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Title: Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Journal Article · · Advanced Materials

Abstract Lithium–sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energy‐storage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low‐cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium–sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium–sulfur batteries a potential next‐generation energy‐storage technology. The current state of the research indicates that lithium–sulfur cells are now at the point of transitioning from laboratory‐scale devices to a more practical energy‐storage application. Based on similar electrochemical conversion reactions, the low‐cost sulfur cathode can be coupled with a wide range of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. These new “metal–sulfur” systems exhibit great potential in either lowering the production cost or producing high energy density. Inspired by the rapid development of lithium–sulfur batteries and the prospect of metal–sulfur cells, here, over 450 research articles are summarized to analyze the research progress and explore the electrochemical characteristics, cell‐assembly parameters, cell‐testing conditions, and materials design. In addition to highlighting the current research progress, the possible future areas of research which are needed to bring conversion‐type lithium–sulfur and other metal–sulfur batteries into the market are also discussed.

Research Organization:
Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0005397; DE‐SC0005397
OSTI ID:
1610833
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1512327
Journal Information:
Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 27; ISSN 0935-9648
Publisher:
WileyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 358 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Three-dimensional porous carbon composites containing high sulfur nanoparticle content for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal February 2016
Progress in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: The Effective Role of a Polysulfide-Added Electrolyte as Buffer to Prevent Cathode Dissolution journal August 2013
Polymer lithium cells with sulfur composites as cathode materials journal June 2003
Towards a calcium-based rechargeable battery journal October 2015
Ambient-Temperature Energy Storage with Polyvalent Metal-Sulfur Chemistry journal October 2017
3D Mesoporous Graphene: CVD Self-Assembly on Porous Oxide Templates and Applications in High-Stable Li-S Batteries journal August 2015
Freestanding Bilayer Carbon-Sulfur Cathode with Function of Entrapping Polysulfide for High Performance Li-S Batteries journal January 2016
A Toolbox for Lithium-Sulfur Battery Research: Methods and Protocols journal June 2017
A new finding on the role of LiNO3 in lithium-sulfur battery journal August 2016
Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Polysulfide Trapping for Enhanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal April 2018
Lithium–sulfur batteries—the solution is in the electrolyte, but is the electrolyte a solution? journal January 2014
Tailoring Pore Size of Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Carbon Nanospheres for Confining Sulfur in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2015
Atomic cobalt as an efficient electrocatalyst in sulfur cathodes for superior room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries journal October 2018
Flexible freestanding sandwich-structured sulfur cathode with superior performance for lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2014
Shapeable electrodes with extensive materials options and ultra-high loadings for energy storage devices journal September 2017
One-pot self-assembly of graphene/carbon nanotube/sulfur hybrid with three dimensionally interconnected structure for lithium–sulfur batteries journal November 2015
Efficient Activation of High-Loading Sulfur by Small CNTs Confined Inside a Large CNT for High-Capacity and High-Rate Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal December 2015
Designing Safe Electrolyte Systems for a High-Stability Lithium-Sulfur Battery journal January 2018
Enhancing lithium–sulphur battery performance by strongly binding the discharge products on amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide journal September 2014
A Scalable Approach to Dendrite-Free Lithium Anodes via Spontaneous Reduction of Spray-Coated Graphene Oxide Layers journal May 2018
A MnO 2 /Graphene Oxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Sulfur Composite with Dual-Efficient Polysulfide Adsorption for Improving Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal October 2016
Surface Chemistry in Cobalt Phosphide-Stabilized Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal January 2018
Designing Lithium-Sulfur Cells with Practically Necessary Parameters journal April 2018
Conductive bridging effect of TiN nanoparticles on the electrochemical performance of TiN@CNT-S composite cathode journal October 2017
An in-plane heterostructure of graphene and titanium carbide for efficient polysulfide confinement journal September 2017
Long-life Li/polysulphide batteries with high sulphur loading enabled by lightweight three-dimensional nitrogen/sulphur-codoped graphene sponge journal July 2015
A Flexible Sulfur-Graphene-Polypropylene Separator Integrated Electrode for Advanced Li-S Batteries journal November 2014
Pie-like electrode design for high-energy density lithium–sulfur batteries journal November 2015
Toward Highly Reversible Magnesium–Sulfur Batteries with Efficient and Practical Mg[B(hfip) 4 ] 2 Electrolyte journal July 2018
Lithium Sulfur Battery: Oxidation/Reduction Mechanisms of Polysulfides in THF Solutions journal January 1988
Graphene–Li 2 S–Carbon Nanocomposite for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal December 2015
A new class of non-corrosive, highly efficient electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium batteries journal January 2017
Novel Composite Polymer Electrolytes of PVdF-HFP Derived by Electrospinning with Enhanced Li-Ion Conductivities for Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal January 2018
Spiderweb-Mimicking Anion-Exchanging Separators for Li-S Batteries journal August 2018
