Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag

Lu, Liqiang; Gao, Xi; Shahnam, Mehrdad; Rogers, William A.

doi:10.1002/aic.16867

Title: Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag

Abstract

We report the bubbling fluidized bed reactor is widely used in fast pyrolysis of biomass. Discrete simulation of this reactor is challenging due to many sand particles and lack of accurate drag corrections accounting for the interaction of two different solid particles with different properties. In this research, the computational cost is reduced by using the coarse-grained computational fluid dynamic-discrete element method, where many sand particles are lumped into a larger numerical parcel. The Syamlal–O'Brien drag model is used for sand, while Ganser correction coupled with Gidaspow model is used for the nonspherical biomass particles. This hybrid approach shows superior behavior over other drag models using pressure drops as a benchmark. The predicted bed height and pressure fluctuating frequencies compare well with experiment. Finally, the mixing of biomass is close to perfect if the superficial velocity is larger than four times the minimum fluidization velocity.

Authors:

^[1];

^[2]; Shahnam, Mehrdad ^[2]; Rogers, William A. ^[2]

National Energy Technology Lab. (NETL), Morgantown, WV (United States); West Virginia University Research Corporation, Morgantown, WV (United States)
National Energy Technology Lab. (NETL), Morgantown, WV (United States)

Publication Date:: 2019-11-19

Research Org.:: National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, Morgantown, WV, and Albany, OR (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:: 1607761

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1576650

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: AIChE Journal

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 66; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 0001-1541

Publisher:: American Institute of Chemical Engineers

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 09 BIOMASS FUELS

Citation Formats


                    Lu, Liqiang, Gao, Xi, Shahnam, Mehrdad, and Rogers, William A. Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/aic.16867.

Copy to clipboard


                    Lu, Liqiang, Gao, Xi, Shahnam, Mehrdad, & Rogers, William A. Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16867

Copy to clipboard


                    Lu, Liqiang, Gao, Xi, Shahnam, Mehrdad, and Rogers, William A. Tue .  
"Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16867.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1607761.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1607761,

  title        = {Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag},

  author       = {Lu, Liqiang and Gao, Xi and Shahnam, Mehrdad and Rogers, William A.},

  abstractNote = {We report the bubbling fluidized bed reactor is widely used in fast pyrolysis of biomass. Discrete simulation of this reactor is challenging due to many sand particles and lack of accurate drag corrections accounting for the interaction of two different solid particles with different properties. In this research, the computational cost is reduced by using the coarse-grained computational fluid dynamic-discrete element method, where many sand particles are lumped into a larger numerical parcel. The Syamlal–O'Brien drag model is used for sand, while Ganser correction coupled with Gidaspow model is used for the nonspherical biomass particles. This hybrid approach shows superior behavior over other drag models using pressure drops as a benchmark. The predicted bed height and pressure fluctuating frequencies compare well with experiment. Finally, the mixing of biomass is close to perfect if the superficial velocity is larger than four times the minimum fluidization velocity.},

  doi          = {10.1002/aic.16867},

  journal      = {AIChE Journal},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 66,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {11}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16867

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 20 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Open-source MFIX-DEM software for gas–solids flows: Part I—Verification studies
journal, April 2012

Garg, Rahul; Galvin, Janine; Li, Tingwen
Powder Technology, Vol. 220
DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.09.019

Validation Studies on Filtered Model Equations for Gas-Particle Flows in Risers
journal, July 2011

Igci, Yesim; Pannala, Sreekanth; Benyahia, Sofiane
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 51, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1021/ie2007278

Development and validation of an enhanced filtered drag model for simulating gas-solid fluidization of Geldart A particles in all flow regimes
journal, July 2018

Gao, Xi; Li, Tingwen; Sarkar, Avik
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 184
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.03.038

Variation of Geldart classification in MFM simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis considering the decrease of particle density and diameter
journal, May 2019

Zhong, Hanbin; Xu, Fei; Zhang, Juntao
Renewable Energy, Vol. 135
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.097

