Low‐PGM and PGM‐Free Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Stability Challenges and Material Solutions

Du, Lei; Prabhakaran, Venkateshkumar; Xie, Xiaohong; Park, Sehkyu; Wang, Yong; Shao, Yuyan

doi:10.1002/adma.201908232

Title: Low‐PGM and PGM‐Free Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Stability Challenges and Material Solutions

Journal Article · 02 April 2020 · Advanced Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908232 · OSTI ID:1608143

Du, Lei ^[1]; Prabhakaran, Venkateshkumar ^[2]; Xie, Xiaohong ^[2]; Park, Sehkyu ^[2]; Wang, Yong ^[3];

^[2]

The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA

Abstract Fuel cells as an attractive clean energy technology have recently regained popularity in academia, government, and industry. In a mainstream proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, platinum‐group‐metal (PGM)‐based catalysts account for ≈50% of the projected total cost for large‐scale production. To lower the cost, two materials‐based strategies have been pursued: 1) to decrease PGM catalyst usage (so‐called low‐PGM catalysts), and 2) to develop alternative PGM‐free catalysts. Grand stability challenges exist when PGM catalyst loading is decreased in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)—the power generation unit of a PEM fuel cell—or when PGM‐free catalysts are integrated into an MEA. More importantly, there is a significant knowledge gap between materials innovation and device integration. For example, high‐performance electrocatalysts usually demonstrate undesired quick degradation in MEAs. This issue significantly limits the development of PEM fuel cells. Herein, recent progress in understanding the degradation of low‐PGM and PGM‐free catalysts in fuel cell MEAs and materials‐based solutions to address these issues are reviewed. The key factors that degrade the MEA performance are highlighted. Innovative, emerging material concepts and development of low‐PGM and PGM‐free catalysts are discussed.

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-05ER15712

OSTI ID:: 1608143

Journal Information:: Advanced Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Materials Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 33; ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

References (210)