The critical role of lithium nitrate in the gas evolution of lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2016
Mesoporous Carbon Interlayers with Tailored Pore Volume as Polysulfide Reservoir for High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal February 2015
Functional Organosulfide Electrolyte Promotes an Alternate Reaction Pathway to Achieve High Performance in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal February 2016
Sulphur-polypyrrole composite positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries journal June 2006
Lithium Sulfonate/Carboxylate-Anchored Polyvinyl Alcohol Separators for Lithium Sulfur Batteries journal April 2018
A rationally designed polysulfide-trapping interface on the polymeric separator for high-energy Li–S batteries journal December 2017
Ambient Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2015
Advanced Characterization Techniques in Promoting Mechanism Understanding for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal March 2018
Self-assembled sulfur/reduced graphene oxide nanoribbon paper as a free-standing electrode for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2016
Multidimensional Polycation β-Cyclodextrin Polymer as an Effective Aqueous Binder for High Sulfur Loading Cathode in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal November 2015
Sulfur Cathodes with Hydrogen Reduced Titanium Dioxide Inverse Opal Structure journal April 2014
Catalytic Self-Limited Assembly at Hard Templates: A Mesoscale Approach to Graphene Nanoshells for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal October 2014
Review on High-Loading and High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal May 2017
Fibrous Hybrid of Graphene and Sulfur Nanocrystals for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal May 2013
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Hybrid cathode architectures for lithium batteries based on TiS 2 and sulfur journal January 2015
Sulfur–Carbon Nanocomposite Cathodes Improved by an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer for High-Rate Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal November 2012
High Sulfur Loading in Hierarchical Porous Carbon Rods Constructed by Vertically Oriented Porous Graphene-Like Nanosheets for Li-S Batteries journal July 2016
High performance lithium–sulfur batteries: advances and challenges journal January 2014
Sulfur Vapor-Infiltrated 3D Carbon Nanotube Foam for Binder-Free High Areal Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Battery Composite Cathodes journal April 2017
A Review of Advanced Energy Materials for Magnesium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2018
Towards flexible lithium-sulfur battery from natural cotton textile journal August 2017
Understanding the Lithium Sulfur Battery System at Relevant Scales journal August 2015
Cell energy density and electrolyte/sulfur ratio in Li–S cells journal October 2014
Flexible and Hierarchically Structured Sulfur Composite Cathode Based on the Carbonized Textile for High-Performance Li–S Batteries journal January 2018
Towards highly stable lithium sulfur batteries: Surface functionalization of carbon nanotube scaffolds journal May 2018
Heterogeneous/Homogeneous Mediators for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Prospects journal June 2018
Importance of ‘unimportant’ experimental parameters in Li–S battery development journal March 2014
An Overview and Future Perspectives of Aluminum Batteries journal June 2016
Superhierarchical Cobalt-Embedded Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Two-in-One Hosts for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal February 2018
Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon: A Top-Down Strategy to Promote Sulfur Immobilization for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2015
Structural and chemical synergistic encapsulation of polysulfides enables ultralong-life lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2016
Fe 3 O 4 -Decorated Porous Graphene Interlayer for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal July 2018
Porous Hollow Carbon@Sulfur Composites for High-Power Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal May 2011
A microporous–mesoporous carbon with graphitic structure for a high-rate stable sulfur cathode in carbonate solvent-based Li–S batteries journal January 2012
Magnesium(II) Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) Imide-Based Electrolytes with Wide Electrochemical Windows for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries journal March 2014
Ionic liquid electrolytes for aluminium secondary battery: Influence of organic solvents journal November 2015
Lithium-Sulfur Cells: The Gap between the State-of-the-Art and the Requirements for High Energy Battery Cells journal April 2015
Multifunctional Sandwich-Structured Electrolyte for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2018
Localized polyselenides in a graphene-coated polymer separator for high rate and ultralong life lithium–selenium batteries journal January 2015
Strategies of constructing stable and high sulfur loading cathodes based on the blade-casting technique journal January 2017
A singular flexible cathode for room temperature sodium/sulfur battery journal March 2016
Discharging a Li-S battery with ultra-high sulphur content cathode using a redox mediator journal August 2016
Advances in lithium–sulfur batteries based on multifunctional cathodes and electrolytes journal September 2016
Freestanding Flexible Li 2 S Paper Electrode with High Mass and Capacity Loading for High-Energy Li-S Batteries journal May 2017
Functional Carbons Remedy the Shuttling of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Confining, Trapping, Blocking, and Breaking up journal March 2018
Advances in Polar Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal May 2018
Strong Capillarity, Chemisorption, and Electrocatalytic Capability of Crisscrossed Nanostraws Enabled Flexible, High-Rate, and Long-Cycling Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal April 2018
High performance lithium–sulfur batteries with a permselective sulfonated acetylene black modified separator journal January 2016
Effect of Graphene on Sulfur/Polyacrylonitrile Nanocomposite Cathode in High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries journal January 2013