Distribution of large biomass particles in a sand-biomass fluidized bed: Experiments and modeling
journal, January 2014

Fotovat, Farzam; Chaouki, Jamal; Bergthorson, Jeffrey
AIChE Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1002/aic.14337

A CFD model for biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors
journal, June 2011

Xue, Q.; Heindel, T. J.; Fox, R. O.
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 66, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.03.010

Numerical simulation of the gas-solid flow in a fluidized bed by combining discrete particle method with computational fluid dynamics
journal, August 1997

Xu, B. H.; Yu, A. B.
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 52, Issue 16
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00081-X

An overview of Eulerian CFD modeling and simulation of non-spherical biomass particles
journal, October 2019

Ullah, Atta; Hong, Kun; Gao, Yanan
Renewable Energy, Vol. 141
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.074

Integrated Particle- and Reactor-Scale Simulation of Pine Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed
journal, September 2018

Pecha, M. Brennan; Ramirez, Emilio; Wiggins, Gavin M.
Energy & Fuels, Vol. 32, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02309

Extension of a coarse grained particle method to simulate heat transfer in fluidized beds
journal, August 2017

Lu, Liqiang; Morris, Aaron; Li, Tingwen
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 111
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.04.040

Discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional fluidized bed
journal, October 1993

Tsuji, Y.; Kawaguchi, T.; Tanaka, T.
Powder Technology, Vol. 77, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0032-5910(93)85010-7

CFD studies on biomass gasification in a pilot-scale dual fluidized-bed system
journal, July 2016

Liu, Hui; Cattolica, Robert J.; Seiser, Reinhard
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 41, Issue 28
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.205

Biomass steam gasification in bubbling fluidized bed for higher-H2 syngas: CFD simulation with coarse grain model
journal, March 2019

Qi, Tian; Lei, Tingzhou; Yan, Beibei
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.146

Open-source MFIX-DEM software for gas-solids flows: Part II — Validation studies
journal, April 2012

Li, Tingwen; Garg, Rahul; Galvin, Janine
Powder Technology, Vol. 220
DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.09.020

A grid-independent EMMS/bubbling drag model for bubbling and turbulent fluidization
journal, October 2017

Luo, Hao; Lu, Bona; Zhang, Jingyuan
Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 326
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.145

EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows
journal, December 2014

Lu, Liqiang; Xu, Ji; Ge, Wei
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 120
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.004

Predictive single-step kinetic model of biomass devolatilization for CFD applications: A comparison study of empirical correlations (EC), artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF)
journal, June 2019

Xing, Jiangkuan; Wang, Haiou; Luo, Kun
Renewable Energy, Vol. 136
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.088

Development of a generalized numerical framework for simulating biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors
journal, August 2013

Xiong, Qingang; Kong, Song-Charng; Passalacqua, Alberto
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 99
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.06.017

An EMMS-based multi-fluid model (EFM) for heterogeneous gas–solid riser flows: Part I. Formulation of structure-dependent conservation equations
journal, June 2012

Hong, Kun; Wang, Wei; Zhou, Quan
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 75
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.03.022

CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors: Modelling the impact of biomass shrinkage
journal, July 2009

Papadikis, K.; Gu, S.; Bridgwater, A. V.
Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 149, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.036

Modeling effects of interphase transport coefficients on biomass pyrolysis in fluidized beds
journal, August 2014

Xiong, Qingang; Kong, Song-Charng
Powder Technology, Vol. 262
DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.062

Numerical investigation and comparison of coarse grain CFD – DEM and TFM in the case of a 1 MW th fluidized bed carbonator simulation
journal, May 2017

Nikolopoulos, A.; Stroh, A.; Zeneli, M.
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 163
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.01.052

Major trends and roadblocks in CFD-aided process intensification of biomass pyrolysis
journal, May 2018

Xiong, Qingang; Xu, Fei; Pan, Yaoyu
Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, Vol. 127
DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2018.04.005