Resolving the Three-Dimensional Microstructure of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrodes using Nanometer-Scale X-ray Computed Tomography Epting, William K.; Gelb, Jeff; Litster, Shawn Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101525	journal	November 2011
Tailoring Carbon Nanotube Microsphere Architectures with Controlled Porosity Zhang, Zishuai; Sadeghi, Mohammad Amin; Jervis, Rhodri Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903983	journal	August 2019
Extremely Stable Platinum Nanoparticles Encapsulated in a Zirconia Nanocage by Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Cheng, Niancai; Banis, Mohammad Norouzi; Liu, Jian Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404314	journal	November 2014
Multifunctional Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Simultaneous Oxygen Reduction, Oxygen Evolution, and Hydrogen Evolution Hu, Chuangang; Dai, Liming Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604942	journal	December 2016
Nitrogen-Coordinated Single Cobalt Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Wang, Xiao Xia; Cullen, David A.; Pan, Yung-Tin Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706758	journal	January 2018
Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free ORR Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells: Past, Present, and Future Yang, Lijun; Shui, Jianglan; Du, Lei Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804799	journal	January 2019
Integrating PGM‐Free Catalysts into Catalyst Layers and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Devices Banham, Dustin; Choi, Ja‐Yeon; Kishimoto, Takeaki Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804846	journal	December 2018
Iron‐Free Cathode Catalysts for Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells: Cobalt Catalysts and the Peroxide Mitigation Approach Wang, Xiao Xia; Prabhakaran, Venkateshkumar; He, Yanghua Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805126	journal	December 2018
Progress in the Development of Fe‐Based PGM‐Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Martinez, Ulises; Komini Babu, Siddharth; Holby, Edward F. Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806545	journal	December 2018
PGM‐Free Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: A Mini‐Review on Stability Challenges Shao, Yuyan; Dodelet, Jean‐Pol; Wu, Gang Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807615	journal	December 2018
Tuning Multimetallic Ordered Intermetallic Nanocrystals for Efficient Energy Electrocatalysis Luo, Mingchuan; Sun, Yingjun; Wang, Lei Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602073	journal	December 2016
Graphitic‐Shell Encapsulation of Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution, Oxygen Reduction, and Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Solution Khani, Hadi; Grundish, Nicholas S.; Wipf, David O. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903215	journal	November 2019
Nitrogen-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Graphitic Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Liu, Ruili; Wu, Dongqing; Feng, Xinliang Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 49, Issue 14, p. 2565-2569 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200907289	journal	March 2010
Iron Encapsulated within Pod-like Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Deng, Dehui; Yu, Liang; Chen, Xiaoqi Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201204958	journal	December 2012
Unravelling the Structure of Electrocatalytically Active Fe-N Complexes in Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Zhu, Yansong; Zhang, Bingsen; Liu, Xin Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201405314	journal	August 2014
Stability of Fe-N-C Catalysts in Acidic Medium Studied by Operando Spectroscopy Choi, Chang Hyuck; Baldizzone, Claudio; Grote, Jan-Philipp Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201504903	journal	August 2015
Tungsten‐Doped L1 ₀ ‐PtCo Ultrasmall Nanoparticles as a High‐Performance Fuel Cell Cathode Liang, Jiashun; Li, Na; Zhao, Zhonglong Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908824	journal	October 2019
Thermally Driven Structure and Performance Evolution of Atomically Dispersed FeN ₄ Sites for Oxygen Reduction Li, Jiazhan; Zhang, Hanguang; Samarakoon, Widitha Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201909312	journal	November 2019
On the Influence of Oxygen on the Degradation of Fe‐N‐C Catalysts Kumar, Kavita; Dubau, Laetitia; Mermoux, Michel Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912451	journal	February 2020
Surface Fluorination to Boost the Stability of the Fe/N/C Cathode in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Wang, Yu-Cheng; Zhu, Peng-Fei; Yang, Hong ChemElectroChem, Vol. 5, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700939	journal	November 2017
Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO ₂ He, Cheng; Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari; Matanovic, Ivana ChemSusChem, Vol. 12, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900499	journal	June 2019
Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Bamboo-like Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Tubes as an Active Matrix for Hybrid Oxygen-Reduction Electrocatalysts Li, Qing; Pan, Hengyu; Higgins, Drew Small, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201402069	journal	November 2014
Influence of 3d transition-metal substitution on the oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis of ternary nitrides in acid Fritz, Kevin E.; Yan, Yichen; Suntivich, Jin Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2440-6	journal	June 2019
Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells Mukerjee, Sanjeev; Srinivasan, Supramaniam Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 357, Issue 1-2, p. 201-224 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(93)80380-Z	journal	October 1993
Electrochemically reduced cobalt-graphite intercalation compound Touzain, Philippe; N'Guessan, Gilbert K.; Bonnin, Dominique Synthetic Metals, Vol. 79, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(96)80200-1	journal	May 1996
XAS studies on graphite intercalation compounds of Ce(NO3)4 Lochte, K.; Fröba, M.; Ressler, T. Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 208-209 https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)00678-O	journal	March 1995
The influence of Pt-activation on the corrosion of carbon in gas diffusion electrodes—A dems study Willsau, J.; Heitbaum, J. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 161, Issue 1, p. 93-101 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(84)80252-1	journal	February 1984
Cobalt-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species and its possible mechanism Leonard, Stephen; M. Gannett, Peter; Rojanasakul, Yon Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol. 70, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(98)10022-3	journal	July 1998
Three-dimensional computational analysis of transport phenomena in a PEM fuel cell Berning, T.; Lu, D. M.; Djilali, N. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 106, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01057-6	journal	April 2002
Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis Serp, P. Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 253, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00549-0	journal	October 2003
