Determines the Clinical Outcome of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
journal, January 2004
- Kawakami, Naoto; Lassmann, Silke; Li, Zhaoxia
- Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 199, Issue 2
TNF- α Pretreatment Induces Protective Effects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
journal, May 1997
- Nawashiro, Hiroshi; Tasaki, Kaoru; Ruetzler, Christl A.
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 17, Issue 5
Manganese: Recent advances in understanding its transport and neurotoxicity
journal, June 2007
- Aschner, Michael; Guilarte, Tomás R.; Schneider, Jay S.
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 221, Issue 2
Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of manganese and lipopolysaccharide: differential involvement of microglia and astroglia
journal, January 2010
- Zhang, Ping; Lokuta, Kyle M.; Turner, DeAnne E.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 112, Issue 2
Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia
journal, October 2007
- Pocock, Jennifer M.; Kettenmann, Helmut
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 30, Issue 10
Production of nitric oxide by glial cells: Regulation and potential roles in the CNS
journal, January 2000
- Murphy, Sean
- Glia, Vol. 29, Issue 1
Control of glial immune function by neurons
journal, January 2001
- Neumann, Harald
- Glia, Vol. 36, Issue 2
Apolipoprotein E and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease: pathways, pathogenesis and therapy
journal, April 2009
- Bu, Guojun
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Issue 5
IL-18 Directs Autoreactive T Cells and Promotes Autodestruction in the Central Nervous System Via Induction of IFN-γ by NK Cells
journal, September 2000
- Shi, Fu-Dong; Takeda, Kiyoshi; Akira, Shizuo
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 165, Issue 6
Differential gene expression in LPS/IFNγ activated microglia and macrophages: in vitro versus in vivo
journal, May 2009
- Schmid, Christoph D.; Melchior, Benoit; Masek, Kokoechat
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 109
Exacerbation of Damage and Altered NF-κB Activation in Mice Lacking Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury
journal, August 1999
- Sullivan, Patrick G.; Bruce-Keller, Annadora J.; Rabchevsky, Alexander G.
- The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 19, Issue 15
Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-β plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
journal, February 2008
- Meyer-Luehmann, Melanie; Spires-Jones, Tara L.; Prada, Claudia
- Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7179
Brain injury and tumor necrosis factors induce calbindin D-28K in astrocytes: Evidence for a cytoprotective response
journal, October 1995
- Mattson, M. P.; Cheng, B.; Baldwin, S. A.
- Journal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 42, Issue 3
Susceptibility to rotenone is increased in neurons from parkin null mice and is reduced by minocycline
journal, May 2006
- Casarejos, M. J.; Menendez, J.; Solano, R. M.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 97, Issue 4
Evidence for an Early Inflammatory Response in the Central Nervous System of mice with Scrapie
journal, September 1996
- Betmouni, S.; Perry, V. H.; Gordon, J. L.
- Neuroscience, Vol. 74, Issue 1
Manganese and Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review and New Findings
journal, August 2010
- Guilarte, Tomás R.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 118, Issue 8
A Critical Assessment of Studies on the Carcinogenic Potential of Diesel Exhaust
journal, January 2006
- Hesterberg, Thomas W.; Bunn III, William B.; Chase, Gerald R.
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol. 36, Issue 9
Tumor necrosis factors protect neurons against metabolic-excitotoxic insults and promote maintenance of calcium homeostasis
journal, January 1994
- Cheng, Bin; Christakos, Sylvia; Mattson, Mark P.
- Neuron, Vol. 12, Issue 1
Manganese intoxication in the rhesus monkey: A clinical, imaging, pathologic, and biochemical study
journal, February 1996
- Olanow, C. W.; Good, P. F.; Shinotoh, H.
- Neurology, Vol. 46, Issue 2
A rose by any other name? the potential consequences of microglial heterogeneity during CNS health and disease
journal, October 2007
- Carson, Monica J.; Bilousova, Tina V.; Puntambekar, Shweta S.
- Neurotherapeutics, Vol. 4, Issue 4
Carbon monoxide neurotoxicity: transient inhibition of avoidance response and delayed microglia reaction in the absence of neuronal death
journal, December 2003
- Brunssen, S.