Analyzing the fluidization of a gas-sand-biomass mixture using CFD techniques
journal, July 2017

Sant'Anna, Mikele Cândida Sousa; Cruz, Wenna Raissa dos Santos; Silva, Gabriel Francisco da
Powder Technology, Vol. 316
DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.023

Coarse-Grained-Particle Method for Simulation of Liquid–Solids Reacting Flows
journal, September 2016

Lu, Liqiang; Yoo, Kisoo; Benyahia, Sofiane
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 55, Issue 39
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02688

Sand-assisted fluidization of large cylindrical and spherical biomass particles: Experiments and simulation
journal, April 2015

Fotovat, Farzam; Ansart, Renaud; Hemati, Mehrdji
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 126
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.12.022

Verification and validation of a coarse grain model of the DEM in a bubbling fluidized bed
journal, May 2014

Sakai, Mikio; Abe, Minami; Shigeto, Yusuke
Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 244
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.029

Modeling the Multiphase Flow in Hydrocyclones Using the Coarse-Grained Volume of Fluid—Discrete Element Method and Mixture-Discrete Element Method Approaches
journal, June 2018

Ji, Li; Chu, Kaiwei; Kuang, Shibo
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 57, Issue 29
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01699

Simulation of Heterogeneous Structure in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Riser by Combining the Two-Fluid Model with the EMMS Approach
journal, September 2004

Yang, Ning; Wang, Wei; Ge, Wei
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1021/ie049773c

An effective three-marker drag model via sub-grid modeling for turbulent fluidization
journal, December 2018

Zhu, Li-Tao; Liu, Yuan-Xing; Luo, Zheng-Hong
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 192
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.08.026

Detailed CFD modelling of fast pyrolysis of different biomass types in fluidized bed reactors
journal, April 2018

Eri, Qitai; Wang, Baolu; Peng, Jing
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 96, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23180

Computational Fluid Dynamics/Discrete Element Method Investigation on the Biomass Fast Pyrolysis: The Influences of Shrinkage Patterns and Operating Parameters
journal, December 2018

Hu, Chenshu; Luo, Kun; Wang, Shuai
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 58, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05279

CFD and experimental studies on a circulating fluidised bed reactor for biomass gasification
journal, August 2018

Yu, Xi; Blanco, Paula H.; Makkawi, Yassir
Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, Vol. 130
DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2018.06.018

A rational approach to drag prediction of spherical and nonspherical particles
journal, November 1993

Ganser, Gary H.
Powder Technology, Vol. 77, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0032-5910(93)80051-B

Influences of operating parameters on the fluidized bed coal gasification process: A coarse-grained CFD-DEM study
journal, February 2019

Hu, Chenshu; Luo, Kun; Wang, Shuai
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 195
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.015

Fluidization of biomass particles: A review of experimental multiphase flow aspects
journal, January 2007

Cui, Heping; Grace, John R.
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 62, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.08.006

CFD–DEM simulation of biomass gasification with steam in a fluidized bed reactor
journal, January 2015

Ku, Xiaoke; Li, Tian; Løvås, Terese
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 122
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.045

Using stereo XPTV to determine cylindrical particle distribution and velocity in a binary fluidized bed
journal, December 2018

Chen, Xi; Zhong, Wenqi; Heindel, Theodore J.
AIChE Journal
DOI: 10.1002/aic.16485

Computational Models For Polydisperse Particulate And Multiphase Systems
interactiveresource, January 2017

Fox, R. O.
Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1323612

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Experimental and numerical investigation of sands and Geldart A biomass co-fluidization