Stabilization of Insoluble Discharge Products by Facile Aniline Modification for High Performance Li-S Batteries journal May 2015
Sulfur Cathodes Based on Conductive MXene Nanosheets for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal February 2015
Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li/S Battery System journal January 2004
A Bifunctional Perovskite Promoter for Polysulfide Regulation toward Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal November 2017
Liquid-Type Cathode Enabled by 3D Sponge-Like Carbon Nanotubes for High Energy Density and Long Cycling Life of Li-S Batteries journal October 2014
A Lightweight TiO 2 /Graphene Interlayer, Applied as a Highly Effective Polysulfide Absorbent for Fast, Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal March 2015
High-Performance and Low-Temperature Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Synergism of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Regulation journal March 2018
30 Years of Lithium-Ion Batteries journal June 2018
A stable room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery journal June 2016
Recent Progress in Rechargeable Potassium Batteries journal September 2018
High-Energy, High-Rate, Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Synergetic Effect of Hollow TiO 2 -Webbed Carbon Nanotubes and a Dual Functional Carbon-Paper Interlayer journal October 2015
A review of solid electrolytes for safe lithium-sulfur batteries journal November 2017
Fluorinated Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Interlayer in Li–S Batteries journal October 2015
Investigation of the Effect of Using Al 2 O 3 –Nafion Barrier on Room-Temperature Na–S Batteries journal July 2017
Low-cost, porous carbon current collector with high sulfur loading for lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2014
Effective Stabilization of a High-Loading Sulfur Cathode and a Lithium-Metal Anode in Li-S Batteries Utilizing SWCNT-Modulated Separators journal November 2015
High-Rate, Ultralong Cycle-Life Lithium/Sulfur Batteries Enabled by Nitrogen-Doped Graphene journal July 2014
A High Energy Lithium-Sulfur Battery with Ultrahigh-Loading Lithium Polysulfide Cathode and its Failure Mechanism journal February 2016
Facile Solid-State Growth of 3D Well-Interconnected Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Hybrid Architectures for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal December 2015
Sandwich-type functionalized graphene sheet-sulfur nanocomposite for rechargeable lithium batteries journal January 2011
In Situ Synthesis of Bipyramidal Sulfur with 3D Carbon Nanotube Framework for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal December 2013
High areal capacity of Li-S batteries enabled by freestanding CNF/rGO electrode with high loading of lithium polysulfide journal July 2017
Stringed “tube on cube” nanohybrids as compact cathode matrix for high-loading and lean-electrolyte lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2018
Emerging Nonaqueous Aluminum-Ion Batteries: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives journal June 2018
Thin-Layered Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticles as an Effective Polysulfide Mediator in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal June 2018
Graphitized porous carbon materials with high sulfur loading for lithium-sulfur batteries journal February 2017
Aluminum Anodic Behavior in Aqueous Sulfur Electrolytes journal June 1997
High-Performance All-Inorganic Solid-State Sodium–Sulfur Battery journal April 2017
Fluorinated Electrolytes for Li-S Battery: Suppressing the Self-Discharge with an Electrolyte Containing Fluoroether Solvent journal November 2014
Exploiting a robust biopolymer network binder for an ultrahigh-areal-capacity Li–S battery journal January 2017
Novel Large-Scale Synthesis of a C/S Nanocomposite with Mixed Conducting Networks through a Spray Drying Approach for Li-S Batteries journal March 2015
Homogeneous Sulfur–Cobalt Sulfide Nanocomposites as Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes with Enhanced Reaction Kinetics journal December 2017
A core–shell electrode for dynamically and statically stable Li–S battery chemistry journal January 2016
A freestanding and flexible nitrogen-doped carbon foam/sulfur cathode composited with reduced graphene oxide for high sulfur loading lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2017
Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries book October 2010
Revisiting the Role of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal March 2018
3D Interconnected Electrode Materials with Ultrahigh Areal Sulfur Loading for Li-S Batteries journal March 2016
Improved cycling stability of lithium–sulfur batteries using a polypropylene-supported nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon hybrid separator as polysulfide adsorbent journal January 2016
Sulfur-Embedded Activated Multichannel Carbon Nanofiber Composites for Long-Life, High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal November 2016
3D Hyperbranched Hollow Carbon Nanorod Architectures for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2014
A Nacre-Like Carbon Nanotube Sheet for High Performance Li-Polysulfide Batteries with High Sulfur Loading journal April 2018
Ultrathin Cobaltosic Oxide Nanosheets as an Effective Sulfur Encapsulation Matrix with Strong Affinity Toward Polysulfides journal August 2016
Amylopectin Wrapped Graphene Oxide/Sulfur for Improved Cyclability of Lithium–Sulfur Battery journal September 2013
Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries with Liquid-Phase Sodium Polysulfide Catholytes and Binder-Free Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Fabric Electrodes journal September 2014
High-Performance Li–S Batteries with an Ultra-lightweight MWCNT-Coated Separator journal May 2014
Formation and structure of Na2S+P2S5 amorphous materials prepared by melt-quenching and mechanical milling journal January 2012
Efficient Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal May 2015
Reference Performance Test Methodology for Degradation Assessment of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2018
A New Hydrophilic Binder Enabling Strongly Anchoring Polysulfides for High-Performance Sulfur Electrodes in Lithium-Sulfur Battery journal January 2018
Introduction to the Focus Issue on Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Materials, Mechanisms, Modeling, and Applications journal June 2017
