Farm management, not soil microbial diversity, controls nutrient loss from smallholder tropical agriculture

Wood, Stephen A.; Almaraz, Maya; Bradford, Mark A.; McGuire, Krista L.; Naeem, Shahid; Neill, Christopher; Palm, Cheryl A.; Tully, Katherine L.; Zhou, Jizhong

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00090

Title: Farm management, not soil microbial diversity, controls nutrient loss from smallholder tropical agriculture

Journal Article · 04 March 2015 · Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00090 · OSTI ID:1628131

Wood, Stephen A. ^[1]; Almaraz, Maya ^[2]; Bradford, Mark A. ^[3]; McGuire, Krista L. ^[4]; Naeem, Shahid ^[5]; Neill, Christopher ^[6]; Palm, Cheryl A. ^[7]; Tully, Katherine L. ^[8]; Zhou, Jizhong ^[9]

Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology; Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). The Earth Inst. Agriculture and Food Security Center
Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States). Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States). School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology; Barnard College of Coumbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Biology
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology
Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States). Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (United States). The Ecosystems Center
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). The Earth Inst. Agriculture and Food Security Center
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). The Earth Inst. Agriculture and Food Security Center; Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture
Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States). Inst. for Environmental Genomics and Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Earth Sciences Division; Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China). School of Environment. Beijing Key State Joint Lab. of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control

Tropical smallholder agriculture is undergoing rapid transformation in nutrient cycling pathways as international development efforts strongly promote greater use of mineral fertilizers to increase crop yields. These changes in nutrient availability may alter the composition of microbial communities with consequences for rates of biogeochemical processes that control nutrient losses to the environment. Ecological theory suggests that altered microbial diversity will strongly influence processes performed by relatively few microbial taxa, such as denitrification and hence nitrogen losses as nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas. Whether this theory helps predict nutrient losses from agriculture depends on the relative effects of microbial community change and increased nutrient availability on ecosystem processes. We find that mineral and organic nutrient addition to smallholder farms in Kenya alters the taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbes. However, we find that the direct effects of farm management on both denitrification and carbon mineralization are greater than indirect effects through changes in the taxonomic and functional diversity of microbial communities. Changes in functional diversity are strongly coupled to changes in specific functional genes involved in denitrification, suggesting that it is the expression, rather than abundance, of key functional genes that can serve as an indicator of ecosystem process rates. Our results thus suggest that widely used broad summary statistics of microbial diversity based on DNA may be inappropriate for linking microbial communities to ecosystem processes in certain applied settings. Our results also raise doubts about the relative control of microbial composition compared to direct effects of management on nutrient losses in applied settings such as tropical agriculture.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1628131

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 6; ISSN 1664-302X

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Microbiology
carbon mineralization
denitrification
fertilization
GeoChip
microbial diversity
smallholder agriculture
tropics