Journal Article Lu, Liqiang ; Yu, Jia ; Gao, Xi ; ... - AIChE Journal

This study investigated the fluidization of sands and small Geldart A biomass mixtures. The mixture fluidized like Geldart A type particles with a uniform bed expansion regime before bubbling. The video recorded color distance between pure sands and sands–biomass mixtures was used to estimate the sands–biomass mixing. The coarse-grained computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method with a hybrid drag model which couples the Syamlal–O'Brien drag and a filtered drag can capture the mixing while the simulation with Gidaspow drag predicted a segregated bed. The simulations were further validated with experimental measured pressure drops. The time averaged pressure drop equals the weightmore »« less
Cited by 18
https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16969

Full Text Available
Assessment of different coarse graining strategies to simulate polydisperse gas-solids flow

Journal Article Lu, Liqiang ; Xu, Yupeng ; Li, Tingwen ; ... - Chemical Engineering Science

Continuum methods require the additional development of solids stress closures for polydisperse powders based on complex kinetic theories that are non-trivial to develop, code, and numerically converge for the wide range of fluidization regimes from very dilute to dense/frictional flow limit. On the other hand, it is straightforward to model the flow of polydisperse granular materials by treating particles as discrete rigid bodies that are tracked following simple physical laws of motion. The coarsening of these discrete methods by lumping several particles in a parcel alleviates the significant computational cost associated with these discrete methods while introducing some inaccuracies inmore »« less
Cited by 35
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2018.01.003

Full Text Available
The pyrolysis of oil sands in a fluidized bed at reduced pressure

Miscellaneous Fletcher, J V

A fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor system was designed, constructed, and tested at reactor pressures less than atmospheric using mined and crushed oil sands from the Whiterocks deposit of Utah. A 6.0 inch ID fluidized bed reactor was fed oil sand of 7% bitumen saturation on a continuous basis while maintaining a bed height of approximately 12 inches. Spent sand was withdrawn using a modified nonmechanical L valve. The characteristics of bed pressure drop, [Delta]P[sub B], versus superficial gas velocity, U, were determined during fluidization and defluidization of spent sand using laboratory air. A proposed method for interpreting the minimum fluidizationmore »« less
Experiment and computational fluid dynamics investigation of biochar elutriation in fluidized bed

Journal Article Lu, Liqiang ; Li, Cheng ; Rowan, Steven ; ... - AIChE Journal

Here, in fluidized bed biomass fast pyrolysis, the biomass is converted to biochar and elutriated. The elutriation rate is a key parameter in reactor designs and operations. This research presents a video-based continuous measurement of biochar elutriation rate in a fluidized bed with sands and biomass as bed materials. The fluidized bed is simulated with the Computational Fluid Dynamics - Coarse-Grained Discrete Element Method (CFD-CGDEM) in MFiX. The fluidization behavior of non-spherical sands can be more accurately captured when a rolling friction model is used. The predicted elutriation rate is close to the experimental measurement when the particle size distributionsmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.17506

Full Text Available
Extension of a coarse grained particle method to simulate heat transfer in fluidized beds

Journal Article Lu, Liqiang ; Morris, Aaron ; Li, Tingwen ; ... - International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

The heat transfer in a gas-solids fluidized bed is simulated with computational fluid dynamic-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) and coarse grained particle method (CGPM). In CGPM fewer numerical particles and their collisions are tracked by lumping several real particles into a computational parcel. Here, the assumption is that the real particles inside a coarse grained particle (CGP) are made from same species and share identical physical properties including density, diameter and temperature. The parcel-fluid convection term in CGPM is calculated using the same method as in DEM. For all other heat transfer mechanisms, we derive in this study mathematical expressions thatmore »« less
Cited by 72
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.04.040

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Coarse grained computational fluid dynamic simulation of sands and biomass fluidization with a hybrid drag

Abstract

Citation Formats

Open-source MFIX-DEM software for gas–solids flows: Part I—Verification studies journal, April 2012

Validation Studies on Filtered Model Equations for Gas-Particle Flows in Risers journal, July 2011

Development and validation of an enhanced filtered drag model for simulating gas-solid fluidization of Geldart A particles in all flow regimes journal, July 2018

Variation of Geldart classification in MFM simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis considering the decrease of particle density and diameter journal, May 2019

