DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: The non-random walk of chiral magnetic charge carriers in artificial spin ice

Abstract

The flow of magnetic charge carriers (dubbed magnetic monopoles) through frustrated spin ice lattices, governed simply by Coulombic forces, represents a new direction in electromagnetism. Artificial spin ice nanoarrays realise this effect at room temperature, where the magnetic charge is carried by domain walls. Control of domain wall path is one important element of utilizing this new medium. By imaging the transit of domain walls across different connected 2D honeycomb structures we contribute an important aspect which will enable that control to be realized. Although apparently equivalent paths are presented to a domain wall as it approaches a Y-shaped vertex from a bar parallel to the field, we observe a stark non-random path distribution, which we attribute to the chirality of the magnetic charges. These observations are supported by detailed statistical modelling and micromagnetic simulations. The identification of chiral control to magnetic charge path selectivity invites analogy with spintronics.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [1];  [1]
  1. Imperial College, London (United Kingdom). Dept. of Physics. Blackett Lab
  2. Cardiff Univ. (United Kingdom). School of Physics and Astronomy
  3. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division
OSTI Identifier:
1624589
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC03-76SF00098
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Scientific Reports
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 3; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Science & Technology - Other Topics; MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS; METAMATERIALS; SPINTRONICS; STATISTICAL PHYSICS, THERMODYNAMICS AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS

Citation Formats

Zeissler, K., Walton, S. K., Ladak, S., Read, D. E., Tyliszczak, T., Cohen, L. F., and Branford, W. R. The non-random walk of chiral magnetic charge carriers in artificial spin ice. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. doi:10.1038/srep01252.
Zeissler, K., Walton, S. K., Ladak, S., Read, D. E., Tyliszczak, T., Cohen, L. F., & Branford, W. R. The non-random walk of chiral magnetic charge carriers in artificial spin ice. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01252
Zeissler, K., Walton, S. K., Ladak, S., Read, D. E., Tyliszczak, T., Cohen, L. F., and Branford, W. R. Wed . "The non-random walk of chiral magnetic charge carriers in artificial spin ice". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01252. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1624589.
@article{osti_1624589,
title = {The non-random walk of chiral magnetic charge carriers in artificial spin ice},
author = {Zeissler, K. and Walton, S. K. and Ladak, S. and Read, D. E. and Tyliszczak, T. and Cohen, L. F. and Branford, W. R.},
abstractNote = {The flow of magnetic charge carriers (dubbed magnetic monopoles) through frustrated spin ice lattices, governed simply by Coulombic forces, represents a new direction in electromagnetism. Artificial spin ice nanoarrays realise this effect at room temperature, where the magnetic charge is carried by domain walls. Control of domain wall path is one important element of utilizing this new medium. By imaging the transit of domain walls across different connected 2D honeycomb structures we contribute an important aspect which will enable that control to be realized. Although apparently equivalent paths are presented to a domain wall as it approaches a Y-shaped vertex from a bar parallel to the field, we observe a stark non-random path distribution, which we attribute to the chirality of the magnetic charges. These observations are supported by detailed statistical modelling and micromagnetic simulations. The identification of chiral control to magnetic charge path selectivity invites analogy with spintronics.},
doi = {10.1038/srep01252},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
number = 1,
volume = 3,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Feb 13 00:00:00 EST 2013},
month = {Wed Feb 13 00:00:00 EST 2013}
}

Works referenced in this record:

Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials
journal, November 2001


Liquid-Gas Critical Behavior in a Frustrated Pyrochlore Ferromagnet
journal, November 1998


Zero-point entropy in ‘spin ice’
journal, May 1999

  • Ramirez, A. P.; Hayashi, A.; Cava, R. J.
  • Nature, Vol. 399, Issue 6734
  • DOI: 10.1038/20619

The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement
journal, December 1935

  • Pauling, Linus
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 57, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja01315a102

Monopole defects and magnetic Coulomb blockade
journal, February 2011


Direct observation and control of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice material
journal, June 2011


Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice system
journal, April 2010

