Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor

Arute, Frank; Arya, Kunal; Babbush, Ryan; Bacon, Dave; Bardin, Joseph C.; Barends, Rami; Biswas, Rupak; Boixo, Sergio; Brandao, Fernando G.  S.  L.; Buell, David A.; Burkett, Brian; Chen, Yu; Chen, Zijun; Chiaro, Ben; Collins, Roberto; Courtney, William; Dunsworth, Andrew; Farhi, Edward; Foxen, Brooks; Fowler, Austin; Gidney, Craig; Giustina, Marissa; Graff, Rob; Guerin, Keith; Habegger, Steve; Harrigan, Matthew P.; Hartmann, Michael J.; Ho, Alan; Hoffmann, Markus; Huang, Trent; Humble, Travis S.; Isakov, Sergei V.; Jeffrey, Evan; Jiang, Zhang; Kafri, Dvir; Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn; Kelly, Julian; Klimov, Paul V.; Knysh, Sergey; Korotkov, Alexander; Kostritsa, Fedor; Landhuis, David; Lindmark, Mike; Lucero, Erik; Liakh, Dmitry; Mandrà, Salvatore; McClean, Jarrod R.; McEwen, Matthew; Megrant, Anthony; Mi, Xiao; Michielsen, Kristel; Mohseni, Masoud; Mutus, Josh; Naaman, Ofer; Neeley, Matthew; Neill, Charles; Niu, Murphy Yuezhen; Ostby, Eric; Petukhov, Andre; Platt, John C.; Quintana, Chris; Rieffel, Eleanor G.; Roushan, Pedram; Rubin, Nicholas C.; Sank, Daniel; Satzinger, Kevin J.; Smelyanskiy, Vadim; Sung, Kevin J.; Trevithick, Matthew D.; Vainsencher, Amit; Villalonga, Benjamin; White, Theodore; Yao, Z. Jamie; Yeh, Ping; Zalcman, Adam; Neven, Hartmut; Martinis, John M.

doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5

Title: Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor

Journal Article · 23 October 2019 · Nature (London)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5 · OSTI ID:1607005

Arute, Frank; Arya, Kunal; Babbush, Ryan; Bacon, Dave; Bardin, Joseph C.; Barends, Rami; Biswas, Rupak; Boixo, Sergio; Brandao, Fernando G. S. L.; Buell, David A.; Burkett, Brian; Chen, Yu; Chen, Zijun; Chiaro, Ben; Collins, Roberto; Courtney, William; Dunsworth, Andrew; Farhi, Edward; Foxen, Brooks; Fowler, Austin more »

The promise of quantum computers is that certain computational tasks might be executed exponentially faster on a quantum processor than on a classical processor. A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space. Here we report the use of a processor with programmable superconducting qubits to create quantum states on 53 qubits, corresponding to a computational state-space of dimension 2⁵³ (about 10¹⁶). Measurements from repeated experiments sample the resulting probability distribution, which we verify using classical simulations. Our Sycamore processor takes about 200 seconds to sample one instance of a quantum circuit a million times—our benchmarks currently indicate that the equivalent task for a state-of-the-art classical supercomputer would take approximately 10,000 years. Finally, this dramatic increase in speed compared to all known classical algorithms is an experimental realization of quantum supremacy for this specific computational task, heralding a much-anticipated computing paradigm.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) (SC-21)

