Simulated wind farm wake sensitivity to configuration choices in the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.8.1

Tomaszewski, Jessica M.; Lundquist, Julie K.

doi:10.5194/gmd-13-2645-2020

Title: Simulated wind farm wake sensitivity to configuration choices in the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.8.1

Journal Article · 16 June 2020 · Geoscientific Model Development (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2645-2020 · OSTI ID:1602690

^[1];

^[2]

Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Wakes from wind farms can extend over 50 km downwind in stably stratified conditions. These wakes can undermine power production at downwind turbines, adversely impacting revenue. As such, wind farm wake impacts must be considered in wind resource assessments, especially in regions of dense wind farm development. The open-source Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather prediction model includes a wind farm parameterization to estimate wind farm wake effects, but model configuration choices can influence the resulting predictions of wind farm wakes. These choices include vertical resolution, horizontal resolution, and whether or not to include the addition of turbulent kinetic energy generated by the rotating wind turbines. Despite the sensitivity to model configuration, no clear guidance currently exists for these options. Here we compare simulated wind farm wakes produced by varying model configurations with meteorological observations near a land-based wind farm in flat terrain over several diurnal cycles. A WRF configuration comprised of horizontal resolutions of 3 km or 1 km paired with a vertical resolution of 10 m provides the most accurate representation of wind farm wake effects, such as the correct surface warming and elevated wind speed deficit. The inclusion of turbine-generated turbulence is also critical to produce accurate surface warming and should not be omitted.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: NREL Alliance Partner University Program (APUP); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Wind Energy Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; 1144083; ACI1053575; AGS-1554055

OSTI ID:: 1602690

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5000-75274; MainId:17201; UUID:6d6bd7f4-6ef6-e911-9c29-ac162d87dfe5; MainAdminID:5679

Journal Information:: Geoscientific Model Development (Online), Vol. 13, Issue 6; ISSN 1991-9603

Publisher:: European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (88)

Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model Ek, M. B.; Mitchell, K. E.; Lin, Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 108, Issue D22 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003296	journal	November 2003
Performance of the Wind Farm Parameterization Scheme Coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model under Multiple Resolution Regimes for Simulating an Onshore Wind Farm Mangara, Rajabu J.; Guo, Zhenhai; Li, Shuanglin Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8028-3	journal	December 2018
Notes on using the mesoscale wind farm parameterization of Fitch et al. (2012) in WRF : Notes on using the mesoscale wind farm parameterization of Fitch Fitch, Anna C. Wind Energy, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1945	journal	November 2015
Incorporation of the Rotor-Equivalent Wind Speed into the Weather Research and Forecasting Model’s Wind Farm Parameterization Redfern, Stephanie; Olson, Joseph B.; Lundquist, Julie K. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 147, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0194.1	journal	March 2019
The Influence of Real-World Wind Turbine Deployments on Local to Mesoscale Climate Pryor, S. C.; Barthelmie, R. J.; Shepherd, T. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028114	journal	June 2018
Turbulent kinetic energy over large offshore wind farms observed and simulated by the mesoscale model WRF (3.8.1) Siedersleben, Simon K.; Platis, Andreas; Lundquist, Julie K. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-249-2020	journal	January 2020
Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics Sanderse, B.; Pijl, S. P.; Koren, B. Wind Energy, Vol. 14, Issue 7, p. 799-819 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.458	journal	February 2011
Parabolic RANS solver for low-computational-cost simulations of wind turbine wakes: Parabolic RANS solver for low-computational-cost simulations of wind turbine wakes Iungo, Giacomo Valerio; Santhanagopalan, Vignesh; Ciri, Umberto Wind Energy, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2154	journal	December 2017
Influence of atmospheric stability on wind-turbine wakes: A large-eddy simulation study Abkar, Mahdi; Porté-Agel, Fernando Physics of Fluids, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913695	journal	March 2015
The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate Keith, D. W.; DeCarolis, J. F.; Denkenberger, D. C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406930101	journal	November 2004
Three-dimensional structure of wind turbine wakes as measured by scanning lidar Bodini, Nicola; Zardi, Dino; Lundquist, Julie K. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2881-2017	journal	January 2017
Energy Effectiveness of Arbitrary Arrays of Wind Turbines Lissaman, P. B. S. Journal of Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2514/3.62441	journal	November 1979
Crop Wind Energy Experiment (CWEX): Observations of Surface-Layer, Boundary Layer, and Mesoscale Interactions with a Wind Farm Rajewski, Daniel A.; Takle, Eugene S.; Lundquist, Julie K. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00240.1	journal	May 2013
The effect of wind direction shear on turbine performance in a wind farm in central Iowa Sanchez Gomez, Miguel; Lundquist, Julie K. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-125-2020	journal	January 2020
Local and Mesoscale Impacts of Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Mesoscale NWP Model Fitch, Anna C.; Olson, Joseph B.; Lundquist, Julie K. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 140, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00352.1	journal	September 2012
Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures Baidya Roy, S.; Traiteur, J. J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000493107	journal	October 2010
Two methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation Miller, Lee M.; Brunsell, Nathaniel A.; Mechem, David B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408251112	journal	August 2015
Simulating impacts of real-world wind farms on land surface temperature using the WRF model: physical mechanisms Xia, Geng; Zhou, Liming; Minder, Justin R. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 53, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04725-0	journal	March 2019
Climatic Impacts of Wind Power Miller, Lee M.; Keith, David W. Joule, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.09.009	journal	December 2018
Large eddy simulation study of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers Calaf, Marc; Meneveau, Charles; Meyers, Johan Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3291077	journal	January 2010
Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave Mlawer, Eli J.; Taubman, Steven J.; Brown, Patrick D. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237	journal	July 1997
Reduction of horizontal wind speed in a boundary layer with obstacles Emeis, Stefan; Frandsen, Sten Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 64, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00708968	journal	April 1993
Wind turbine wake models developed at the technical university of Denmark: A review Göçmen, Tuhfe; Laan, Paul van der; Réthoré, Pierre-Elouan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.113	journal	July 2016
Wakes in very large wind farms and the effect of neighbouring wind farms Nygaard, Nicolai Gayle Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 524 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012162	journal	June 2014
Impact of substantial wind farms on the local and regional atmospheric boundary layer: Case study of Zhangbei wind power base in China Wang, Qiang; Luo, Kun; Wu, Chunlei Energy, Vol. 183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.026	journal	September 2019
A simple analytical wind park model considering atmospheric stability Emeis, S. Wind Energy, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.367	journal	December 2009
Costs and consequences of wind turbine wake effects arising from uncoordinated wind energy development Lundquist, J. K.; DuVivier, K. K.; Kaffine, D. Nature Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0281-2	journal	November 2018
Micrometeorological impacts of offshore wind farms as seen in observations and simulations Siedersleben, S. K.; Lundquist, J. K.; Platis, A. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaea0b	journal	November 2018
Simulating effects of a wind-turbine array using LES and RANS: Simulating turbines using LES and RANS Vanderwende, Brian J.; Kosović, Branko; Lundquist, Julie K. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000652	journal	August 2016
Simulating Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers at Gray-Zone Resolutions: How Do Currently Available Turbulence Parameterizations Perform? Doubrawa, Paula; Muñoz-Esparza, Domingo Atmosphere, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040345	journal	March 2020