  • Ladak, S.; Read, D. E.; Perkins, G. K.
  • Nature Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1038/nphys1628

Reducing Disorder in Artificial Kagome Ice
journal, October 2011


Dynamics of Magnetic Charges in Artificial Spin Ice
journal, October 2010


Real-space observation of emergent magnetic monopoles and associated Dirac strings in artificial kagome spin ice
journal, October 2010

  • Mengotti, Elena; Heyderman, Laura J.; Rodríguez, Arantxa Fraile
  • Nature Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nphys1794

Magnetic monopole and string excitations in two-dimensional spin ice
journal, September 2009

  • Mól, L. A.; Silva, R. L.; Silva, R. C.
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3224870

Thermal ground-state ordering and elementary excitations in artificial magnetic square ice
journal, November 2010

  • Morgan, Jason P.; Stein, Aaron; Langridge, Sean
  • Nature Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nphys1853

Magnetic reversal of an artificial square ice: dipolar correlation and charge ordering
journal, October 2011


Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
journal, January 2006

  • Wang, R. F.; Nisoli, C.; Freitas, R. S.
  • Nature, Vol. 439, Issue 7074
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature04447

Magnetic multipole analysis of kagome and artificial spin-ice dipolar arrays
journal, October 2009


Direct observation of the ice rule in an artificial kagome spin ice
journal, March 2008


Artificial Kagome Arrays of Nanomagnets: A Frozen Dipolar Spin Ice
journal, February 2011


Emerging Chirality in Artificial Spin Ice
journal, March 2012


Charge ordering of magnetic dipoles in artificial honeycomb patterns
journal, July 2010

  • Schumann, A.; Sothmann, B.; Szary, P.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3463482

No longer on thin ice
journal, May 2010


Domain wall interactions at a cross-shaped vertex
journal, December 2012

  • O'Brien, L.; Beguivin, A.; Petit, D.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 370, Issue 1981
  • DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0089

Disorder-independent control of magnetic monopole defect population in artificial spin-ice honeycombs
journal, April 2012


True Single Domain and Configuration-Assisted Switching of Submicron Permalloy Dots Observed by Electron Holography
journal, February 2005


Direct observation of the coherent precession of magnetic domain walls propagating along permalloy nanowires
journal, December 2006

  • Hayashi, Masamitsu; Thomas, Luc; Rettner, Charles
  • Nature Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nphys464

The motion of 180° domain walls in uniform dc magnetic fields
journal, December 1974

  • Schryer, N. L.; Walker, L. R.
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 45, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1663252

Magnetic domain-wall velocity oscillations in permalloy nanowires
journal, January 2008


Dynamic transformations of the internal structure of a moving domain wall in magnetic nanostripes
journal, November 2007


Dependence of Transverse Domain Wall Dynamics on Permalloy Nanowire Dimensions
journal, May 2010

  • Bryan, Matthew T.; Schrefl, Thomas; Allwood, Dan A.
  • IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 46, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2040622

Faster magnetic walls in rough wires
journal, July 2003

  • Nakatani, Yoshinobu; Thiaville, André; Miltat, Jacques
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat931

Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
journal, March 2007

  • Wang, R. F.; Nisoli, C.; Freitas, R. S.
  • Nature, Vol. 446, Issue 7131
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature05607

Tuning domain wall dynamics by shaping nanowires cross-sections
journal, December 2020

  • Altbir, Dora; Fonseca, Jakson M.; Chubykalo-Fesenko, Oksana
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78761-w

Reducing Disorder in Artificial Kagome Ice
text, January 2011


The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement
journal, December 1935

  • Pauling, Linus
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 57, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja01315a102

Zero-point entropy in ‘spin ice’
journal, May 1999

  • Ramirez, A. P.; Hayashi, A.; Cava, R. J.
  • Nature, Vol. 399, Issue 6734
  • DOI: 10.1038/20619

Faster magnetic walls in rough wires
journal, July 2003

  • Nakatani, Yoshinobu; Thiaville, André; Miltat, Jacques
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat931

Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice system
journal, April 2010

  • Ladak, S.; Read, D. E.; Perkins, G. K.
  • Nature Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1038/nphys1628