- Toxicology, Vol. 194, Issue 1-2
Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Neuroinflammation, an Altered Innate Immune Response, Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Ultrafine Particulate Deposition, and Accumulation of Amyloid β-42 and α-Synuclein in Children and Young Adults
journal, February 2008
- Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Solt, Anna C.; Henríquez-Roldán, Carlos
- Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 36, Issue 2
Injury-Induced Neurogenesis: Consideration of Resident Microglia as Supportive of Neural Progenitor Cells
journal, June 2010
- McPherson, Christopher A.; Kraft, Andrew D.; Harry, G. Jean
- Neurotoxicity Research, Vol. 19, Issue 2
The Cellular and Genomic Response of an Immortalized Microglia Cell Line (BV2) to Concentrated Ambient Particulate Matter
journal, January 2007
- Sama, Preethi; Long, Thomas C.; Hester, Susan
- Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 19, Issue 13
Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in Parkinson’s Disease
journal, March 2008
- Miller, Rebecca L.; James-Kracke, Marilyn; Sun, Grace Y.
- Neurochemical Research, Vol. 34, Issue 1
Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer's disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1
journal, July 2006
- Butovsky, O.; Koronyo-Hamaoui, M.; Kunis, G.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 31
Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function
journal, January 2002
- Dröge, Wulf
- Physiological Reviews, Vol. 82, Issue 1
Effects of Subchronic Exposures to Concentrated Ambient Particles in Mice: IX. Integral Assessment and Human Health Implications of Subchronic Exposures of Mice to CAPs
journal, January 2005
- Lippmann, Morton; Gordon, Terry; Chen, Lung Chi
- Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 17, Issue 4-5
NADPH oxidase
journal, November 1996
- Shatwell, Karolyn P.; Segal, Anthony W.
- The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Vol. 28, Issue 11
Interferon- -inducing factor (IL-18) and interferon- in inflammatory CNS diseases
journal, September 1999
- Fassbender, K.; Mielke, O.; Bertsch, T.
- Neurology, Vol. 53, Issue 5
Glutamate release from activated microglia requires the oxidative burst and lipid peroxidation
journal, June 2007
- Barger, Steven W.; Goodwin, Mary E.; Porter, Mandy M.
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 101, Issue 5
Microglia Promote the Death of Developing Purkinje Cells
journal, February 2004
- Marı́n-Teva, José Luis; Dusart, Isabelle; Colin, Catherine
- Neuron, Vol. 41, Issue 4
Inflammatory Signals Induce Neurotrophin Expression in Human Microglial Cells
journal, February 1998
- Heese, Klaus; Hock, Christoph; Otten, Uwe
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 70, Issue 2
Interleukin-1 and inflammatory neurodegeneration
journal, October 2007
- Simi, A.; Tsakiri, N.; Wang, P.
- Biochemical Society Transactions, Vol. 35, Issue 5
TLR Signaling Tailors Innate Immune Responses in Human Microglia and Astrocytes
journal, September 2005
- Jack, Carolyn S.; Arbour, Nathalie; Manusow, Joshua
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 175, Issue 7
Recovery from EAE is associated with decreased survival of encephalitogenic T cells in the CNS of B7-1/B7-2-deficient mice
journal, July 2003
- Chang, Tammy T.; Sobel, Raymond A.; Wei, Tao
- European Journal of Immunology, Vol. 33, Issue 7
Dopamine and noradrenaline control distinct functions in rodent microglial cells
journal, May 2005
- Färber, Katrin; Pannasch, Ulrike; Kettenmann, Helmut
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 1
Down-Regulation of the Macrophage Lineage Through Interaction with OX2 (CD200)
journal, December 2000
- Hoek, R. M.
- Science, Vol. 290, Issue 5497
Nanosize Titanium Dioxide Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species in Brain Microglia and Damages Neurons in Vitro
journal, November 2007
- Long, Thomas C.; Tajuba, Julianne; Sama, Preethi
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115, Issue 11
Injury-Induced Neurogenesis: Consideration of Resident Microglia as Supportive of Neural Progenitor Cells
journal, June 2010
- McPherson, Christopher A.; Kraft, Andrew D.; Harry, G. Jean
- Neurotoxicity Research, Vol. 19, Issue 2
Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis
journal, February 2005
- McMahon, Eileen J.; Bailey, Samantha L.; Castenada, Carol Vanderlugt
- Nature Medicine, Vol. 11, Issue 3
Microglial senescence: does the brain's immune system have an expiration date?
journal, September 2006
- Streit, Wolfgang J.
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 29, Issue 9
Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations
journal, March 2004
- Tarpey, Margaret M.; Wink, David A.; Grisham, Matthew B.
