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Title: Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment

Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1-2) $$\times$$ $$10^{-12}$$ pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. Here, this paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data.

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL (United States); Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Org.:
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1767431
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1604733; OSTI ID: 1778397; OSTI ID: 1797373; OSTI ID: 1830751; OSTI ID: 1839636; OSTI ID: 1869519
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-833901
Journal ID: ISSN 0927-6505; TRN: US2206364
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231; SC0020216; SC0012704; SC0010010; AC02-07CH11359; SC0012161; SC0014223; FG02-13ER42020; SC0009999; NA0003180; SC0011702; SC0010072; SC0015708; SC0006605; FG02-10ER46709; SC0013542; AC02-76SF00515; SC0018982; SC0019066; AC52-07NA27344; SC0012447; SC0019193; SC0008475
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Astroparticle Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 125; Journal ID: ISSN 0927-6505
Publisher:
Elsevier
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats

Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Bensinger, J., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., Viveiros, L. de, Dobson, J. E.Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G.D., Hall, C. R., Harrison, A., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., López Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St.J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R.C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B.M.R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L.H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P. Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2020.102480.
Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Bensinger, J., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., Viveiros, L. de, Dobson, J. E.Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G.D., Hall, C. R., Harrison, A., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., López Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St.J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R.C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B.M.R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L.H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., & Zarzhitsky, P. Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2020.102480
Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bauer, D., Baxter, A., Bensinger, J., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., Viveiros, L. de, Dobson, J. E.Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G.D., Hall, C. R., Harrison, A., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., López Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St.J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Pease, E. K., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R.C., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B.M.R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L.H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zarzhitsky, P. Tue . "Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2020.102480. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1767431.
@article{osti_1767431,
title = {Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment},
author = {Akerib, D. S. and Akerlof, C. W. and Alqahtani, A. and Alsum, S. K. and Anderson, T. J. and Angelides, N. and Araújo, H. M. and Armstrong, J. E. and Arthurs, M. and Bai, X. and Balajthy, J. and Balashov, S. and Bang, J. and Bauer, D. and Baxter, A. and Bensinger, J. and Bernard, E. P. and Bernstein, A. and Bhatti, A. and Biekert, A. and Biesiadzinski, T. P. and Birch, H. J. and Boast, K. E. and Boxer, B. and Brás, P. and Buckley, J. H. and Bugaev, V. V. and Burdin, S. and Busenitz, J. K. and Cabrita, R. and Carels, C. and Carlsmith, D. L. and Carmona-Benitez, M. C. and Cascella, M. and Chan, C. and Chott, N. I. and Cole, A. and Cottle, A. and Cutter, J. E. and Dahl, C. E. and Viveiros, L. de and Dobson, J. E.Y. and Druszkiewicz, E. and Edberg, T. K. and Eriksen, S. R. and Fan, A. and Fayer, S. and Fiorucci, S. and Flaecher, H. and Fraser, E. D. and Fruth, T. and Gaitskell, R. J. and Genovesi, J. and Ghag, C. and Gibson, E. and Gilchriese, M. G.D. and Gokhale, S. and van der Grinten, M. G.D. and Hall, C. R. and Harrison, A. and Haselschwardt, S. J. and Hertel, S. A. and Hor, J. Y-K. and Horn, M. and Huang, D. Q. and Ignarra, C. M. and Jahangir, O. and Ji, W. and Johnson, J. and Kaboth, A. C. and Kamaha, A. C. and Kamdin, K. and Kazkaz, K. and Khaitan, D. and Khazov, A. and Khurana, I. and Kocher, C. D. and Korley, L. and Korolkova, E. V. and Kras, J. and Kraus, H. and Kravitz, S. and Kreczko, L. and Krikler, B. and Kudryavtsev, V. A. and Leason, E. A. and Lee, J. and Leonard, D. S. and Lesko, K. T. and Levy, C. and Li, J. and Liao, J. and Liao, F. -T. and Lin, J. and Lindote, A. and Linehan, R. and Lippincott, W. H. and Liu, R. and Liu, X. and Loniewski, C. and Lopes, M. I. and López Paredes, B. and Lorenzon, W. and Luitz, S. and Lyle, J. M. and Majewski, P. A. and Manalaysay, A. and Manenti, L. and Mannino, R. L. and Marangou, N. and Marzioni, M. F. and McKinsey, D. N. and McLaughlin, J. and Meng, Y. and Miller, E. H. and Mizrachi, E. and Monte, A. and Monzani, M. E. and Morad, J. A. and Morrison, E. and Mount, B. J. and Murphy, A. St.J. and Naim, D. and Naylor, A. and Nedlik, C. and Nehrkorn, C. and Nelson, H. N. and Neves, F. and Nikoleyczik, J. A. and Nilima, A. and Olcina, I. and Oliver-Mallory, K. C. and Pal, S. and Palladino, K. J. and Palmer, J. and Parveen, N. and Pease, E. K. and Penning, B. and Pereira, G. and Piepke, A. and Pushkin, K. and Reichenbacher, J. and Rhyne, C. A. and Richards, A. and Riffard, Q. and Rischbieter, G. R.C. and Rosero, R. and Rossiter, P. and Rutherford, G. and Santone, D. and Sazzad, A. B.M.R. and Schnee, R. W. and Schubnell, M. and Scovell, P. R. and Seymour, D. and Shaw, S. and Shutt, T. A. and Silk, J. J. and Silva, C. and Smith, R. and Solmaz, M. and Solovov, V. N. and Sorensen, P. and Stancu, I. and Stevens, A. and Stifter, K. and Sumner, T. J. and Swanson, N. and Szydagis, M. and Tan, M. and Taylor, W. C. and Taylor, R. and Temples, D. J. and Terman, P. A. and Tiedt, D. R. and Timalsina, M. and Tomás, A. and Tripathi, M. and Tronstad, D. R. and Turner, W. and Tvrznikova, L. and Utku, U. and Vacheret, A. and Vaitkus, A. and Wang, J. J. and Wang, W. and Watson, J. R. and Webb, R. C. and White, R. G. and Whitis, T. J. and Wolfs, F. L.H. and Woodward, D. and Xiang, X. and Xu, J. and Yeh, M. and Zarzhitsky, P.},
abstractNote = {The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1-2) $\times$ $10^{-12}$ pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. Here, this paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data.},
doi = {10.1016/j.astropartphys.2020.102480},
journal = {Astroparticle Physics},
number = ,
volume = 125,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jun 16 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Tue Jun 16 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}