3D CNTs/Graphene-S-Al 3 Ni 2 Cathodes for High-Sulfur-Loading and Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal May 2018
New insight into the discharge process of sulfur cathode by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy journal April 2009
Review—Li Metal Anode in Working Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal June 2017
Covalent sulfur for advanced room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries journal October 2016
Carbon–sulfur composites for Li–S batteries: status and prospects journal January 2013
Improved Cycling Performance of Lithium–Sulfur Cell through Supramolecular Interactions journal October 2018
Sulfur Encapsulated in Graphitic Carbon Nanocages for High-Rate and Long-Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2016
Reversible S 0 /MgS x Redox Chemistry in a MgTFSI 2 /MgCl 2 /DME Electrolyte for Rechargeable Mg/S Batteries journal September 2017
Highly stable linear carbonate-containing electrolytes with fluoroethylene carbonate for high-performance cathodes in sodium-ion batteries journal July 2016
Polyacrylonitrile/graphene composite as a precursor to a sulfur-based cathode material for high-rate rechargeable Li–S batteries journal January 2012
Nickel-Based-Hydroxide-Wrapped Activated Carbon Cloth/Sulfur Composite with Tree-Bark-Like Structure for High-Performance Freestanding Sulfur Cathode journal March 2018
Leaf-Like Graphene-Oxide-Wrapped Sulfur for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery journal June 2015
Improvement of Cycling Performance of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Using Magnesium Oxide as a Functional Additive for Trapping Lithium Polysulfide journal September 2015
Long-Life, High-Efficiency Lithium–Sulfur Battery from a Nanoassembled Cathode journal July 2015
Nitrogen-Doped Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Sandwiches: Facile Catalytic Growth on Bifunctional Natural Catalysts and Their Applications as Scaffolds for High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal May 2014
Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal July 2014
Toward Practical High-Energy Batteries: A Modular-Assembled Oval-Like Carbon Microstructure for Thick Sulfur Electrodes journal April 2017
Advanced engineering of nanostructured carbons for lithium–sulfur batteries journal July 2015
Anionic Effects on Solvate Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal September 2013
Progress and prospects of sodium-sulfur batteries: A review journal December 2017
The gap between long lifespan Li-S coin and pouch cells: The importance of lithium metal anode protection journal January 2017
Transforming waste newspapers into nitrogen-doped conducting interlayers for advanced Li–S batteries journal January 2017
Charge/discharge characteristics of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile composite with different sulfur content in carbonate based electrolyte for lithium batteries journal June 2012
Confined Sulfur in Microporous Carbon Renders Superior Cycling Stability in Li/S Batteries journal June 2015
High-voltage positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries journal January 2017
The design of nanostructured sulfur cathodes using layer by layer assembly journal January 2016
A Two-Dimensional Porous Carbon-Modified Separator for High-Energy-Density Li-S Batteries journal February 2018
Ultrasound Assisted Design of Sulfur/Carbon Cathodes with Partially Fluorinated Ether Electrolytes for Highly Efficient Li/S Batteries journal January 2013
Graphene-enveloped sulfur in a one pot reaction: a cathode with good coulombic efficiency and high practical sulfur content journal January 2012
Multi-Functional Layered WS 2 Nanosheets for Enhancing the Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal October 2016
Metal–Sulfur Battery Cathodes Based on PAN–Sulfur Composites journal September 2015
Film forming reaction at the lithium/electrolyte interface journal January 1983
Graphene-Based Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Sandwich-type Architecture for High-Performance Li/S Batteries journal September 2013
High sulfur loading lithium–sulfur batteries based on a upper current collector electrode with lithium-ion conductive polymers journal January 2017
A Solid Sulfur Cathode for Aqueous Batteries journal August 1993
A nickel-foam@carbon-shell with a pie-like architecture as an efficient polysulfide trap for high-energy Li–S batteries journal January 2017
Nano-cellular carbon current collectors with stable cyclability for Li–S batteries journal January 2013
Enabling effective polysulfide trapping and high sulfur loading via a pyrrole modified graphene foam host for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2017
High performance Li–S battery based on amorphous NiS 2 as the host material for the S cathode journal January 2016
A graphene-like metallic cathode host for long-life and high-loading lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2016
One-Dimensional Carbon–Sulfur Composite Fibers for Na–S Rechargeable Batteries Operating at Room Temperature journal August 2013
High-performance Li–S battery cathode with catalyst-like carbon nanotube-MoP promoting polysulfide redox journal June 2017
Highly ordered nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon derived from biomass waste for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal April 2015
Super-aligned carbon nanotube/graphene hybrid materials as a framework for sulfur cathodes in high performance lithium sulfur batteries journal January 2015
Discharge reaction mechanism of room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery with tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether liquid electrolyte journal June 2011
A Delicately Designed Sulfide Graphdiyne Compatible Cathode for High-Performance Lithium/Magnesium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2017
Fabrication of high-energy hybrid capacitors by using carbon-sulfur composite as promising cathodes journal August 2018
Spherical Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles with High Porosity for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal March 2012
Structural Design of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Practical Application journal June 2018