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 286, Issue 3
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
journal, February 2006
- Akira, Shizuo; Uematsu, Satoshi; Takeuchi, Osamu
- Cell, Vol. 124, Issue 4, p. 783-801
Neuroprotection by the selective iNOS inhibitor GW274150 in a model of Parkinson disease
journal, March 2011
- Broom, Lauren; Marinova-Mutafchieva, Lilia; Sadeghian, Mona
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 50, Issue 5
The Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Cell Function and Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
journal, March 1998
- Bayram, Hasan; Devalia, Jagdish L.; Sapsford, Raymond J.
- American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 3
Microglia as Mediators of Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
journal, March 1999
- González-Scarano, F.; Baltuch, Gordon
- Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 22, Issue 1
Thrombin-Induced Oxidative Stress Contributes to the Death of Hippocampal Neurons In Vivo: Role of Microglial NADPH Oxidase
journal, April 2005
- Choi, S. -H.
- Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 25, Issue 16
Cellular and substrate adhesion molecules (integrins) and their ligands in cerebral amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease
journal, May 1994
- Eikelenboom, P.; Zhan, S. S.; Kamphorst, W.
- Virchows Archiv, Vol. 424, Issue 4
A Mechanism for Neurodegeneration Induced by Group B Streptococci through Activation of the TLR2/MyD88 Pathway in Microglia
journal, June 2006
- Lehnardt, Seija; Henneke, Philipp; Lien, Egil
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 177, Issue 1
Glial Cells in Neurotoxicity Development
journal, April 1999
- Aschner, M.; Allen, J. W.; Kimelberg, H. K.
- Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 39, Issue 1
Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2
journal, February 2005
- Takahashi, Kazuya; Rochford, Christian D. P.; Neumann, Harald
- Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 201, Issue 4
Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Neuroinflammation, an Altered Innate Immune Response, Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Ultrafine Particulate Deposition, and Accumulation of Amyloid β-42 and α-Synuclein in Children and Young Adults
journal, February 2008
- Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Solt, Anna C.; Henríquez-Roldán, Carlos
- Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 36, Issue 2
Determinants of the Proinflammatory Action of Ambient Particulate Matter in Immortalized Murine Macrophages
journal, December 2010
- Guastadisegni, Cecilia; Kelly, Frank J.; Cassee, Flemming R.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 118, Issue 12
Effects of Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of rats to Emissions from a Diesel Engine Burning Soybean Oil-Derived Biodiesel fuel
journal, January 2002
- Finch, G. L.; Hobbs, C. H.; Blair, L. F.
- Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 14, Issue 10
Differential gene expression in LPS/IFNγ activated microglia and macrophages: in vitro versus in vivo
journal, May 2009
- Schmid, Christoph D.; Melchior, Benoit; Masek, Kokoechat
- Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 109
Toll-like receptors; their physiological role and signal transduction system
journal, April 2001
- Takeuchi, Osamu; Akira, Shizuo
- International Immunopharmacology, Vol. 1, Issue 4
Purinergic signaling and microglia
journal, June 2006
- Färber, Katrin; Kettenmann, Helmut
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 452, Issue 5
Nitric oxide in the central nervous system: neuroprotection versus neurotoxicity
journal, October 2007
- Calabrese, Vittorio; Mancuso, Cesare; Calvani, Menotti
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 8, Issue 10
Nanometer size diesel exhaust particles are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons: the role of microglia, phagocytosis, and NADPH oxidase
journal, August 2004
- Block, M. L.; Wu, X.; Pei, Z.
- The FASEB Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 13
NADPH Oxidase Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neurotoxicity and Proinflammatory Gene Expression in Activated Microglia
journal, January 2004
- Qin, Liya; Liu, Yuxin; Wang, Tongguang
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 279, Issue 2
Neuroprotective role of the innate immune system by microglia
journal, July 2007
- Glezer, I.; Simard, A. R.; Rivest, S.
- Neuroscience, Vol. 147, Issue 4
Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo
journal, May 2005
- Nimmerjahn, A.
- Science, Vol. 308, Issue 5726
Neuronal ‘On’ and ‘Off’ signals control microglia
journal, November 2007
- Biber, Knut; Neumann, Harald; Inoue, Kazuhide
- Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 30, Issue 11
Evidence for an Early Inflammatory Response in the Central Nervous System of mice with Scrapie
journal, September 1996
- Betmouni, S.; Perry, V. H.; Gordon, J. L.