Distribution of large biomass particles in a sand-biomass fluidized bed: Experiments and modeling journal, January 2014

A CFD model for biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors journal, June 2011

Numerical simulation of the gas-solid flow in a fluidized bed by combining discrete particle method with computational fluid dynamics journal, August 1997

An overview of Eulerian CFD modeling and simulation of non-spherical biomass particles journal, October 2019

Integrated Particle- and Reactor-Scale Simulation of Pine Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed journal, September 2018

Extension of a coarse grained particle method to simulate heat transfer in fluidized beds journal, August 2017

Discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional fluidized bed journal, October 1993

CFD studies on biomass gasification in a pilot-scale dual fluidized-bed system journal, July 2016

Biomass steam gasification in bubbling fluidized bed for higher-H2 syngas: CFD simulation with coarse grain model journal, March 2019

Open-source MFIX-DEM software for gas-solids flows: Part II — Validation studies journal, April 2012

A grid-independent EMMS/bubbling drag model for bubbling and turbulent fluidization journal, October 2017

EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows journal, December 2014

Predictive single-step kinetic model of biomass devolatilization for CFD applications: A comparison study of empirical correlations (EC), artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF) journal, June 2019

Development of a generalized numerical framework for simulating biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors journal, August 2013

An EMMS-based multi-fluid model (EFM) for heterogeneous gas–solid riser flows: Part I. Formulation of structure-dependent conservation equations journal, June 2012

CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors: Modelling the impact of biomass shrinkage journal, July 2009

Modeling effects of interphase transport coefficients on biomass pyrolysis in fluidized beds journal, August 2014

Numerical investigation and comparison of coarse grain CFD – DEM and TFM in the case of a 1 MW th fluidized bed carbonator simulation journal, May 2017

Major trends and roadblocks in CFD-aided process intensification of biomass pyrolysis journal, May 2018

Analyzing the fluidization of a gas-sand-biomass mixture using CFD techniques journal, July 2017

Coarse-Grained-Particle Method for Simulation of Liquid–Solids Reacting Flows journal, September 2016

Sand-assisted fluidization of large cylindrical and spherical biomass particles: Experiments and simulation journal, April 2015

Verification and validation of a coarse grain model of the DEM in a bubbling fluidized bed journal, May 2014

Modeling the Multiphase Flow in Hydrocyclones Using the Coarse-Grained Volume of Fluid—Discrete Element Method and Mixture-Discrete Element Method Approaches journal, June 2018

Simulation of Heterogeneous Structure in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Riser by Combining the Two-Fluid Model with the EMMS Approach journal, September 2004

An effective three-marker drag model via sub-grid modeling for turbulent fluidization journal, December 2018

Detailed CFD modelling of fast pyrolysis of different biomass types in fluidized bed reactors journal, April 2018

Computational Fluid Dynamics/Discrete Element Method Investigation on the Biomass Fast Pyrolysis: The Influences of Shrinkage Patterns and Operating Parameters journal, December 2018

CFD and experimental studies on a circulating fluidised bed reactor for biomass gasification journal, August 2018

A rational approach to drag prediction of spherical and nonspherical particles journal, November 1993

Influences of operating parameters on the fluidized bed coal gasification process: A coarse-grained CFD-DEM study journal, February 2019

Fluidization of biomass particles: A review of experimental multiphase flow aspects journal, January 2007

CFD–DEM simulation of biomass gasification with steam in a fluidized bed reactor journal, January 2015

Using stereo XPTV to determine cylindrical particle distribution and velocity in a binary fluidized bed journal, December 2018

Computational Models For Polydisperse Particulate And Multiphase Systems interactiveresource, January 2017

Open-source MFIX-DEM software for gas–solids flows: Part I—Verification studies
journal, April 2012

Validation Studies on Filtered Model Equations for Gas-Particle Flows in Risers
journal, July 2011