A review of applications of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) in polymer membrane fuel cells: From nanoparticles to support materials Du, Lei; Kong, Fanpeng; Chen, Guangyu Chinese Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 37, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62480-4	journal	July 2016
Electrocatalytic activity and stability of niobium-doped titanium oxide supported platinum catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Huang, Sheng-Yang; Ganesan, Prabhu; Popov, Branko N. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 96, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.02.025	journal	April 2010
Titania supported platinum catalyst with high electrocatalytic activity and stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell Huang, Sheng-Yang; Ganesan, Prabhu; Popov, Branko N. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 102, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.11.026	journal	February 2011
Self-assembly of Pt nanoparticles on highly graphitized carbon nanotubes as an excellent oxygen-reduction catalyst Zhang, Sheng; Shao, Yuyan; Yin, Geping Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 102, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.11.029	journal	February 2011
RuO2–SiO2 mixed oxides as corrosion-resistant catalyst supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells Kumar, Amod; Ramani, Vijay K. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 138-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.02.015	journal	July 2013
Alloy vs. intermetallic compounds: Effect of the ordering on the electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction and the stability of low temperature fuel cell catalysts Antolini, Ermete Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.05.081	journal	November 2017
Anchoring ultrafine Pt electrocatalysts on TiO2-C via photochemical strategy to enhance the stability and efficiency for oxygen reduction reaction Wang, Jingyu; Xu, Min; Zhao, Jianquan Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.085	journal	December 2018
Elucidation of Fe-N-C electrocatalyst active site functionality via in-situ X-ray absorption and operando determination of oxygen reduction reaction kinetics in a PEFC Osmieri, Luigi; Ahluwalia, Rajesh K.; Wang, Xiaohua Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117929	journal	November 2019
The use of nitrogen-doped graphene supporting Pt nanoparticles as a catalyst for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation Xiong, Bin; Zhou, Yingke; Zhao, Yuanyuan Carbon, Vol. 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.019	journal	February 2013
Metal-organic framework derived carbon materials for electrocatalytic oxygen reactions: Recent progress and future perspectives Du, Lei; Xing, Lixin; Zhang, Gaixia Carbon, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.09.029	journal	January 2020
Durability challenges and perspective in the development of PGM-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction Martinez, Ulises; Komini Babu, Siddharth; Holby, Edward F. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.04.010	journal	June 2018
Current challenges related to the deployment of shape-controlled Pt alloy oxygen reduction reaction nanocatalysts into low Pt-loaded cathode layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells Pan, Lujin; Ott, Sebastian; Dionigi, Fabio Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.10.011	journal	December 2019
Design of graphene sheets-supported Pt catalyst layer in PEM fuel cells Park, Sehkyu; Shao, Yuyan; Wan, Haiying Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2010.12.028	journal	March 2011
Gas crossover and membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells Inaba, Minoru; Kinumoto, Taro; Kiriake, Masayuki Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 51, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.008	journal	August 2006
Analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layers for reduction of platinum loading at Nissan Ohma, Atsushi; Mashio, Tetsuya; Sato, Kazuyuki Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.058	journal	December 2011
Durability of a PEMFC Pt–Co cathode catalyst layer during voltage cycling tests under supersaturated humidity conditions Ohyagi, Shinsuke; Sasaki, Tatsuyoshi Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.060	journal	July 2013
Molecular Dynamics Simulations on O 2 Permeation through Nafion Ionomer on Platinum Surface Jinnouchi, Ryosuke; Kudo, Kenji; Kitano, Naoki Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.031	journal	January 2016
Humidity and Temperature Dependences of Oxygen Transport Resistance of Nafion Thin Film on Platinum Electrode Kudo, Kenji; Jinnouchi, Ryosuke; Morimoto, Yu Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.023	journal	August 2016
High temperature stability study of carbon supported high surface area catalysts—Expanding the boundaries of ex-situ diagnostics Polymeros, G.; Baldizzone, C.; Geiger, S. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 211 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.105	journal	September 2016
Influence of platinum dispersity on oxygen transport resistance and performance in PEMFC Sun, Xinye; Yu, Hongmei; Zhou, Li Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 332 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135474	journal	February 2020
Platinum-group-metal catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: From catalyst design to electrode structure optimization Hou, Junbo; Yang, Min; Ke, Changchun EnergyChem, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enchem.2019.100023	journal	January 2020
Challenges and opportunities of thermal management issues related to fuel cell technology and modeling Faghri, Amir; Guo, Zhen International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 48, Issue 19-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.04.014	journal	September 2005
Degradation of polymer electrolyte membranes Collier, A.; Wang, H.; Ziyuan, X. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 31, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.05.006	journal	October 2006
Hydrogen crossover through perfluorosulfonic acid membranes with variable side chains and its influence in fuel cell lifetime Zhang, Huijie; Li, Junsheng; Tang, Haolin International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.076	journal	September 2014
Hard-Magnet L10-CoPt Nanoparticles Advance Fuel Cell Catalysis Li, Junrui; Sharma, Shubham; Liu, Xiaoming Joule, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.09.016	journal	January 2019
Updating Pt-Based Electrocatalysts for Practical Fuel Cells Wang, Pengtang; Shao, Qi; Huang, Xiaoqing Joule, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.11.024	journal	December 2018
Iron-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Asset, Tristan; Atanassov, Plamen Joule, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.12.002	journal	January 2020
Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on Pt catalyst supported on nitrogen-doped graphene induced by hydrazine reduction Zhao, Yuanyuan; Zhou, Yingke; O’Hayre, Ryan Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 74, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.06.004	journal	November 2013
In situ neutron imaging technique for evaluation of water management systems in operating PEM fuel cells Satija, R.; Jacobson, D. L.; Arif, M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 129, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.068	journal	April 2004
