Kinetic pathways of ionic transport in fast-charging lithium titanate

Zhang, Wei; Seo, Dong-Hwa; Chen, Tina; Wu, Lijun; Topsakal, Mehmet; Zhu, Yimei; Lu, Deyu; Ceder, Gerbrand; Wang, Feng

doi:10.1126/science.aax3520

Title: Kinetic pathways of ionic transport in fast-charging lithium titanate

Journal Article · 26 February 2020 · Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3520 · OSTI ID:1601347

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Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Fast-charging batteries typically use electrodes capable of accommodating lithium continuously by means of solid-solution transformation because they have few kinetic barriers apart from ionic diffusion. One exception is lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂), an anode exhibiting extraordinary rate capability apparently inconsistent with its two-phase reaction and slow Li diffusion in both phases. Through real-time tracking of Li+ migration using operando electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we reveal that facile transport in Li_4+xTi₅O₁₂ is enabled by kinetic pathways comprising distorted Li polyhedra in metastable intermediates along two-phase boundaries. Our work demonstrates that high-rate capability may be enabled by accessing the energy landscape above the ground state, which may have fundamentally different kinetic mechanisms from the ground-state macroscopic phases. This insight should present new opportunities in searching for high-rate electrode materials.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 1601347

Report Number(s):: BNL-213640--2020-JAAM

Journal Information:: Science, Journal Name: Science Journal Issue: 6481 Vol. 367; ISSN 0036-8075

Publisher:: AAASCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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