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journal, February 2017


Beta Spectrum Generator: High precision allowed β spectrum shapes
journal, July 2019


Two distinct components of the delayed single electron noise in liquid xenon emission detectors
journal, February 2018


Evaluated nuclear structure data file
journal, February 1996

  • Tuli, J. K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 369, Issue 2-3
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Let dependence of scintillation yields in liquid argon
journal, June 1988

  • Doke, Tadayoshi; Crawford, Henry J.; Hitachi, Akira
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 269, Issue 1
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Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches
journal, November 2017


3D modeling of electric fields in the LUX detector
journal, November 2017


Enhancement of NEST capabilities for simulating low-energy recoils in liquid xenon
journal, October 2013


Improved Limits on Scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles from Reanalysis of 2013 LUX Data
journal, April 2016


Liquid xenon scintillation measurements and pulse shape discrimination in the LUX dark matter detector
journal, June 2018


A three-dimensional code for muon propagation through the rock: MUSIC
journal, October 1997


Solar models and solar neutrino oscillations
journal, January 2004


Measurement of the scintillation yield of low-energy electrons in liquid xenon
journal, December 2012


Measurement of the Gd 157 ( n , γ ) reaction with the DANCE γ calorimeter array
journal, July 2011


Response of photomultiplier tubes to xenon scintillation light
journal, November 2018


Multiple muons in the Homestake underground detector
journal, April 1983


Simulation of γ cascades in complex nuclei with emphasis on assessment of uncertainties of cascade-related quantities
journal, November 1998

  • Bečvář, F.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 417, Issue 2-3
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Phase-space factors for double- β decay
journal, March 2012


Geant4—a simulation toolkit
journal, July 2003

  • Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8

Position reconstruction in LUX
journal, February 2018


Modeling pulse characteristics in Xenon with NEST
journal, April 2014


Event generator DECAY4 for simulating double-beta processes and decays of radioactive nuclei
journal, July 2000

  • Ponkratenko, O. A.; Tretyak, V. I.; Zdesenko, Yu. G.
  • Physics of Atomic Nuclei, Vol. 63, Issue 7
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Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment
journal, March 2020