Wake effects between two neighbouring wind farms Nygaard, Nicolai Gayle; Hansen, Sidse Damgaard Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 753 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032020	journal	September 2016
Evaluation of the wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 3.8.1) with meteorological and turbine power data Lee, Joseph C. Y.; Lundquist, Julie K. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4229-2017	journal	January 2017
Mesoscale Influences of Wind Farms throughout a Diurnal Cycle Fitch, Anna C.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Olson, Joseph B. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 141, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00185.1	journal	July 2013
Convectively Induced Secondary Circulations in Fine-Grid Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Models Ching, J.; Rotunno, R.; LeMone, M. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 142, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00318.1	journal	September 2014
Weather response to a large wind turbine array Barrie, D. B.; Kirk-Davidoff, D. B. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-769-2010	journal	January 2010
The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system Dee, D. P.; Uppala, S. M.; Simmons, A. J. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 137, Issue 656 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828	journal	April 2011
Quantifying the sensitivity of wind farm performance to array layout options using large‐eddy simulation Archer, Cristina L.; Mirzaeisefat, Sina; Lee, Sang Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50911	journal	September 2013
Observing and Simulating Wind-Turbine Wakes During the Evening Transition Lee, Joseph C. Y.; Lundquist, Julie K. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 164, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0257-y	journal	May 2017
Mesoscale modeling of offshore wind turbine wakes at the wind farm resolving scale: a composite-based analysis with the Weather Research and Forecasting model over Horns Rev: Mesoscale modeling at the wind farm resolving scale Jiménez, Pedro A.; Navarro, Jorge; Palomares, Ana M. Wind Energy, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1708	journal	February 2014
Regional climate model simulations indicate limited climatic impacts by operational and planned European wind farms Vautard, Robert; Thais, Françoise; Tobin, Isabelle Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4196	journal	February 2014
Toward understanding the physical link between turbines and microclimate impacts from in situ measurements in a large wind farm: MICROCLIMATE WITH TURBINES ON VERSUS OFF Rajewski, Daniel A.; Takle, Eugene S.; Prueger, John H. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025297	journal	November 2016
First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms Platis, Andreas; Siedersleben, Simon K.; Bange, Jens Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20389-y	journal	February 2018
The making of a second-generation wind farm efficiency model complex Frandsen, Sten T.; Jørgensen, Hans E.; Barthelmie, Rebecca Wind Energy, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.351	journal	July 2009
Large eddy simulation of wind turbine wake dynamics in the stable boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Aitken, Matthew L.; Kosović, Branko; Mirocha, Jeffrey D. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885111	journal	May 2014
Investigation of modified AD/RANS models for wind turbine wake predictions in large wind farm Tian, L. L.; Zhu, W. J.; Shen, W. Z. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 524 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012151	journal	June 2014
Can large wind farms affect local meteorology? Baidya Roy, S. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue D19 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004763	journal	January 2004
Implementation of a generalized actuator line model for wind turbine parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model Marjanovic, Nikola; Mirocha, Jeffrey D.; Kosović, Branko Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4989443	journal	November 2017
A Study of Wind Turbine Wakes in Complex Terrain Through RANS Simulation and SCADA Data Astolfi, Davide; Castellani, Francesco; Terzi, Ludovico Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 140, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4039093	journal	February 2018
Do wind turbines pose roll hazards to light aircraft? Tomaszewski, Jessica M.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Churchfield, Matthew J. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-833-2018	journal	January 2018
A Hybrid Wind-Farm Parametrization for Mesoscale and Climate Models Pan, Yang; Archer, Cristina L. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 168, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0351-9	journal	April 2018
Could Crop Height Affect the Wind Resource at Agriculturally Productive Wind Farm Sites? Vanderwende, Brian; Lundquist, Julie K. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 158, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0102-0	journal	November 2015
Comparison of turbulence models for the computational fluid dynamics simulation of wind turbine wakes in the atmospheric boundary layer: Turbulence models for CFD simulation of wind turbine wakes Cabezón, D.; Migoya, E.; Crespo, A. Wind Energy, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.516	journal	October 2011
Climate Impacts of Large-Scale Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Global Climate Model Fitch, Anna C. Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00245.1	journal	August 2015
The Great Plains Low-Level Jet during PECAN: Observed and Simulated Characteristics Smith, Elizabeth N.; Gebauer, Joshua G.; Klein, Petra M. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 147, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0293.1	journal	May 2019
Observing and Simulating the Summertime Low-Level Jet in Central Iowa Vanderwende, Brian J.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Rhodes, Michael E. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 143, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00325.1	journal	June 2015
A control-oriented dynamic wind farm flow model: “WFSim” Boersma, S.; Gebraad, P. M. O.; Vali, M. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 753 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032005	journal	September 2016
Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature Zhou, Liming; Tian, Yuhong; Baidya Roy, Somnath Nature Climate Change, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1505	journal	April 2012
A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications Skamarock, William C.; Klemp, Joseph B. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 227, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037	journal	March 2008