No longer on thin ice
journal, May 2010


Charge ordering of magnetic dipoles in artificial honeycomb patterns
journal, July 2010

  • Schumann, A.; Sothmann, B.; Szary, P.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3463482

Magnetic reversal of an artificial square ice: dipolar correlation and charge ordering
journal, October 2011


Monopole defects and magnetic Coulomb blockade
journal, February 2011


Direct observation and control of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice material
journal, June 2011


Domain wall interactions at a cross-shaped vertex
journal, December 2012

  • O'Brien, L.; Beguivin, A.; Petit, D.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 370, Issue 1981
  • DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0089

Measuring Domain Wall Fidelity Lengths Using a Chirality Filter
journal, February 2009


Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials
journal, November 2001


Direct observation of the ice rule in artificial kagome spin ice
text, January 2008


Dynamics of magnetic charges in artificial spin ice
text, January 2010


Artificial Kagome Arrays of Nanomagnets: A Frozen Dipolar Spin Ice
text, January 2011


Reducing Disorder in Artificial Kagome Ice
text, January 2011


Works referencing / citing this record:

Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice
journal, November 2016

  • Perrin, Yann; Canals, Benjamin; Rougemaille, Nicolas
  • Nature, Vol. 540, Issue 7633
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature20155

A Micromagnetic Protocol for Qualitatively Predicting Stochastic Domain Wall Pinning
journal, December 2017


Realisation of a frustrated 3D magnetic nanowire lattice
journal, February 2019


Advances in artificial spin ice
journal, November 2019

  • Skjærvø, Sandra H.; Marrows, Christopher H.; Stamps, Robert L.
  • Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/s42254-019-0118-3

Spin wave propagation properties across configurational antiferro/ferro-magnetic transitions
journal, December 2018

  • Kuźma, D.; Montoncello, F.; Sobieszczyk, P.
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5057419

Artificial ferroic systems: novel functionality from structure, interactions and dynamics
journal, August 2013


Beyond the quasi-particle: stochastic domain wall dynamics in soft ferromagnetic nanowires
journal, January 2017


Techniques in micromagnetic simulation and analysis
journal, July 2017


Voltage control of magnetic monopoles in artificial spin ice
journal, May 2018

  • Chavez, Andres C.; Barra, Anthony; Carman, Gregory P.
  • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aac0ae

Magnetization dynamics in artificial spin ice
journal, October 2019


Limitations in artificial spin ice path selectivity: the challenges beyond topological control
journal, January 2015


Nonuniversality of artificial frustrated spin systems
journal, August 2014


Angular-dependent magnetization reversal processes in artificial spin ice
journal, December 2015


Magnetization dynamics of topological defects and the spin solid in a kagome artificial spin ice
journal, April 2016


Competing interactions in artificial spin chains
journal, July 2017


Magnetization reversal in kagome artificial spin ice studied by first-order reversal curves
journal, October 2017


Colloquium : Ice rule and emergent frustration in particle ice and beyond
journal, December 2019

  • Ortiz-Ambriz, Antonio; Nisoli, Cristiano; Reichhardt, Charles
  • Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 91, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.91.041003

Cooperative magnetic phenomena in artificial spin systems: spin liquids, Coulomb phase and fragmentation of magnetism – a colloquium
journal, March 2019


Direct Visualization of Memory Effects in Artificial Spin Ice
text, January 2015


Voltage Control of Magnetic Monopoles in Artificial Spin Ice
text, January 2018


Superferromagnetism and Domain-Wall Topologies in Artificial “Pinwheel” Spin Ice
journal, January 2019


Magnetic-charge ordering and phase transitions in monopole-conserved square spin ice
journal, October 2015

  • Xie, Y. -L.; Du, Z. -Z.; Yan, Z. -B.
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep15875

Reconfigurable logic via gate controlled domain wall trajectory in magnetic network structure
journal, February 2016

  • Murapaka, C.; Sethi, P.; Goolaup, S.
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep20130

A novel method for the injection and manipulation of magnetic charge states in nanostructures
preprint, January 2016