Contributing Organization:: Google AI Quantum and Collaborators

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1607005

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Journal Name: Nature (London) Journal Issue: 7779 Vol. 574; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum Internet Gyongyosi, Laszlo; Imre, Sandor Quantum Information Processing, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-020-2605-y	journal	February 2020
Will recent advances in AI result in a paradigm shift in Astrobiology and SETI? Gale, Joe; Wandel, Amri; Hill, Hugh International Journal of Astrobiology, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1473550419000260	journal	December 2019
Hello quantum world! Google publishes landmark quantum supremacy claim Gibney, Elizabeth Nature, Vol. 574, Issue 7779 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03213-z	journal	October 2019
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Training deep quantum neural networks Beer, Kerstin; Bondarenko, Dmytro; Farrelly, Terry Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14454-2	journal	February 2020
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Quantum inverse iteration algorithm for programmable quantum simulators Kyriienko, Oleksandr npj Quantum Information, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0239-7	journal	January 2020
Cooling with imaginary time Love, Peter J. Nature Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0709-z	journal	November 2019
Variational quantum unsampling on a quantum photonic processor Carolan, Jacques; Mohseni, Masoud; Olson, Jonathan P. Nature Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0747-6	journal	January 2020
Quantum information processing and quantum optics with circuit quantum electrodynamics Blais, Alexandre; Girvin, Steven M.; Oliver, William D. Nature Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0806-z	journal	March 2020
From cavity to circuit quantum electrodynamics Haroche, S.; Brune, M.; Raimond, J. M. Nature Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0812-1	journal	March 2020
Quantum Josephson junction circuits and the dawn of artificial atoms Martinis, John M.; Devoret, Michel H.; Clarke, John Nature Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0829-5	journal	March 2020
Optimizing High-Efficiency Quantum Memory with Quantum Machine Learning for Near-Term Quantum Devices Gyongyosi, Laszlo; Imre, Sandor Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56689-0	journal	January 2020
Quantum random number generators with entanglement for public randomness testing Jacak, Janusz E.; Jacak, Witold A.; Donderowicz, Wojciech A. Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56706-2	journal	January 2020
Theory of Noise-Scaled Stability Bounds and Entanglement Rate Maximization in the Quantum Internet Gyongyosi, Laszlo; Imre, Sandor Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58200-6	journal	February 2020
Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes XXIV electronic and spin structures of FeMoco and Fe-S clusters by classical and quantum computing Miyagawa, Koichi; Shoji, Mitsuo; Isobe, Hiroshi Molecular Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 21-22 https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2020.1760388	journal	May 2020
Continuous-variable quantum computing in the quantum optical frequency comb Pfister, Olivier Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ab526f	journal	January 2019
QuCAT: quantum circuit analyzer tool in Python Gely, Mario F.; Steele, Gary A. New Journal of Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab60f6	journal	January 2020
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Isolated vertices in continuous-time quantum walks on dynamic graphs Wong, Thomas G. Physical Review A, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.100.062325	journal	December 2019
Dissipative generation of steady-state squeezing of superconducting resonators via parametric driving Xie, Ji-kun; Ma, Sheng-li; Ren, Ya-long Physical Review A, Vol. 101, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.101.012348	journal	January 2020
Digital-analog quantum computation Parra-Rodriguez, Adrian; Lougovski, Pavel; Lamata, Lucas Physical Review A, Vol. 101, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.101.022305	journal	February 2020
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Boson Sampling with 20 Input Photons and a 60-Mode Interferometer in a 1 0 14 -Dimensional Hilbert Space Wang, Hui; Qin, Jian; Ding, Xing Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.250503	journal	December 2019
Quantum computational chemistry McArdle, Sam; Endo, Suguru; Aspuru-Guzik, Alán Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 92, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.92.015003	journal	March 2020
Calculation of a constant Q spectral transform Brown, Judith C. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 89, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.400476	journal	January 1991
‘Quantizing international relations’: The case for quantum approaches to international theory and security practice Der Derian, James; Wendt, Alexander Security Dialogue, Vol. 51, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010620901905	journal	February 2020
Multi-qubit phase gate on multiple resonators mediated by a superconducting bus Han, Jin-Xuan; Wu, Jin-Lei; Wang, Yan Optics Express, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.384352	journal	January 2020
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Sensor-as-a-Service: Convergence of Sensor Analytic Point Solutions (SNAPS) and Pay-A-Penny-Per-Use (PAPPU) Paradigm as a Catalyst for Democratization of Healthcare in Underserved Communities Morgan, Victoria; Casso-Hartmann, Lisseth; Bahamon-Pinzon, David Diagnostics, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10010022	journal	January 2020
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Decoding quantum errors with subspace expansions McClean, Jarrod R.; Jiang, Zhang; Rubin, Nicholas C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.05786	text	January 2019
Variational Quantum Unsampling on a Quantum Photonic Processor Carolan, Jacques; Mohseni, Masoud; Olson, Jonathan P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.10463	text	January 2019
Quantum computers as universal quantum simulators: state-of-art and perspectives Tacchino, Francesco; Chiesa, Alessandro; Carretta, Stefano arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.03505	text	January 2019
Modeling and Control of a Reconfigurable Photonic Circuit using Deep Learning Youssry, Akram; Chapman, Robert J.; Peruzzo, Alberto arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.08023	text	January 2019
QuCAT: Quantum Circuit Analyzer Tool in Python Gely, Mario F.; Steele, Gary A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.10342	text	January 2019
Methods for Measuring Magnetic Flux Crosstalk Between Tunable Transmons Abrams, Deanna M.; Didier, Nicolas; Caldwell, Shane A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.11856	text	January 2019
Entanglement Accessibility Measures for the Quantum Internet Gyongyosi, Laszlo; Imre, Sandor arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2003.05239	text	January 2020
Optimizing High-Efficiency Quantum Memory with Quantum Machine Learning for Near-Term Quantum Devices Gyongyosi, Laszlo; Imre, Sandor arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2003.05244	text	January 2020
Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor Martinis, John; Boixo, Sergio; Neven, Hartmut Dryad https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k6t1rj8	dataset	January 2019
Dynamical decoupling of quantum two-level systems by coherent multiple Landau–Zener transitions Matityahu, Shlomi; Schmidt, Hartmut; Bilmes, Alexander Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000117795	text	January 2019
Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes XXIV electronic and spin structures of FeMoco and Fe-S clusters by classical and quantum computing Miyagawa, Koichi; Shoji, Mitsuo; Isobe, Hiroshi Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12349784	text	January 2020

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