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Title: Presence of Viral RNA and Proteins in Exosomes from Cellular Clones Resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection

Abstract

Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a RNA virus that belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. It infects humans and livestock and causes Rift Valley fever. RVFV is considered an agricultural pathogen by the USDA, as it can cause up to 100% abortion in cattle and extensive death of newborns. In addition, it is designated as Category A pathogen by the CDC and the NIAID. In some human cases of RVFV infection, the virus causes fever, ocular damage, liver damage, hemorrhagic fever, and death. There are currently limited options for vaccine candidates, which include the MP-12 and clone 13 versions of RVFV. Viral infections often deregulate multiple cellular pathways that contribute to replication and host pathology. We have previously shown that latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected cells secrete exosomes that contain short viral RNAs, limited number of genomic RNAs, and viral proteins. These exosomes largely target neighboring cells and activate the NF-κB pathway, leading to cell proliferation, and overall better viral replication. In this manuscript, we studied the effects of exosome formation from RVFV infected cells and their function on recipient cells. We initially infected cells, isolated resistant clones, and further purifiedmore » using dilution cloning. We then characterized these cells as resistant to new RVFV infection, but sensitive to other viral infections, including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV). These clones contained normal markers (i.e., CD63) for exosomes and were able to activate the TLR pathway in recipient reporter cells. Interestingly, the exosome rich preparations, much like their host cell, contained viral RNA (L, M, and S genome). The RNAs were detected using qRT-PCR in both parental and exosomal preparations as well as in CD63 immunoprecipitates. Viral proteins such as N and a modified form of NSs were present in some of these exosomes. Finally, treatment of recipient cells (T-cells and monocytic cells) showed drastic rate of apoptosis through PARP cleavage and caspase 3 activation from some but not all exosome enriched preparations. Collectively, these data suggest that exosomes from RVFV infected cells alter the dynamics of the immune cells and may contribute to pathology of the viral infection.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1]
  1. George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA (United States)
  2. Ceres Nanosciences, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1628143
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0001599; NIH: AI078859, AI074410, AI043894, NS086453
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Microbiology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1664-302X
Publisher:
Frontiers Research Foundation
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Microbiology; Rift Valley Fever Virus; exosomes; resistant clones

Citation Formats

Ahsan, Noor A., Sampey, Gavin C., Lepene, Ben, Akpamagbo, Yao, Barclay, Robert A., Iordanskiy, Sergey, Hakami, Ramin M., and Kashanchi, Fatah. Presence of Viral RNA and Proteins in Exosomes from Cellular Clones Resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00139.
Ahsan, Noor A., Sampey, Gavin C., Lepene, Ben, Akpamagbo, Yao, Barclay, Robert A., Iordanskiy, Sergey, Hakami, Ramin M., & Kashanchi, Fatah. Presence of Viral RNA and Proteins in Exosomes from Cellular Clones Resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. United States. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00139
Ahsan, Noor A., Sampey, Gavin C., Lepene, Ben, Akpamagbo, Yao, Barclay, Robert A., Iordanskiy, Sergey, Hakami, Ramin M., and Kashanchi, Fatah. Thu . "Presence of Viral RNA and Proteins in Exosomes from Cellular Clones Resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection". United States. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00139. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1628143.
@article{osti_1628143,
title = {Presence of Viral RNA and Proteins in Exosomes from Cellular Clones Resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection},
author = {Ahsan, Noor A. and Sampey, Gavin C. and Lepene, Ben and Akpamagbo, Yao and Barclay, Robert A. and Iordanskiy, Sergey and Hakami, Ramin M. and Kashanchi, Fatah},
abstractNote = {Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a RNA virus that belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. It infects humans and livestock and causes Rift Valley fever. RVFV is considered an agricultural pathogen by the USDA, as it can cause up to 100% abortion in cattle and extensive death of newborns. In addition, it is designated as Category A pathogen by the CDC and the NIAID. In some human cases of RVFV infection, the virus causes fever, ocular damage, liver damage, hemorrhagic fever, and death. There are currently limited options for vaccine candidates, which include the MP-12 and clone 13 versions of RVFV. Viral infections often deregulate multiple cellular pathways that contribute to replication and host pathology. We have previously shown that latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected cells secrete exosomes that contain short viral RNAs, limited number of genomic RNAs, and viral proteins. These exosomes largely target neighboring cells and activate the NF-κB pathway, leading to cell proliferation, and overall better viral replication. In this manuscript, we studied the effects of exosome formation from RVFV infected cells and their function on recipient cells. We initially infected cells, isolated resistant clones, and further purified using dilution cloning. We then characterized these cells as resistant to new RVFV infection, but sensitive to other viral infections, including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV). These clones contained normal markers (i.e., CD63) for exosomes and were able to activate the TLR pathway in recipient reporter cells. Interestingly, the exosome rich preparations, much like their host cell, contained viral RNA (L, M, and S genome). The RNAs were detected using qRT-PCR in both parental and exosomal preparations as well as in CD63 immunoprecipitates. Viral proteins such as N and a modified form of NSs were present in some of these exosomes. Finally, treatment of recipient cells (T-cells and monocytic cells) showed drastic rate of apoptosis through PARP cleavage and caspase 3 activation from some but not all exosome enriched preparations. Collectively, these data suggest that exosomes from RVFV infected cells alter the dynamics of the immune cells and may contribute to pathology of the viral infection.},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00139},
journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
number = ,
volume = 7,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Feb 11 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Thu Feb 11 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}

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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: Generation of Rift infected resistant clones.(A) Vero cells were infected with RVFV at MOI3. Approximately 1% of cells survived the infection and isolated using trypsin diluted with PBS. Clones were plated and passaged 50 times before characterization. (B) The HEK-293T based reporter cell line, HEK-Blue hTLR3(InvivoGen),was used tomore » detect activation of TLR3 by supernatant of RVFV resistant Vero cells. After18 h of incubation at 37°C in 5% CO2, the absorbance (600 nm) of each control and test condition in the 96-well plate was measured using the GloMax Multi Detection System(Promega). Readings from all positive controls (sample 2,10ng/mL Poly I/C) and experimental samples were normalized using the mean reading from three sterile water treated negative controls. Seven clones (as indicated) were selected for follow up experiments. Error bars on the first two samples(negative and positive controls) indicated ±1 SD of biological triplicates.« less

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