3D Ferroconcrete-Like Aminated Carbon Nanotubes Network Anchoring Sulfur for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Battery journal July 2018
Graphene Oxide as a Sulfur Immobilizer in High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Cells journal November 2011
Electrodeposition of aluminium from ionic liquids: Part I—electrodeposition and surface morphology of aluminium from aluminium chloride (AlCl3)–1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl) ionic liquids journal September 2006
Steam-Etched Spherical Carbon/Sulfur Composite with High Sulfur Capacity and Long Cycle Life for Li/S Battery Application journal February 2015
Electrochemical Energy Storage with a Reversible Nonaqueous Room-Temperature Aluminum-Sulfur Chemistry journal May 2017
A Graphene-Pure-Sulfur Sandwich Structure for Ultrafast, Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal November 2013
New Strategy for Polysulfide Protection Based on Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO 2 onto Ferroelectric-Encapsulated Cathode: Toward Ultrastable Free-Standing Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2018
High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with a Cost-Effective Carbon Paper Electrode and High Sulfur-Loading journal September 2015
Single-wall carbon nanotube network enabled ultrahigh sulfur-content electrodes for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries journal December 2017
Improving the Performance of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Conductive Polymer Coating journal October 2011
Effective electrostatic confinement of polysulfides in lithium/sulfur batteries by a functional binder journal October 2017
Enhanced Electrochemical Kinetics on Conductive Polar Mediators for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal October 2016
Recent Progress in Liquid Electrolyte-Based Li–S Batteries: Shuttle Problem and Solutions journal November 2018
Sodium-Ion Batteries journal May 2012
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based hybrid gel polymer electrolytes for additive-free lithium sulfur batteries journal January 2017
Advanced 3D Current Collectors for Lithium-Based Batteries journal August 2018
An Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Battery journal May 2012
A novel synergistic composite with multi-functional effects for high-performance Li–S batteries journal January 2016
Shuttle suppression in room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries using ion selective polymer membranes journal January 2014
Strong Lithium Polysulfide Chemisorption on Electroactive Sites of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Composites For High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathodes journal February 2015
Sulfur Embedded in a Mesoporous Carbon Nanotube Network as a Binder-Free Electrode for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal December 2015
Co(OH) 2 @PANI Hybrid Nanosheets with 3D Networks as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction journal October 2015
Multi-chambered micro/mesoporous carbon nanocubes as new polysulfides reserviors for lithium–sulfur batteries with long cycle life journal September 2015
Rational Design of Statically and Dynamically Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with High Sulfur Loading and Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio journal December 2017
A new energy storage system: Rechargeable potassium-selenium battery journal May 2017
Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Hydrogen Sulfide: A Promising Strategy for Pollutant Control and as an Electrode for Li-S Batteries journal December 2013
Mechanistic Study of Magnesium–Sulfur Batteries journal October 2017
Carbon Nanotube-Connected Yolk–Shell Carbon Nanopolyhedras with Cobalt and Nitrogen Doping as Sulfur Immobilizers for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal October 2018
Tailoring Porosity in Carbon Nanospheres for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes journal November 2013
Rechargeable magnesium battery: Current status and key challenges for the future journal October 2014
Free-Standing Porous Carbon Nanofiber/Carbon Nanotube Film as Sulfur Immobilizer with High Areal Capacity for Lithium–Sulfur Battery journal February 2018
Strong Sulfur Binding with Conducting Magnéli-Phase Ti n O 2 n –1 Nanomaterials for Improving Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal August 2014
A novel non-aqueous aluminum sulfur battery journal June 2015
Lithium/Sulfur Cell Discharge Mechanism: An Original Approach for Intermediate Species Identification journal April 2012
Lightweight, free-standing 3D interconnected carbon nanotube foam as a flexible sulfur host for high performance lithium-sulfur battery cathodes journal January 2018
Sulfur-infiltrated graphene-backboned mesoporous carbon nanosheets with a conductive polymer coating for long-life lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2015
A high-density graphene–sulfur assembly: a promising cathode for compact Li–S batteries journal January 2015
Optimization of mesoporous carbon structures for lithium–sulfur battery applications journal January 2011
Sulfur-Impregnated Disordered Carbon Nanotubes Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal October 2011
Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: A Comprehensive Review on Research Progress and Cell Chemistry journal June 2017
Nanomaterials: Science and applications in the lithium–sulfur battery journal June 2015
Sulfur-Polypyrrole Composite Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2012
Novel positive electrode architecture for rechargeable lithium/sulfur batteries journal August 2012
The preparation of nano-sulfur/MWCNTs and its electrochemical performance journal November 2010
Room temperature rechargeable magnesium batteries with sulfur-containing composite cathodes prepared from elemental sulfur and bis(alkenyl) compound having a cyclic or linear ether unit journal November 2015
High sulfur loaded carbon aerogel cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2015
Synergetic Effects of Multifunctional Composites with More Efficient Polysulfide Immobilization and Ultrahigh Sulfur Content in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal April 2018
A free-standing sulfur-doped microporous carbon interlayer derived from luffa sponge for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2016