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes based Pt electrodes prepared with in situ ion exchange method for oxygen reduction Shao, Yuyan; Yin, Geping; Wang, Jiajun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.064	journal	October 2006
High voltage stability of nanostructured thin film catalysts for PEM fuel cells Debe, Mark K.; Schmoeckel, Alison K.; Vernstrom, George D. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.033	journal	October 2006
An investigation into factors affecting the stability of carbons and carbon supported platinum and platinum/cobalt alloy catalysts during 1.2V potentiostatic hold regimes at a range of temperatures Ball, S. C.; Hudson, S. L.; Thompsett, D. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 171, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.11.004	journal	September 2007
Pt/carbon nanofibers electrocatalysts for fuel cells Zaragoza-Martín, F.; Sopeña-Escario, D.; Morallón, E. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 171, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.078	journal	September 2007
Understanding and approaches for the durability issues of Pt-based catalysts for PEM fuel cell Shao, Yuyan; Yin, Geping; Gao, Yunzhi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 171, Issue 2, p. 558-566 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.004	journal	September 2007
Nb-doped TiO2/carbon composite supports synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalysts Senevirathne, Keerthi; Neburchilov, Vladimir; Alzate, Vanesa Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.080	journal	December 2012
A review of the stability and durability of non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells Banham, Dustin; Ye, Siyu; Pei, Katie Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.047	journal	July 2015
PGM-free Fe-N-C catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: Catalyst layer design Stariha, Sarah; Artyushkova, Kateryna; Workman, Michael J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.098	journal	September 2016
Highly stable precious metal-free cathode catalyst for fuel cell application Serov, Alexey; Workman, Michael J.; Artyushkova, Kateryna Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 327 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.087	journal	September 2016
New insights into non-precious metal catalyst layer designs for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Improving performance and stability Banham, Dustin; Kishimoto, Takeaki; Sato, Tetsutaro Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.086	journal	March 2017
Direct hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle cost analysis: System and high-volume manufacturing description, validation, and outlook Thompson, Simon T.; James, Brian D.; Huya-Kouadio, Jennie M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 399 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.100	journal	September 2018
Microscopic characterization of the C–F bonds in fluorine–graphite intercalation compounds Yoshida, Kaname; Sugawara, Yoshihiro; Saitoh, Motofumi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 445 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227320	journal	January 2020
Differential Surface Elemental Distribution Leads to Significantly Enhanced Stability of PtNi-Based ORR Catalysts Cao, Liang; Zhao, Zipeng; Liu, Zeyan Matter, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.07.015	journal	December 2019
Is iron involved in the lack of stability of Fe/N/C electrocatalysts used to reduce oxygen at the cathode of PEM fuel cells? Zhang, Gaixia; Chenitz, Régis; Lefèvre, Michel Nano Energy, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.038	journal	November 2016
Durability of platinum-based fuel cell electrocatalysts: Dissolution of bulk and nanoscale platinum Cherevko, Serhiy; Kulyk, Nadiia; Mayrhofer, Karl J. J. Nano Energy, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.005	journal	November 2016
Advanced catalyst supports for PEM fuel cell cathodes Du, Lei; Shao, Yuyan; Sun, Junming Nano Energy, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.016	journal	November 2016
Fuel cell catalyst degradation: Identical location electron microscopy and related methods Arenz, Matthias; Zana, Alessandro Nano Energy, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.04.027	journal	November 2016
Dealloyed Pt-based core-shell oxygen reduction electrocatalysts Strasser, Peter; Kühl, Stefanie Nano Energy, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.04.047	journal	November 2016
Highly active and stable single iron site confined in graphene nanosheets for oxygen reduction reaction Chen, Xiaoqi; Yu, Liang; Wang, Suheng Nano Energy, Vol. 32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.056	journal	February 2017
Atomically FeN2 moieties dispersed on mesoporous carbon: A new atomic catalyst for efficient oxygen reduction catalysis Shen, Hangjia; Gracia-Espino, Eduardo; Ma, Jingyuan Nano Energy, Vol. 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.03.027	journal	May 2017
Tailored design of functional nanoporous carbon materials toward fuel cell applications Tang, Jing; Liu, Jian; Torad, Nagy L. Nano Today, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2014.05.003	journal	June 2014
Copper-Induced Formation of Structurally Ordered Pt–Fe–Cu Ternary Intermetallic Electrocatalysts with Tunable Phase Structure and Improved Stability Zhu, Jing; Yang, Yao; Chen, Lingxuan Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02172	journal	August 2018
Temperature Impacts on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measured by the Rotating Disk Electrode Technique Zhu, Ziyi; Liu, Qingtao; Liu, Xiaofang The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 124, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b10173	journal	January 2020
The Priority and Challenge of High-Power Performance of Low-Platinum Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Kongkanand, Anusorn; Mathias, Mark F. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00216	journal	March 2016
New Approach to Fully Ordered fct-FePt Nanoparticles for Much Enhanced Electrocatalysis in Acid Li, Qing; Wu, Liheng; Wu, Gang Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00320	journal	March 2015
Designing the 3D Architecture of PGM-Free Cathodes for H ₂ /Air Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Li, Jingkun; Brüller, Sebastian; Sabarirajan, Dinesh C. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01181	journal	September 2019
Durable Pt Electrocatalyst Supported on a 3D Nanoporous Carbon Shows High Performance in a High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Yang, Zehui; Moriguchi, Isamu; Nakashima, Naotoshi ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01724	journal	May 2015
Metal–Organic Coordination Networks: Prussian Blue and Its Synergy with Pt Nanoparticles to Enhance Oxygen Reduction Kinetics Du, Lei; Du, Chunyu; Chen, Guangyu ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b02630	journal	June 2016
Tuning the Ionomer Distribution in the Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer with Scaling the Ionomer Aggregate Size in Dispersion Doo, Gisu; Lee, Ji Hye; Yuk, Seongmin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01751	journal	May 2018
Engineering of Nitrogen Coordinated Single Cobalt Atom Moieties for Oxygen Electroreduction Sun, Wei; Du, Lei; Tan, Qiang ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b11830	journal	October 2019