- Neuroscience, Vol. 74, Issue 1
Manganese and Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review and New Findings
journal, August 2010
- Guilarte, Tomás R.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 118, Issue 8
Combining nitric oxide release with anti-inflammatory activity preserves nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation and prevents motor impairment in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease
journal, January 2010
- L'Episcopo, Francesca; Tirolo, Cataldo; Caniglia, Salvatore
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide.
journal, August 1993
- Merrill, J. E.; Ignarro, L. J.; Sherman, M. P.
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 151, Issue 4
Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared.
journal, May 1995
- Ford, A. L.; Goodsall, A. L.; Hickey, W. F.
- The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 154, Issue 9
Works referencing / citing this record:
Adenosine A2AR blockade prevents neuroinflammation-induced death of retinal ganglion cells caused by elevated pressure
journal, June 2015
- Madeira, Maria H.; Elvas, Filipe; Boia, Raquel
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 12, Issue 1
HIV-1 Tat C-mediated regulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-3 by microRNA 32 in human microglia
journal, June 2012
- Mishra, Ritu; Chhatbar, Chintan; Singh, Sunit Kumar
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Effects of simvastatin on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a lipopolysaccharide-induced rat model of Parkinson disease
journal, May 2015
- Tan, Wang; Xue-bin, Cao; Tian, Zhang
- International Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 126, Issue 3
Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation leads to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and increases susceptibility to neurodegeneration induced by proteasome inhibition in rat hippocampus
journal, May 2012
- Pintado, Cristina; Gavilán, María P.; Gavilán, Elena
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Aqueous Extract of Dendropanax morbiferus Leaves Effectively Alleviated Neuroinflammation and Behavioral Impediments in MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Mouse Model
journal, January 2018
- Park, Shin-Young; Karthivashan, Govindarajan; Ko, Hyun Myung
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2018
Danger in the Air: Air Pollution and Cognitive Dysfunction
journal, June 2018
- Cipriani, Gabriele; Danti, Sabrina; Carlesi, Cecilia
- American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr, Vol. 33, Issue 6
Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases - an update
journal, April 2014
- Amor, Sandra; Peferoen, Laura A. N.; Vogel, Daphne Y. S.
- Immunology, Vol. 142, Issue 2
Multi-Target Anti-Alzheimer Activities of Four Prenylated Compounds from Psoralea Fructus
journal, March 2018
- Xu, Qing-Xia; Hu, Ying; Li, Gui-Yang
- Molecules, Vol. 23, Issue 3
Neurobiology of Chronic Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Molecular Imaging Studies
journal, February 2017
- Davis, Margaret T.; Holmes, Sophie E.; Pietrzak, Robert H.
- Chronic Stress, Vol. 1
JNK and NADPH Oxidase Involved in Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Microglia Cells
journal, January 2013
- Yan, Ling; Liu, Shengnan; Wang, Chen
- Mediators of Inflammation, Vol. 2013
Non-toxic engineered carbon nanodiamond concentrations induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, imbalance of energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction in microglial and alveolar basal epithelial cells
text, January 2019
- Fresta, Claudia G.; Chakraborty, Aishik; Wijesinghe, Manjula B.
- Health Research Alliance
Erythropoietin attenuates motor neuron programmed cell death in a burn animal model
journal, January 2018
- Wu, Sheng-Hua; Lu, I-Cheng; Lee, Su-Shin
- PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue 1
Non-toxic engineered carbon nanodiamond concentrations induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, imbalance of energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction in microglial and alveolar basal epithelial cells
journal, February 2018
- Fresta, Claudia G.; Chakraborty, Aishik; Wijesinghe, Manjula B.