A multi-core–shell structured composite cathode material with a conductive polymer network for Li–S batteries journal January 2013
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Enhanced Rate Performance by Promoting Polysulfide Fragmentations journal January 2017
Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries journal December 2016
Rechargeable Lithium Sulfur Battery journal January 2003
Rechargeable Lithium Sulfur Battery journal May 2003
A Polyethylene Glycol-Supported Microporous Carbon Coating as a Polysulfide Trap for Utilizing Pure Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2014
Robust electrical “highway” network for high mass loading sulfur cathode journal October 2017
Microemulsion Assisted Assembly of 3D Porous S/Graphene@g-C 3 N 4 Hybrid Sponge as Free-Standing Cathodes for High Energy Density Li-S Batteries journal February 2018
Fabrication and Characterization of an Effective Polymer Nanocomposite Electrolyte Membrane for High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries journal January 2013
A Shell-Shaped Carbon Architecture with High-Loading Capability for Lithium Sulfide Cathodes journal May 2017
Emerging Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities journal May 2017
CNT-threaded N-doped porous carbon film as binder-free electrode for high-capacity supercapacitor and Li–S battery journal January 2017
The electrodeposition of magnesium using solutions of organomagnesium halides, amidomagnesium halides and magnesium organoborates journal September 2000
Stable Cycling of a Scalable Graphene-Encapsulated Nanocomposite for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal May 2014
Investigation of discharge reaction mechanism of lithium|liquid electrolyte|sulfur battery journal April 2009
A reversible nonaqueous room-temperature potassium-sulfur chemistry for electrochemical energy storage journal November 2018
Additive effect of ionic liquids on the electrochemical property of a sulfur composite electrode for all-solid-state lithium–sulfur battery journal December 2014
Combining theory and experiment in lithium–sulfur batteries: Current progress and future perspectives journal January 2019
A Flexible 3D Multifunctional MgO-Decorated Carbon Foam@CNTs Hybrid as Self-Supported Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal August 2017
Nanosized Li2S-based cathodes derived from MoS2 for high-energy density Li–S cells and Si–Li2S full cells in carbonate-based electrolyte journal July 2017
A trifunctional multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyethylene glycol (MWCNT/PEG)-coated separator through a layer-by-layer coating strategy for high-energy Li–S batteries journal January 2016
Nano-Copper-Assisted Immobilization of Sulfur in High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Carbon Cathodes for Room Temperature Na-S Batteries journal April 2014
Hierarchically micro/mesoporous activated graphene with a large surface area for high sulfur loading in Li–S batteries journal January 2015
Perspective—Commercializing Lithium Sulfur Batteries: Are We Doing the Right Research? journal June 2017
Hydrothermally reduced graphene oxide for the effective wrapping of sulfur particles showing long term stability as electrodes for Li-S batteries journal November 2018
Low-Cost Higher Loading of a Sulfur Cathode journal December 2015
Spherical Macroporous Carbon Nanotube Particles with Ultrahigh Sulfur Loading for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes journal January 2018
Rational Design of Hierarchical SnO 2 /1T-MoS 2 Nanoarray Electrode for Ultralong-Life Li–S Batteries journal June 2018
Improved Cyclability of Liquid Electrolyte Lithium/Sulfur Batteries by Optimizing Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio journal December 2012
Functionalized Carbon as Polysulfide Traps for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal February 2018
Effective Polysulfide Rejection by Dipole-Aligned BaTiO 3 Coated Separator in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2016
Enabling High-Areal-Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Designing Anisotropic and Low-Tortuosity Porous Architectures journal April 2017
Healing High-Loading Sulfur Electrodes with Unprecedented Long Cycling Life: Spatial Heterogeneity Control journal March 2017
Lithium salts for advanced lithium batteries: Li–metal, Li–O 2 , and Li–S journal January 2015
Development and Challenges of Functional Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal July 2018
Next-Generation Lithium Metal Anode Engineering via Atomic Layer Deposition journal May 2015
Graphene/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids: One-Step Catalytic Growth and Applications for High-Rate Li–S Batteries journal November 2012
Effect of sulfur loading on energy density of lithium sulfur batteries: Energy density of lithium sulfur batteries journal March 2014
Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition journal January 2017
Advanced Sulfur Cathode Enabled by Highly Crumpled Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Sheets for High-Energy-Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal January 2016
Lithium sulfur batteries with compatible electrolyte both for stable cathode and dendrite-free anode journal November 2018
Recent advances in lithium–sulfur batteries journal December 2014
Thermodynamics and cell chemistry of room temperature sodium/sulfur cells with liquid and liquid/solid electrolyte journal December 2013
Covalently Grafted Polysulfur–Graphene Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh Sulfur-Loading Lithium–Polysulfur Batteries journal November 2017
Liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur battery: Fundamental chemistry, problems, and solutions journal June 2013
Preparation and electrochemical characterization of the porous sulfur cathode using a gelatin binder journal June 2008
A nitrogen doped carbonized metal–organic framework for high stability room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries journal January 2016
Self-assembled N-graphene nanohollows enabling ultrahigh energy density cathode for Li–S batteries journal January 2018
A Comprehensive Approach toward Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Volumetric Energy Density journal November 2016