Insight into the Rapid Degradation Behavior of Nonprecious Metal Fe–N–C Electrocatalyst-Based Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Chen, Junren; Yan, Xiaohui; Fu, Cehuang ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b13474	journal	September 2019
High Power Density Platinum Group Metal-free Cathodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Uddin, Aman; Dunsmore, Lisa; Zhang, Hanguang ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b13945	journal	December 2019
Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells and Redox Flow Batteries: A Selected Review Shao, Yuyan; Cheng, Yingwen; Duan, Wentao ACS Catalysis, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b01737	journal	November 2015
Quaternary FeCoNiMn-Based Nanocarbon Electrocatalysts for Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution: Promotional Role of Mn Doping in Stabilizing Carbon Gupta, Shiva; Zhao, Shuai; Wang, Xiao Xia ACS Catalysis, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b02949	journal	November 2017
Recent Advances of Structurally Ordered Intermetallic Nanoparticles for Electrocatalysis Xiao, Weiping; Lei, Wen; Gong, Mingxing ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b04420	journal	March 2018
In Situ Stability Studies of Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Ruthenium−Titanium Mixed Oxide (RTO) for Fuel Cell Cathodes Hornberger, Elisabeth; Bergmann, Arno; Schmies, Henrike ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b02498	journal	September 2018
Recent Insights into the Oxygen-Reduction Electrocatalysis of Fe/N/C Materials Wang, Wang; Jia, Qingying; Mukerjee, Sanjeev ACS Catalysis, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b02583	journal	September 2019
Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Chen, Mengjie; He, Yanghua; Spendelow, Jacob S. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00804	journal	June 2019
Golden Palladium Zinc Ordered Intermetallics as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts Yang, Yao; Xiao, Weiping; Feng, Xinran ACS Nano, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b01961	journal	April 2019
Zirconium Oxynitride-Catalyzed Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cathodes Chisaka, Mitsuharu; Ishihara, Akimitsu; Morioka, Hiroyuki ACS Omega, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00555	journal	February 2017
3D Model of an Order-Structured Cathode Catalyst Layer with Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for PEM Fuel Cells under the Water Flooding Condition Liang, Lizhe; Wei, Ying; Zhang, Xiaoran ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06622	journal	December 2019
Sulfur Dioxide-Tolerant Bimetallic PtRu Catalyst toward Oxygen Electroreduction Liu, Yuxin; Du, Lei; Kong, Fanpeng ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06785	journal	December 2019
CeO ₂ Surface Oxygen Vacancy Concentration Governs in Situ Free Radical Scavenging Efficacy in Polymer Electrolytes Trogadas, Panagiotis; Parrondo, Javier; Ramani, Vijay ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/am3016069	journal	September 2012
SiO ₂ –RuO ₂ : A Stable Electrocatalyst Support Lo, Chih-Ping; Ramani, Vijay ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/am3017416	journal	October 2012
Degradation Mechanisms of Platinum Nanoparticle Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: The Role of Particle Size Yu, Kang; Groom, Daniel J.; Wang, Xiaoping Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm501867c	journal	September 2014
Crystallographic Characteristics of Nanostructured Thin-Film Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts: A HRTEM Study Gancs, Lajos; Kobayashi, Takeshi; Debe, Mark K. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm702992b	journal	April 2008
Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation Borup, Rod; Meyers, Jeremy; Pivovar, Bryan Chemical Reviews, Vol. 107, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050182l	journal	October 2007
Noncarbon Support Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Wang, Yan-Jie; Wilkinson, David P.; Zhang, Jiujun Chemical Reviews, Vol. 111, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100060r	journal	December 2011
Degradation Mechanisms of Pt/C Fuel Cell Catalysts under Simulated Start–Stop Conditions Meier, Josef C.; Galeano, Carolina; Katsounaros, Ioannis ACS Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/cs300024h	journal	April 2012
Effect of Acid Treatment on Carbon Nanotube-Based Flexible Transparent Conducting Films Geng, Hong-Zhang; Kim, Ki Kang; So, Kang Pyo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0722224	journal	June 2007
Stabilization of Electrocatalytic Metal Nanoparticles at Metal−Metal Oxide−Graphene Triple Junction Points Kou, Rong; Shao, Yuyan; Mei, Donghai Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja107719u	journal	March 2011
Stabilization of High-Performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction Pt Electrocatalyst Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Black Composite Li, Yujing; Li, Yongjia; Zhu, Enbo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3031449	journal	July 2012
A Surfactant-Free Strategy for Synthesizing and Processing Intermetallic Platinum-Based Nanoparticle Catalysts Chen, Hao; Wang, Deli; Yu, Yingchao Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja308674b	journal	October 2012
Strong Effects of Cluster Size and Air Exposure on Oxygen Reduction and Carbon Oxidation Electrocatalysis by Size-Selected Pt _n ( n ≤ 11) on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Proch, Sebastian; Wirth, Mark; White, Henry S. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja309868z	journal	February 2013
Development of a Titanium Dioxide-Supported Platinum Catalyst with Ultrahigh Stability for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications Huang, Sheng-Yang; Ganesan, Prabhu; Park, Sehkyu Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja904810h	journal	October 2009
Highly Durable and Active PtFe Nanocatalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction Chung, Dong Young; Jun, Samuel Woojoo; Yoon, Gabin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b09653	journal	December 2015
Sub-4 nm PtZn Intermetallic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Mass and Specific Activities in Catalytic Electrooxidation Reaction Qi, Zhiyuan; Xiao, Chaoxian; Liu, Cong Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12780	journal	March 2017
Discriminating Catalytically Active FeN _x Species of Atomically Dispersed Fe–N–C Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of the C–H Bond Liu, Wengang; Zhang, Leilei; Liu, Xin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b05130	journal	July 2017
Single Atomic Iron Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media: Particle Size Control and Thermal Activation Zhang, Hanguang; Hwang, Sooyeon; Wang, Maoyu Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06514	journal	September 2017
Design of N-Coordinated Dual-Metal Sites: A Stable and Active Pt-Free Catalyst for Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Wang, Jing; Huang, Zhengqing; Liu, Wei Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b10385	journal	November 2017
Activity–Selectivity Trends in the Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide over Single-Site Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts Sun, Yanyan; Silvioli, Luca; Sahraie, Nastaran Ranjbar Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b05576	journal	July 2019