Development and validation of an enhanced filtered drag model for simulating gas-solid fluidization of Geldart A particles in all flow regimes
journal, July 2018

Variation of Geldart classification in MFM simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis considering the decrease of particle density and diameter
journal, May 2019

Distribution of large biomass particles in a sand-biomass fluidized bed: Experiments and modeling
journal, January 2014

A CFD model for biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors
journal, June 2011

Numerical simulation of the gas-solid flow in a fluidized bed by combining discrete particle method with computational fluid dynamics
journal, August 1997

An overview of Eulerian CFD modeling and simulation of non-spherical biomass particles
journal, October 2019

Integrated Particle- and Reactor-Scale Simulation of Pine Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed
journal, September 2018

Extension of a coarse grained particle method to simulate heat transfer in fluidized beds
journal, August 2017

Discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional fluidized bed
journal, October 1993

CFD studies on biomass gasification in a pilot-scale dual fluidized-bed system
journal, July 2016

Biomass steam gasification in bubbling fluidized bed for higher-H2 syngas: CFD simulation with coarse grain model
journal, March 2019

Open-source MFIX-DEM software for gas-solids flows: Part II — Validation studies
journal, April 2012

A grid-independent EMMS/bubbling drag model for bubbling and turbulent fluidization
journal, October 2017

EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows
journal, December 2014

Predictive single-step kinetic model of biomass devolatilization for CFD applications: A comparison study of empirical correlations (EC), artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF)
journal, June 2019

Development of a generalized numerical framework for simulating biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors
journal, August 2013

An EMMS-based multi-fluid model (EFM) for heterogeneous gas–solid riser flows: Part I. Formulation of structure-dependent conservation equations
journal, June 2012

CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors: Modelling the impact of biomass shrinkage
journal, July 2009

Modeling effects of interphase transport coefficients on biomass pyrolysis in fluidized beds
journal, August 2014

Numerical investigation and comparison of coarse grain CFD – DEM and TFM in the case of a 1 MW th fluidized bed carbonator simulation
journal, May 2017

Major trends and roadblocks in CFD-aided process intensification of biomass pyrolysis
journal, May 2018

Analyzing the fluidization of a gas-sand-biomass mixture using CFD techniques
journal, July 2017

Coarse-Grained-Particle Method for Simulation of Liquid–Solids Reacting Flows
journal, September 2016

Sand-assisted fluidization of large cylindrical and spherical biomass particles: Experiments and simulation
journal, April 2015

Verification and validation of a coarse grain model of the DEM in a bubbling fluidized bed
journal, May 2014

Modeling the Multiphase Flow in Hydrocyclones Using the Coarse-Grained Volume of Fluid—Discrete Element Method and Mixture-Discrete Element Method Approaches
journal, June 2018

Simulation of Heterogeneous Structure in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Riser by Combining the Two-Fluid Model with the EMMS Approach
journal, September 2004

An effective three-marker drag model via sub-grid modeling for turbulent fluidization
journal, December 2018

Detailed CFD modelling of fast pyrolysis of different biomass types in fluidized bed reactors
journal, April 2018

Computational Fluid Dynamics/Discrete Element Method Investigation on the Biomass Fast Pyrolysis: The Influences of Shrinkage Patterns and Operating Parameters
journal, December 2018

CFD and experimental studies on a circulating fluidised bed reactor for biomass gasification
journal, August 2018

A rational approach to drag prediction of spherical and nonspherical particles
journal, November 1993

Influences of operating parameters on the fluidized bed coal gasification process: A coarse-grained CFD-DEM study
journal, February 2019

Fluidization of biomass particles: A review of experimental multiphase flow aspects
journal, January 2007

CFD–DEM simulation of biomass gasification with steam in a fluidized bed reactor
journal, January 2015

Using stereo XPTV to determine cylindrical particle distribution and velocity in a binary fluidized bed
journal, December 2018

Computational Models For Polydisperse Particulate And Multiphase Systems
interactiveresource, January 2017