Binding S 0.6 Se 0.4 in 1D Carbon Nanofiber with CS Bonding for High-Performance Flexible Li-S Batteries and Na-S Batteries journal March 2017
Rational Design of a Dual-Function Hybrid Cathode Substrate for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal June 2018
Sulfur Redox Reactions at Working Interfaces in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Perspective journal January 2019
Toward a Reversible Calcium‐Sulfur Battery with a Lithium‐Ion Mediation Approach journal February 2019
A review of electrolytes for lithium–sulphur batteries journal June 2014
Nanoarchitectured Graphene/CNT@Porous Carbon with Extraordinary Electrical Conductivity and Interconnected Micro/Mesopores for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2014
Engineering of Hollow Core–Shell Interlinked Carbon Spheres for Highly Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal July 2015
A highly ordered nanostructured carbon–sulphur cathode for lithium–sulphur batteries journal May 2009
Mesoporous Carbon–Carbon Nanotube–Sulfur Composite Microspheres for High-Areal-Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes journal October 2013
Enabling Prominent High-Rate and Cycle Performances in One Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Designing Permselective Gateways for Li + Transportation in Holey-CNT/S Cathodes journal May 2015
Carbon hollow nanobubbles on porous carbon nanofibers: An ideal host for high-performance sodium-sulfur batteries and hydrogen storage journal September 2018
Hollow Carbon Nanofibers Filled with MnO 2 Nanosheets as Efficient Sulfur Hosts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2015
Sulfur-Infiltrated Micro- and Mesoporous Silicon Carbide-Derived Carbon Cathode for High-Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries journal June 2013
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Sulfur in Aluminum Chloride-N-(n-Butyl)Pyridinium Chloride journal January 1985
Lithium–sulfur batteries with superior cycle stability by employing porous current collectors journal September 2013
Covalently Connected Carbon Nanostructures for Current Collectors in Both the Cathode and Anode of Li-S Batteries journal September 2016
Electrochemistry of a nonaqueous lithium/sulfur cell journal January 1983
A Lithium-Sulfur Battery using a 2D Current Collector Architecture with a Large-Sized Sulfur Host Operated under High Areal Loading and Low E/S Ratio journal October 2018
Combustion-mediated synthesis of hollow carbon nanospheres for high-performance cathode material in lithium-sulfur battery journal July 2016
Enhanced Cyclability for Sulfur Cathode Achieved by a Water-Soluble Binder journal July 2011
TiS 2 –Polysulfide Hybrid Cathode with High Sulfur Loading and Low Electrolyte Consumption for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal February 2018
Exfoliated 2D Lepidocrocite Titanium Oxide Nanosheets for High Sulfur Content Cathodes with Highly Stable Li–S Battery Performance journal January 2018
Tailored Reaction Route by Micropore Confinement for Li-S Batteries Operating under Lean Electrolyte Conditions journal May 2018
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Co-Existence of Challenges and Opportunities journal September 2018
Low Cost Metal Carbide Nanocrystals as Binding and Electrocatalytic Sites for High Performance Li–S Batteries journal January 2018
Interwoven MXene Nanosheet/Carbon-Nanotube Composites as Li-S Cathode Hosts journal November 2016
Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Bifunctional Cathode Substrate Configured with Boron Carbide Nanowires journal August 2018
3D Graphene-Foam-Reduced-Graphene-Oxide Hybrid Nested Hierarchical Networks for High-Performance Li-S Batteries journal December 2015
The Effect of Current Inhomogeneity on the Performance and Degradation of Li-S Batteries journal June 2017
Hierarchical Carbon Nanotubes with a Thick Microporous Wall and Inner Channel as Efficient Scaffolds for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2016
Minimizing the Electrolyte Volume in Li-S Batteries: A Step Forward to High Gravimetric Energy Density journal August 2018
A Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual-Doped Carbon Derived from Polyrhodanine@Cellulose for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal August 2015
Binder-free polymer encapsulated sulfur–carbon nanotube composite cathodes for high performance lithium batteries journal January 2016
Synergistically Enhanced Polysulfide Chemisorption Using a Flexible Hybrid Separator with N and S Dual-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Coating for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal June 2016
Alternative materials for sodium ion–sulphur batteries journal January 2013
Interconnected carbon nanotube/graphene nanosphere scaffolds as free-standing paper electrode for high-rate and ultra-stable lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2015
Sulfur Nanocrystals Confined in Carbon Nanotube Network As a Binder-Free Electrode for High-Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries journal June 2014
The electrochemical behavior of polysulfides in tetrahydrofuran journal January 1985
Electrochemically Stable Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Microporous Carbon Nanofiber Filter for Polysulfide journal July 2015
Nickel/sulfur composite electroplated nickel foams for the use as 3D cathode in lithium/sulfur batteries – A proof of concept journal January 2018
LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 as both a trapper and accelerator of polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries journal February 2019
Volumetric expansion of Lithium-Sulfur cell during operation – Fundamental insight into applicable characteristics journal January 2018
Pig bone derived hierarchical porous carbon and its enhanced cycling performance of lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2011
Atomic Iron Catalysis of Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal May 2018
CeO2-webbed carbon nanotubes as a highly efficient sulfur host for lithium-sulfur batteries journal January 2018
Biotemplating Growth of Nepenthes-like N-Doped Graphene as a Bifunctional Polysulfide Scavenger for Li–S Batteries journal September 2018
Monodispersed Sulfur Nanoparticles for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Theoretical Performance journal December 2014