Heat-Treated Fe/N/C Catalysts for O₂ Electroreduction: Are Active Sites Hosted in Micropores? Jaouen, Frédéric; Lefèvre, Michel; Dodelet, Jean-Pol The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, Issue 11, p. 5553-5558 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp057135h	journal	March 2006
Molecular Dynamics Study of Ionomer and Water Adsorption at Carbon Support Materials Mashio, Tetsuya; Malek, Kourosh; Eikerling, Michael The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1034135	journal	July 2010
Degradation of the Ionic Pathway in a PEM Fuel Cell Cathode Park, Sehkyu; Shao, Yuyan; Wan, Haiying The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 115, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2068599	journal	October 2011
Oxygen Reduction Activity and Stability Trends of Bimetallic Pt _0.5 M _0.5 Nanoparticle in Acid Han, Binghong; Carlton, Christopher Earl; Suntivich, Jin The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5129904	journal	February 2015
Ordered nanoporous arrays of carbon supporting high dispersions of platinum nanoparticles Joo, Sang Hoon; Choi, Seong Jae; Oh, Ilwhan Nature, Vol. 412, Issue 6843 https://doi.org/10.1038/35084046	journal	July 2001
Materials for fuel-cell technologies Steele, Brian C. H.; Heinzel, Angelika Nature, Vol. 414, Issue 6861, p. 345-352 https://doi.org/10.1038/35104620	journal	November 2001
Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells Debe, Mark K. Nature, Vol. 486, Issue 7401 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11115	journal	June 2012
Design principles for oxygen-reduction activity on perovskite oxide catalysts for fuel cells and metal–air batteries Suntivich, Jin; Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Yabuuchi, Naoaki Nature Chemistry, Vol. 3, Issue 7, p. 546-550 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1069	journal	June 2011
Iron-based cathode catalyst with enhanced power density in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Proietti, Eric; Jaouen, Frédéric; Lefèvre, Michel Nature Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1427	journal	August 2011
Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces Stamenkovic, Vojislav R.; Mun, Bongjin Simon; Arenz, Matthias Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 241-247 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1840	journal	February 2007
Mesostructured thin films as electrocatalysts with tunable composition and surface morphology van der Vliet, Dennis F.; Wang, Chao; Tripkovic, Dusan Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3457	journal	November 2012
Tailoring manganese oxide with atomic precision to increase surface site availability for oxygen reduction catalysis Eom, C. John; Kuo, Ding-Yuan; Adamo, Carolina Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06503-8	journal	October 2018
Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets Cano, Zachary P.; Banham, Dustin; Ye, Siyu Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0108-1	journal	April 2018
Atomically dispersed manganese catalysts for oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells Li, Jiazhan; Chen, Mengjie; Cullen, David A. Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0164-8	journal	October 2018
Platinum group metal-free catalysts boost cost competitiveness of fuel cell vehicles Thompson, Simon T.; Papageorgopoulos, Dimitrios Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0291-x	journal	July 2019
Achievements, challenges and perspectives on cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells for transportation Wang, Xiao Xia; Swihart, Mark T.; Wu, Gang Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0304-9	journal	July 2019
Gasoline automobile catalysis and its historical journey to cleaner air Farrauto, Robert J.; Deeba, Michel; Alerasool, Saeed Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0312-9	journal	July 2019
CeO2 nanocubes-graphene oxide as durable and highly active catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell Lei, M.; Wang, Z. B.; Li, J. S. Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07415	journal	December 2014
Novel catalyst support materials for PEM fuel cells: current status and future prospects Shao, Yuyan; Liu, Jun; Wang, Yong Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 1, p. 46-59 https://doi.org/10.1039/B808370C	journal	January 2009
IL-TEM investigations on the degradation mechanism of Pt/C electrocatalysts with different carbon supports Hartl, Katrin; Hanzlik, Marianne; Arenz, Matthias Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00248H	journal	January 2011
Ultrahigh stable carbon riveted Pt/TiO ₂ –C catalyst prepared by in situ carbonized glucose for proton exchange membrane fuel cell Jiang, Zheng-Zhi; Wang, Zhen-Bo; Chu, Yuan-Yuan Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00475H	journal	January 2011
In situ tracking of the nanoscale expansion of porous carbon electrodes Arruda, Thomas M.; Heon, Min; Presser, Volker Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE23707E	journal	January 2013
Graphene/carbon nanospheres sandwich supported PEMfuel cell metal nanocatalysts with remarkably high activity and stability He, Daping; Cheng, Kun; Peng, Tao J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TA00606E	journal	January 2013
Ta and Nb co-doped TiO ₂ and its carbon-hybrid materials for supporting Pt–Pd alloy electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction Wang, Yan-Jie; Wilkinson, David P.; Neburchilov, Vladimir J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02062F	journal	January 2014
Unexplained transport resistances for low-loaded fuel-cell catalyst layers Weber, Adam Z.; Kusoglu, Ahmet J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02952F	journal	January 2014
Size-controlled large-diameter and few-walled carbon nanotube catalysts for oxygen reduction Wang, Xianliang; Li, Qing; Pan, Hengyu Nanoscale, Vol. 7, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR05864C	journal	January 2015
Mesoporous titanium and niobium nitrides as conductive and stable electrocatalyst supports in acid environments Fritz, Kevin E.; Beaucage, Peter A.; Matsuoka, Fumiaki Chemical Communications, Vol. 53, Issue 53 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC03232C	journal	January 2017
A specific demetalation of Fe–N ₄ catalytic sites in the micropores of NC_Ar + NH ₃ is at the origin of the initial activity loss of the highly active Fe/N/C catalyst used for the reduction of oxygen in PEM fuel cells Chenitz, Régis; Kramm, Ulrike I.; Lefèvre, Michel Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE02302B	journal	January 2018
The Achilles' heel of iron-based catalysts during oxygen reduction in an acidic medium Choi, Chang Hyuck; Lim, Hyung-Kyu; Chung, Min Wook Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01855C	journal	January 2018
Highly active atomically dispersed CoN ₄ fuel cell cathode catalysts derived from surfactant-assisted MOFs: carbon-shell confinement strategy He, Yanghua; Hwang, Sooyeon; Cullen, David A. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02694G	journal	January 2019
Bio-inspired FeN ₅ moieties anchored on a three-dimensional graphene aerogel to improve oxygen reduction catalytic performance Huang, Jianshe; Lu, Qingqing; Ma, Xiao Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA06455E	journal	January 2018
Non-PGM electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells: effect of fluorination on the activity and stability of a highly active NC_Ar + NH ₃ catalyst Zhang, Gaixia; Yang, Xiaohua; Dubois, Marc Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE00867E	journal	January 2019