Numerical simulations of wake characteristics of a wind turbine in uniform inflow Troldborg, Niels; Sorensen, Jens N.; Mikkelsen, Robert Wind Energy, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.345	journal	January 2010
ERA-Interim Project Forecasts, European Centre For Medium-Range Weather UCAR/NCAR - Research Data Archive https://doi.org/10.5065/D6CR5RD9	dataset	January 2009
Wake behind an offshore wind farm observed with dual-Doppler radars Nygaard, Nicolai Gayle; Christian Newcombe, Alexander Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1037 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/7/072008	journal	June 2018
The Convective Boundary Layer in the Terra Incognita Zhou, Bowen; Simon, Jason S.; Chow, Fotini K. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 71, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0356.1	journal	July 2014
A numerical study of the effects of atmospheric and wake turbulence on wind turbine dynamics Churchfield, Matthew J.; Lee, Sang; Michalakes, John Journal of Turbulence, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2012.668191	journal	January 2012
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment Hunter, John D. Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55	journal	January 2007
An Improved Mellor–Yamada Level-3 Model: Its Numerical Stability and Application to a Regional Prediction of Advection Fog Nakanishi, Mikio; Niino, Hiroshi Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 119, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8	journal	March 2006
Numerical Modeling of Wind Turbine Wakes So̸rensen, Jens No̸rkær; Shen, Wen Zhong Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1471361	journal	May 2002
Wind turbine wake aerodynamics Vermeer, L. J.; Sørensen, J. N.; Crespo, A. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 39, Issue 6-7, p. 467-510 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(03)00078-2	journal	August 2003
Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR Christiansen, Merete Bruun; Hasager, Charlotte B. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 98, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.07.009	journal	October 2005
Wake downstream of the Lillgrund wind farm - A Comparison between LES using the actuator disc method and a Wind farm Parametrization in WRF Eriksson, O.; Lindvall, J.; Breton, S-P Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 625 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/625/1/012028	journal	June 2015
A Revised Scheme for the WRF Surface Layer Formulation Jiménez, Pedro A.; Dudhia, Jimy; González-Rouco, J. Fidel Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 140, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00056.1	journal	March 2012
A new wind-farm parameterization for large-scale atmospheric models Abkar, Mahdi; Porté-Agel, Fernando Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907600	journal	January 2015
Evaluation of a Wind Farm Parametrization for Mesoscale Atmospheric Flow Models with Aircraft Measurements [Evaluation of a Wind Farm Parametrization for Mesoscale Atmospheric Flow Models with Aircraft Measurements] Siedersleben, Simon K.; Platis, Andreas; Lundquist, Julie K. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2018/0900	journal	December 2018
Implementation of a generalized actuator disk wind turbine model into the weather research and forecasting model for large-eddy simulation applications Mirocha, J. D.; Kosovic, B.; Aitken, M. L. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861061	journal	January 2014
The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF Volker, P. J. H.; Badger, J.; Hahmann, A. N. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3715-2015	journal	January 2015
In situ observations of the influence of a large onshore wind farm on near-surface temperature, turbulence intensity and wind speed profiles Smith, Craig M.; Barthelmie, R. J.; Pryor, S. C. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034006	journal	July 2013
jessica-tomaszewski/WRF-WFP-sensitivity v1.3 Tomaszewski, Jessica Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3755282	dataset	January 2019
An Improved Mellor–Yamada Level-3 Model: Its Numerical Stability and Application to a Regional Prediction of Advection Fog Nakanishi, Mikio; Niino, Hiroshi Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 119, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8	journal	March 2006
Wind turbine wake models developed at the technical university of Denmark: A review Göçmen, Tuhfe; Laan, Paul van der; Réthoré, Pierre-Elouan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.113	journal	July 2016
Large eddy simulation study of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers Calaf, Marc; Meneveau, Charles; Meyers, Johan Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3291077	journal	January 2010
Influence of atmospheric stability on wind-turbine wakes: A large-eddy simulation study Abkar, Mahdi; Porté-Agel, Fernando Physics of Fluids, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913695	journal	March 2015
Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures Baidya Roy, S.; Traiteur, J. J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000493107	journal	October 2010
Wake downstream of the Lillgrund wind farm - A Comparison between LES using the actuator disc method and a Wind farm Parametrization in WRF Eriksson, O.; Lindvall, J.; Breton, S-P Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 625 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/625/1/012028	journal	June 2015
A control-oriented dynamic wind farm flow model: “WFSim” Boersma, S.; Gebraad, P. M. O.; Vali, M. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 753 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032005	journal	September 2016
Evaluation of the wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 3.8.1) with meteorological and turbine power data Lee, Joseph C. Y.; Lundquist, Julie K. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4229-2017	journal	January 2017
The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF Volker, P. J. H.; Badger, J.; Hahmann, A. N. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3715-2015	journal	January 2015
WRF model sensitivity studies and specifications for the NEWA mesoscale wind atlas production runs Witha, Björn; Hahmann, Andrea; Sile, Tija Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2682604	text	January 2019
First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms Platis, Andreas; Siedersleben, Simon K.; Bange, Jens Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000084004	text	January 2018
Turbulent kinetic energy over large offshore wind farms observed and simulated by the mesoscale model WRF (3.8.1) Siedersleben, Simon K.; Platis, Andreas; Lundquist, Julie K. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000118769	text	January 2020