Disproportionation of Aqueous Sulfur and Sulfide:  Kinetics of Polysulfide Decomposition journal April 1997
Li-ion battery materials: present and future journal June 2015
Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with the Lowest Self-Discharge and the Longest Shelf life journal April 2017
Smaller Sulfur Molecules Promise Better Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal October 2012
Three-Dimensional Sulfur/Graphene Multifunctional Hybrid Sponges for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Large Areal Mass Loading journal April 2014
A Lithium-Sulfur Cell Based on Reversible Lithium Deposition from a Li 2 S Cathode Host onto a Hostless-Anode Substrate journal July 2018
Tailoring Surface Acidity of Metal Oxide for Better Polysulfide Entrapment in Li-S Batteries journal August 2016
A core–shell cathode substrate for developing high-loading, high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2018
Yolk–Shell Structure of Polyaniline-Coated Sulfur for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal October 2013
Conductive and Catalytic Triple-Phase Interfaces Enabling Uniform Nucleation in High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal October 2018
Polysulfide dissolution control: the common ion effect journal January 2013
Sulfur–mesoporous carbon composites in conjunction with a novel ionic liquid electrolyte for lithium rechargeable batteries journal February 2008
Enhanced Electrochemical Kinetics on Conductive Polar Mediators for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal October 2016
A high areal capacity lithium–sulfur battery cathode prepared by site-selective vapor infiltration of hierarchical carbon nanotube arrays journal January 2017
Layered LiTiO 2 for the protection of Li 2 S cathodes against dissolution: mechanisms of the remarkable performance boost journal January 2018
Potassium–Sulfur Batteries: A New Member of Room-Temperature Rechargeable Metal–Sulfur Batteries journal August 2014
Polyoxometalates/Active Carbon Thin Separator for Improving Cycle Performance of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal September 2018
A high sulfur content composite with core–shell structure as cathode material for Li–S batteries journal January 2013
Rationally Designed High-Sulfur-Content Polymeric Cathode Material for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal January 2019
Entrapment of Polysulfides by a Black-Phosphorus-Modified Separator for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal September 2016
Confined Lithium–Sulfur Reactions in Narrow-Diameter Carbon Nanotubes Reveal Enhanced Electrochemical Reactivity journal September 2018
Yolk-Shelled C@Fe 3 O 4 Nanoboxes as Efficient Sulfur Hosts for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal July 2017
Confining Sulfur in Double-Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal August 2012
CaO-Templated Growth of Hierarchical Porous Graphene for High-Power Lithium-Sulfur Battery Applications journal December 2015
How a gel polymer electrolyte affects performance of lithium/sulfur batteries journal December 2013
Nickel–Cobalt Double Hydroxide as a Multifunctional Mediator for Ultrahigh‐Rate and Ultralong‐Life Li–S Batteries journal October 2018
Improvement of cycle property of sulfur-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite cathode for lithium/sulfur batteries journal April 2009
3D, Mutually Embedded MOF@Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Networks for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal March 2018
Room-Temperature Solid-State Sodium∕Sulfur Battery journal January 2006
Oxidation of Sulfur in Chloroaluminate Melts of Intermediate pCl journal January 1982
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanosheets/S Composites as Cathode in Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries journal October 2017
Self-Assembling Hollow Carbon Nanobeads into Double-Shell Microspheres as a Hierarchical Sulfur Host for Sustainable Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries journal May 2018
Sustainable Sulfur-rich Copolymer/Graphene Composite as Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathode with Excellent Electrochemical Performance journal April 2016
Does the sulfur cathode require good mixing for a liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur cell? journal June 2013
Foldable interpenetrated metal-organic frameworks/carbon nanotubes thin film for lithium–sulfur batteries journal March 2017
Sulfur quantum dots wrapped by conductive polymer shell with internal void spaces for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2015
N and S co-doped porous carbon spheres prepared using l -cysteine as a dual functional agent for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2015
An Aligned and Laminated Nanostructured Carbon Hybrid Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal July 2015
High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Challenges of Thick Sulfur Cathodes journal March 2015
A Foldable Lithium–Sulfur Battery journal October 2015
Graphene-Supported Nitrogen and Boron Rich Carbon Layer for Improved Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Due to Enhanced Chemisorption of Lithium Polysulfides journal December 2015
Nanostructured Anode Material for High-Power Battery System in Electric Vehicles journal June 2010
Dual-Confined Flexible Sulfur Cathodes Encapsulated in Nitrogen-Doped Double-Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres and Wrapped with Graphene for Li-S Batteries journal February 2015
A flexible carbon/sulfur-cellulose core-shell structure for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries journal November 2018
Confined and covalent sulfur for stable room temperature potassium-sulfur battery journal January 2019
A graphene foam electrode with high sulfur loading for flexible and high energy Li-S batteries journal January 2015
Role of LiNO3 in rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery journal May 2012
Solvent Effects on Polysulfide Redox Kinetics and Ionic Conductivity in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2016
A three-dimensional self-assembled SnS 2 -nano-dots@graphene hybrid aerogel as an efficient polysulfide reservoir for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries
  • Luo, Liu; Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issu