High-performance fuel cell cathodes exclusively containing atomically dispersed iron active sites Zhang, Hanguang; Chung, Hoon T.; Cullen, David A. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE00877B	journal	January 2019
3D porous graphitic nanocarbon for enhancing the performance and durability of Pt catalysts: a balance between graphitization and hierarchical porosity Qiao, Zhi; Hwang, Sooyeon; Li, Xing Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE01899A	journal	January 2019
Dual-nitrogen-source engineered Fe–N _x moieties as a booster for oxygen electroreduction Wang, Dan; Xiao, Lihui; Yang, Peixia Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01953G	journal	January 2019
Preparation of Fe–N–C catalysts with FeN _x ( x = 1, 3, 4) active sites and comparison of their activities for the oxygen reduction reaction and performances in proton exchange membrane fuel cells Li, Yongcheng; Liu, Xiaofang; Zheng, Lirong Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA08532G	journal	January 2019
Stabilization of platinum nanoparticle electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction using poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Zhang, Sheng; Shao, Yuyan; Yin, Geping Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/b912104h	journal	January 2009
Carbon nanotubes decorated with Pt nanoparticles via electrostatic self-assembly: a highly active oxygen reduction electrocatalyst Zhang, Sheng; Shao, Yuyan; Yin, Geping Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/b919494k	journal	January 2010
Platinum supported on CeO2 effectively scavenges free radicals within the electrolyte of an operating fuel cell Trogadas, Panagiotis; Parrondo, Javier; Ramani, Vijay Chemical Communications, Vol. 47, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc15155j	journal	January 2011
Carbon riveted microcapsule Pt/MWCNTs-TiO2 catalyst prepared by in situ carbonized glucose with ultrahigh stability for proton exchange membrane fuel cell Jiang, Zheng-Zhi; Wang, Zhen-Bo; Chu, Yuan-Yuan Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01091c	journal	January 2011
Nitrogen: unraveling the secret to stable carbon-supported Pt-alloy electrocatalysts Pylypenko, Svitlana; Borisevich, Albina; More, Karren L. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40189h	journal	January 2013
A density functional theory study of oxygen reduction reaction on non-PGM Fe–Nx–C electrocatalysts Kattel, Shyam; Atanassov, Plamen; Kiefer, Boris Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01634c	journal	January 2014
Investigation of polymer electrolyte membrane chemical degradation and degradation mitigation using in situ fluorescence spectroscopy Prabhakaran, V.; Arges, C. G.; Ramani, V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114672109	journal	January 2012
Platinum supported on titanium-ruthenium oxide is a remarkably stable electrocatayst for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Parrondo, J.; Han, T.; Niangar, E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319663111	journal	December 2013
Identification of catalytic sites for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in N-doped graphene materials: Development of highly efficient metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst Yang, Hong Bin; Miao, Jianwei; Hung, Sung-Fu Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501122	journal	April 2016
Critical advancements in achieving high power and stable nonprecious metal catalyst–based MEAs for real-world proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications Banham, Dustin; Kishimoto, Takeaki; Zhou, Yingjie Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar7180	journal	March 2018
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Gong, K.; Du, F.; Xia, Z. Science, Vol. 323, Issue 5915, p. 760-764 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168049	journal	February 2009
Iron-Based Catalysts with Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Lefèvre, Michel; Proietti, Eric; Jaouen, Frédéric Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5923, p. 71-74 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170051	journal	April 2009
High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Derived from Polyaniline, Iron, and Cobalt Wu, G.; More, K. L.; Johnston, C. M. Science, Vol. 332, Issue 6028, p. 443-447 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200832	journal	April 2011
Catalysts by Platonic design Strasser, P. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6246 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7861	journal	July 2015
Ultrafine jagged platinum nanowires enable ultrahigh mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction Li, Mufan; Zhao, Zipeng; Cheng, Tao Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6318 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf9050	journal	November 2016
Toward sustainable fuel cells Stephens, Ifan Erfyl Lester; Rossmeisl, Jan; Chorkendorff, Ib Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6318 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal3303	journal	December 2016
Direct atomic-level insight into the active sites of a high-performance PGM-free ORR catalyst Chung, Hoon T.; Cullen, David A.; Higgins, Drew Science, Vol. 357, Issue 6350 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2255	journal	August 2017
Ultralow-loading platinum-cobalt fuel cell catalysts derived from imidazolate frameworks Chong, Lina; Wen, Jianguo; Kubal, Joseph Science, Vol. 362, Issue 6420 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0630	journal	November 2018
Modeling Hierarchical Non-Precious Metal Catalyst Cathodes for PEFCs Using Multi-Scale X-ray CT Imaging Komini Babu, S.; Chung, H. T.; Wu, G. ECS Transactions, Vol. 64, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/06403.0281ecst	journal	August 2014
Development of Group 4 and 5 Metal Oxide Cathode with Electron Conductive Oxide Ota, K. -i.; Hamazaki, M.; Matsuzawa, K. ECS Transactions, Vol. 69, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1149/06917.0013ecst	journal	September 2015
Durability of PtCo/C Cathode Catalyst Layers Subjected to Accelerated Stress Testing Macauley, N.; Mukundan, R.; Langlois, D. A. ECS Transactions, Vol. 75, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/07514.0281ecst	journal	August 2016
Effects of MEA Fabrication and Ionomer Composition on Fuel Cell Performance of PGM-Free ORR Catalyst Yin, Xi; Lin, Ling; Chung, Hoon T. ECS Transactions, Vol. 77, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/07711.1273ecst	journal	July 2017
(Invited) Kinetic Models for the Degradation Mechanisms of PGM-Free ORR Catalysts Yin, Xi; Zelenay, Piotr ECS Transactions, Vol. 85, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/08513.1239ecst	journal	June 2018
Degradation Study of MEA for PEMFCs under Low Humidity Conditions Endoh, Eiji; Terazono, Shinji; Widjaja, Hardiyanto Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1739314	journal	January 2004
Durability Study of Pt∕C and Pt∕CNTs Catalysts under Simulated PEM Fuel Cell Conditions Shao, Yuyan; Yin, Geping; Gao, Yunzhi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2191147	journal	January 2006
PtCo, a Durable Catalyst for Automotive PEMFC? Ball, Sarah C.; Hudson, Sarah L.; Theobald, Brian R. 212th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2781040	conference	January 2007
