Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate

Kim, Doohyun; Westbrook, Charles K.; Violi, Angela

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.019

Title: Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate

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Abstract

Current approaches to improve the efficiency of Spark-Ignition (SI) gasoline engines have been focusing on turbocharging, increasing the compression ratio, and pursuing advanced low-temperature combustion concepts. In order to maximize these strategies, it is important to optimize the knock resistance of the fuel, and therefore knowledge of the sensitivity of the ignition process under a wide range of engine operating conditions is required. Octane sensitivity (OS), which is defined as the difference between Research Octane Number (RON) and Motored Octane Number (MON), has been introduced to represent how fuel's ignition reactivity changes relative to the primary reference fuels (n-heptane/iso-octane) within RON/MON conditions. Previous works have indicated that OS is intimately related to low temperature reactivity of the fuel, which can be revealed as two-stage heat release characteristics during an ignition event. Prompted by these findings, in this paper, we investigate the relationship between two-stage ignition behavior and OS, using chemical kinetic simulations of 24 Toluene Reference Fuels (TRFs)/ethanol blends. TRFs are ternary mixtures of n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene, which is capable of capturing aromatic content and positive values of OS of real gasoline fuels. Simulation results show that fuels with weak or no two-stage ignition behavior tend to have high OS, due tomore »« less

Authors:

Kim, Doohyun ^[1]; Westbrook, Charles K. ^[2]; Violi, Angela ^[3]

Hongik Univ., Seoul (Korea)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)

Publication Date:: 2019-08-28

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)

OSTI Identifier:: 1604291

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1559102

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-788550
Journal ID: ISSN 0010-2180; 986553

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; W911NF-14-1-0359

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Combustion and Flame

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 210; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0010-2180

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; 30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION; octane sensitivity; two-stage ignition; knocking; toluene reference fuel

Citation Formats


                    Kim, Doohyun, Westbrook, Charles K., and Violi, Angela. Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.019.

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                    Kim, Doohyun, Westbrook, Charles K., & Violi, Angela. Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.019

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                    Kim, Doohyun, Westbrook, Charles K., and Violi, Angela. Wed .  
"Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.019.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1604291.

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@article{osti_1604291,

  title        = {Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate},

  author       = {Kim, Doohyun and Westbrook, Charles K. and Violi, Angela},

  abstractNote = {Current approaches to improve the efficiency of Spark-Ignition (SI) gasoline engines have been focusing on turbocharging, increasing the compression ratio, and pursuing advanced low-temperature combustion concepts. In order to maximize these strategies, it is important to optimize the knock resistance of the fuel, and therefore knowledge of the sensitivity of the ignition process under a wide range of engine operating conditions is required. Octane sensitivity (OS), which is defined as the difference between Research Octane Number (RON) and Motored Octane Number (MON), has been introduced to represent how fuel's ignition reactivity changes relative to the primary reference fuels (n-heptane/iso-octane) within RON/MON conditions. Previous works have indicated that OS is intimately related to low temperature reactivity of the fuel, which can be revealed as two-stage heat release characteristics during an ignition event. Prompted by these findings, in this paper, we investigate the relationship between two-stage ignition behavior and OS, using chemical kinetic simulations of 24 Toluene Reference Fuels (TRFs)/ethanol blends. TRFs are ternary mixtures of n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene, which is capable of capturing aromatic content and positive values of OS of real gasoline fuels. Simulation results show that fuels with weak or no two-stage ignition behavior tend to have high OS, due to their lack of Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) effect and high sensitivity in ignition delay time. Leveraging such observations, we develop a correlation between two-stage behavior and OS as an OS prediction method. Two metrics that represent the strength of the two-stage ignition behavior are proposed and used as OS predictors, which are Low Temperature Heat Release percentage (LTHR%) and Heat Release Rate at the end of first stage (HRRinf) calculated from a simple kinetic simulation. Regression analysis shows a clear trend between decreases in the proposed two-stage behavior metrics and increases in the value of OS of the fuel. We also test the new metric (LTHR%) using simulation results of 0-D reactors with imposed pressure time histories obtained from engine experiments, as well as using different TRF kinetic mechanisms. Here, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the metric as a representation of the two-stage ignition behavior in practical combustion systems, highlighting the importance of the proposed relationship, and its potential as a simple and effective OS predictor.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.019},

  journal      = {Combustion and Flame},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 210,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {8}

}

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