- Cell Death & Disease, Vol. 9, Issue 2
Transduced Tat-aldose Reductase Protects Hippocampal Neuronal Cells against Oxidative Stress-induced Damage
journal, October 2019
- Cho, Su Bin; Eum, Won Sik; Shin, Min Jea
- Experimental Neurobiology, Vol. 28, Issue 5
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Allyl Isothiocyanate through Attenuation of JNK/NF-κB/TNF-α Signaling
journal, July 2017
- Subedi, Lalita; Venkatesan, Ramu; Kim, Sun
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 7
Microglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease
journal, September 2013
- Cai, Zhiyou; Hussain, M. Delwar; Yan, Liang-Jun
- International Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 124, Issue 5
Carnosine prevents Aβ-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in microglial cells: a key role of TGF-β1
text, January 2019
- Caruso, Giuseppe; Fresta, Claudia G.; Musso, Nicolò
- Health Research Alliance
Cystatin F involvement in adenosine A2A receptor-mediated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells
journal, May 2018
- Duan, Wei; Wang, Haoxiang; Fan, Qinlin
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro
journal, May 2019
- Zong, Cai; Hasegawa, Rieka; Urushitani, Makoto
- Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 93, Issue 7
In vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Anesthesia-Specific Alterations in Microglial Surveillance and Photodamage-Directed Motility in Mouse Cortex
journal, May 2019
- Sun, Weilun; Suzuki, Kunimichi; Toptunov, Dmytro
- Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 13
Nanoscale Particulate Matter from Urban Traffic Rapidly Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Olfactory Epithelium with Concomitant Effects on Brain
journal, October 2016
- Cheng, Hank; Saffari, Arian; Sioutas, Constantinos
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 124, Issue 10
Oxidative Stress and Microglial Cells in Parkinson's Disease
text, January 2012
- M., Flood, Patrick; J., Peterson, Lynda
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Nanoscale Particulate Matter from Urban Traffic Rapidly Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Olfactory Epithelium with Concomitant Effects on Brain
journal, October 2016
- Cheng, Hank; Saffari, Arian; Sioutas, Constantinos
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 124, Issue 10
Quantitative Analysis of Psoralea corylifolia Linne and its Neuroprotective and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects in HT22 Hippocampal Cells and BV-2 Microglia
journal, August 2016
- Kim, Yu; Lim, Hye-Sun; Lee, Jun
- Molecules, Vol. 21, Issue 8
Dental pulp-derived stem cells can counterbalance peripheral nerve injury-induced oxidative stress and supraspinal neuro-inflammation in rat brain
journal, October 2018
- Ullah, Imran; Choe, Yong-ho; Khan, Mehtab
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications
journal, May 2019
- Venkatesh, Katari; Ghosh, Shounak K.; Mullick, Madhubanti
- Cell and Tissue Research, Vol. 377, Issue 2
Bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates motor dysfunction and modulates microglia activation in Parkinson’s disease alpha-synuclein transgenic mice
journal, July 2016
- Ye, Minsook; Chung, Hwan-Suck; Lee, Chanju
- Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Vol. 48, Issue 7
The Ameliorative Effects of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Salicornia europaea L. and Its Bioactive Candidate, Irilin B, on LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammation and MPTP-Intoxicated PD-Like Mouse Model
journal, July 2019
- Kim, Joonsoo; Karthivashan, Govindarajan; Kweon, Mee-Hyang
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2019
Non-toxic engineered carbon nanodiamond concentrations induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, imbalance of energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction in microglial and alveolar basal epithelial cells
text, January 2019
- Fresta, Claudia G.; Chakraborty, Aishik; Wijesinghe, Manjula B.
- Health Research Alliance
Investigation into experimental toxicological properties of plant protection products having a potential link to Parkinson's disease and childhood leukaemia†
journal, March 2017
- Ockleford, Colin; Adriaanse, Paulien; Berny, Philippe
- EFSA Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3
JNK and NADPH Oxidase Involved in Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Microglia Cells
journal, January 2013
- Yan, Ling; Liu, Shengnan; Wang, Chen
- Mediators of Inflammation, Vol. 2013
Dexmedetomidine reduces lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia
journal, January 2018
- Yeh, Ching-Hua; Hsieh, Liang-Po; Lin, Ming-Chung
- PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue 1
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Allyl Isothiocyanate through Attenuation of JNK/NF-κB/TNF-α Signaling
journal, July 2017
- Subedi, Lalita; Venkatesan, Ramu; Kim, Sun
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 7
Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation leads to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and increases susceptibility to neurodegeneration induced by proteasome inhibition in rat hippocampus
journal, May 2012
- Pintado, Cristina; Gavilán, María P.; Gavilán, Elena
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Homocysteine exaggerates microglia activation and neuroinflammation through microglia localized STAT3 overactivation following ischemic stroke