Hydrogen Peroxide Formation Rates in a PEMFC Anode and Cathode Sethuraman, Vijay A.; Weidner, John W.; Haug, Andrew T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2801980	journal	January 2008
Stability of Corrosion-Resistant Magnéli-Phase Ti[sub 4]O[sub 7]-Supported PEMFC Catalysts at High Potentials Ioroi, Tsutomu; Senoh, Hiroshi; Yamazaki, Shin-ichi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2833310	journal	January 2008
Analysis of Water Transport in Catalyst Layers: The Effect of Carbon Supports Sato, Kazuyuki; Ohma, Atsushi; Yamaguchi, Koichi 216th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3210578	conference	January 2009
Analysis of Oxygen-Transport Diffusion Resistance in Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells Nonoyama, Nobuaki; Okazaki, Shinobu; Weber, Adam Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3546038	journal	January 2011
Nanostructured Thin Film Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells - A Tutorial on the Fundamental Characteristics and Practical Properties of NSTF Catalysts Debe, M. K. ECS Transactions, Vol. 45, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3701968	journal	April 2012
Development of a Simple and Rapid Diagnostic Method for Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells Pant, Lalit M.; Yang, Zhiwei; Perry, Michael L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0011806jes	journal	January 2018
Potential Dependence of Pt and Co Dissolution from Platinum-Cobalt Alloy PEFC Catalysts Using Time-Resolved Measurements Ahluwalia, Rajesh K.; Papadias, Dionissios D.; Kariuki, Nancy N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0031806jes	journal	January 2018
Carbon Corrosion in PEM Fuel Cells and the Development of Accelerated Stress Tests Macauley, Natalia; Papadias, Dennis D.; Fairweather, Joseph Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0061806jes	journal	January 2018
PtCo Cathode Catalyst Morphological and Compositional Changes after PEM Fuel Cell Accelerated Stress Testing Sneed, Brian T.; Cullen, David A.; Mukundan, R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0091806jes	journal	January 2018
Membrane Accelerated Stress Test Development for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability Validated Using Field and Drive Cycle Testing Mukundan, Rangachary; Baker, Andrew M.; Kusoglu, Ahmet Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0101806jes	journal	January 2018
Cathode Loading Impact on Voltage Cycling Induced PEMFC Degradation: A Voltage Loss Analysis Harzer, Gregor S.; Schwämmlein, Jan N.; Damjanović, Ana Marija Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0161806jes	journal	January 2018
Durability of Pt-Co Alloy Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cathode Catalysts under Accelerated Stress Tests Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Kariuki, N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0171806jes	journal	January 2018
Electrode Edge Cobalt Cation Migration in an Operating Fuel Cell: An In Situ Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Study Cai, Yun; Ziegelbauer, Joseph M.; Baker, Andrew M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0201806jes	journal	January 2018
Effect of Acetonitrile Contamination on Long-Term Degradation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Zhai, Yunfeng; Ge, Junjie; Qi, Jing Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0221806jes	journal	January 2018
Accelerated Stress Testing of Fuel Cell Membranes Subjected to Combined Mechanical/Chemical Stressors and Cerium Migration Lai, Yeh-Hung; Rahmoeller, Kenneth M.; Hurst, James H. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0241806jes	journal	January 2018
Characterization of Membrane Degradation Growth in Fuel Cells Using X-ray Computed Tomography Ramani, Dilip; Singh, Yadvinder; Orfino, Francesco P. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0251806jes	journal	January 2018
Understanding the Corrosion Resistance of Meso- and Micro-Porous Carbons for Application in PEM Fuel Cells Forouzandeh, Farisa; Li, Xiaoan; Banham, Dustin W. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0261806jes	journal	January 2018
Migration of Ce and Mn Ions in PEMFC and Its Impact on PFSA Membrane Degradation Zatoń, Marta; Prélot, Benedicte; Donzel, Nicolas Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0311806jes	journal	January 2018
Activity and Durability of Platinum-Based Electrocatalysts Supported on Bare or Fluorinated Nanostructured Carbon Substrates Asset, Tristan; Chattot, Raphaël; Maillard, Frédéric Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.031806jes	journal	January 2018
DEMS and Online Mass Spectrometry Studies of the Carbon Support Corrosion under Various Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Operating Conditions Cremers, C.; Jurzinsky, T.; Meier, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0331806jes	journal	January 2018
Durability of De-Alloyed Platinum-Nickel Cathode Catalyst in Low Platinum Loading Membrane-Electrode Assemblies Subjected to Accelerated Stress Tests Ahluwalia, R. K.; Wang, X.; Peng, J-K Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0341806jes	journal	January 2018
Non-PGM Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic Stability and DFT Evaluation of Fluorinated FeN ₄ -Based ORR Catalysts Glibin, Vassili P.; Cherif, Mohamed; Vidal, François Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0341907jes	journal	January 2019
Modeling the Effect of Chemical Membrane Degradation on PEMFC Performance Singh, R.; Sui, P. C.; Wong, K. H. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0351806jes	journal	January 2018
Oxygen Electroreduction on PtCo ₃ , PtCo and Pt ₃ Co Alloy Nanoparticles for Alkaline and Acidic PEM Fuel Cells Oezaslan, Mehtap; Hasché, Frédéric; Strasser, Peter Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.075204jes	journal	January 2012
Thermodynamic Stability in Acid Media of FeN ₄ -Based Catalytic Sites Used for the Reaction of Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells Glibin, Vassili P.; Dodelet, Jean-Pol Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1041709jes	journal	January 2017
Degradation by Hydrogen Peroxide of Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Goellner, Vincent; Armel, Vanessa; Zitolo, Andrea Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1091506jes	journal	January 2015
FC-PAD: Fuel Cell Performance and Durability Consortium Borup, Rodney; Weber, Adam https://doi.org/10.2172/1505949	report	March 2018
ElectroCat (Electrocatalysis Consortium) [Slides] Zelenay, Piotr https://doi.org/10.2172/1631569	report	June 2020

Similar Records

PGM‐Free Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: A Mini‐Review on Stability Challenges

Journal Article · 2019 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1495061

Shao, Yuyan; Dodelet, Jean‐Pol; Wu, Gang; +1 more

PGM-free Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: a Mini-Review on Stability Challenges

Journal Article · 2019 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1598818

Shao, Yuyan; Dodelet, Jean-Pol; Wu, Gang; +1 more

Effects of Ink Formulation on the Structure and Performance of PGM-Free Catalyst Layer in PEMFCs

Journal Article · 2021 · ECS Transactions · OSTI ID:1883714

Li, Chenzhao; Liu, Shengwen; Zeng, Yachao; +4 more

Title: Low‐PGM and PGM‐Free Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Stability Challenges and Material Solutions

Citation Formats

References (210)

Similar Records

Related Subjects