journal, September 2017
- Chen, Shuang; Dong, Zhiping; Cheng, Man
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 14, Issue 1
Sulforaphane-Enriched Broccoli Sprouts Pretreated by Pulsed Electric Fields Reduces Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mouse Brain through Its Antioxidant Ability via Nrf2-HO-1 Activation
journal, March 2019
- Subedi, Lalita; Cho, KyoHee; Park, Yong Un
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2019
Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of bifenthrin in primary microglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures
journal, May 2018
- Gargouri, Brahim; Yousif, Nizar M.; Bouchard, Michèle
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 15, Issue 1
Carnosine prevents Aβ-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in microglial cells: a key role of TGF-β1
text, January 2019
- Caruso, Giuseppe; Fresta, Claudia G.; Musso, Nicolò
- Health Research Alliance
α1-antitrypsin mitigates NLRP3-inflammasome activation in amyloid β1–42-stimulated murine astrocytes
journal, September 2018
- Ebrahimi, Taraneh; Rust, Marcus; Kaiser, Sarah Nele
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 15, Issue 1
Fluoride Induces Neuroinflammation and Alters Wnt Signaling Pathway in BV2 Microglial Cells
journal, April 2017
- Chen, Rui; Zhao, Lian-Dong; Liu, Hong
- Inflammation, Vol. 40, Issue 4
Homocysteine exaggerates microglia activation and neuroinflammation through microglia localized STAT3 overactivation following ischemic stroke
journal, September 2017
- Chen, Shuang; Dong, Zhiping; Cheng, Man
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 14, Issue 1
The Plant-Derived Chalcone 2,2′,5′-Trihydroxychalcone Provides Neuroprotection against Toll-Like Receptor 4 Triggered Inflammation in Microglia
journal, January 2016
- Jiwrajka, Manasi; Phillips, Alexandra; Butler, Matt
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2016
Folic acid deficiency enhanced microglial immune response via the Notch1/nuclear factor kappa B p65 pathway in hippocampus following rat brain I/R injury and BV2 cells
journal, May 2019
- Cheng, Man; Yang, Liu; Dong, Zhiping
- Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Vol. 23, Issue 7
An adverse outcome pathway for parkinsonian motor deficits associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition
journal, December 2017
- Terron, Andrea; Bal-Price, Anna; Paini, Alicia
- Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 92, Issue 1
Oxidative Stress and Microglial Cells in Parkinson's Disease
journal, January 2012
- Peterson, Lynda J.; Flood, Patrick M.
- Mediators of Inflammation, Vol. 2012
Neuroprotective Effects of Cuscutae Semen in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
journal, January 2014
- Ye, Minsook; Lee, Seul gi; Chung, Eun Sook
- Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2014
Coordinated Gene Expression of Neuroinflammatory and Cell Signaling Markers in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex during Human Brain Development and Aging
journal, October 2014
- Primiani, Christopher T.; Ryan, Veronica H.; Rao, Jagadeesh S.
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 10
Oxidative Stress and Microglial Cells in Parkinson's Disease
journal, January 2012
- Peterson, Lynda J.; Flood, Patrick M.
- Mediators of Inflammation, Vol. 2012
Ecological implications of individuality in the context of the concept of adaptive strategy
journal, December 1966
- Sargent, Frederick
- International Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 10, Issue 3
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Induces Microglial Death by NADPH-Oxidase-Independent Reactive Oxygen Species as well as Energy Depletion
journal, October 2016
- Sharma, Anuj Kumar; Singh, Vikas; Gera, Ruchi
- Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 54, Issue 8
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin A Ameliorated Endotoxin-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction
journal, January 2015
- Hsing, Chung-Hsi; Hung, Shih-Kai; Chen, Yeong-Chang
- Mediators of Inflammation, Vol. 2015
Adenosine A2A Receptor Deficiency Up-Regulates Cystatin F Expression in White Matter Lesions Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
journal, December 2012
- Duan, Wei; Ran, Hong; Zhou, Zhujuan
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, Issue 12
Non-toxic engineered carbon nanodiamond concentrations induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, imbalance of energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction in microglial and alveolar basal epithelial cells
text, January 2019
- Fresta, Claudia G.; Chakraborty, Aishik; Wijesinghe, Manjula B.
- Health Research Alliance
Microglia amplify inflammatory activation of astrocytes in manganese neurotoxicity
journal, May 2017
- Kirkley, Kelly S.; Popichak, Katriana A.; Afzali, Maryam F.
- Journal of Neuroinflammation, Vol. 14, Issue 1
Neurotoxicants Are in the Air: Convergence of Human, Animal, andIn VitroStudies on the Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain
journal, January 2014
- Costa, Lucio G.; Cole, Toby B.; Coburn, Jacki
- BioMed Research International, Vol. 2014
Dexmedetomidine inhibits the lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated inflammatory response in microglia through the pathway involving TLR4 and NF‐κB
journal, August 2019
- Zhou, Xue‐Yue; Liu, Jing; Xu, Zhi‐Peng
- The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 35, Issue 12