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Title: An Exo–Kuiper Belt with an Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light

Abstract

We have obtained Hubble Space Telescope STIS and NICMOS and Gemini/GPI scattered-light images of the HD 191089 debris disk. We identify two spatial components: a ring resembling the Kuiper Belt in radial extent (FWHM ~ 25 au, centered at ~46 au) and a halo extending to ~640 au. We find that the halo is significantly bluer than the ring, consistent with the scenario that the ring serves as the "birth ring" for the smaller dust in the halo. We measure the scattering phase functions in the 30°–150° scattering-angle range and find that the halo dust is more forward- and backward-scattering than the ring dust. We measure a surface density power-law index of -0.68 ± 0.04 for the halo, which indicates the slowdown of the radial outward motion of the dust. Using radiative transfer modeling, we attempt to simultaneously reproduce the (visible) total and (near-infrared) polarized intensity images of the birth ring. Our modeling leads to mutually inconsistent results, indicating that more complex models, such as the inclusion of more realistic aggregate particles, are needed.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [3];  [3]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [6]; ORCiD logo [7]; ORCiD logo [8]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [9]; ORCiD logo [10]; ORCiD logo [8]; ORCiD logo [11]; ORCiD logo [12]; ORCiD logo [13]; ORCiD logo [14]; ORCiD logo [15]; ORCiD logo [16] more »; ORCiD logo [17]; ORCiD logo [8];  [18]; ORCiD logo [11]; ORCiD logo [19]; ORCiD logo [20]; ORCiD logo [21];  [8]; ORCiD logo [22];  [3]; ORCiD logo [23]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [24]; ORCiD logo [25];  [26]; ORCiD logo [27]; ORCiD logo [11]; ORCiD logo [28];  [27]; ORCiD logo [29]; ORCiD logo [21]; ORCiD logo [12];  [30]; ORCiD logo [31]; ORCiD logo [12]; ORCiD logo [8];  [32]; ORCiD logo [28]; ORCiD logo [33]; ORCiD logo [34]; ORCiD logo [10];  [35]; ORCiD logo [36];  [10]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [18]; ORCiD logo [23]; ORCiD logo [28];  [8]; ORCiD logo [37]; ORCiD logo [35]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [17]; ORCiD logo [3];  [3]; ORCiD logo [25];  [38];  [12]; ORCiD logo [39]; ORCiD logo [40]; ORCiD logo [41];  [9]; ORCiD logo [42] « less
  1. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  2. Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille (France); California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL)
  3. Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD (United States)
  4. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble (France). CNRS Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique (IPAG)
  5. Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
  6. Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD (United States); Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  7. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). Steward Observatory
  8. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  9. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  10. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  11. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
  12. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL)
  13. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  14. Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)
  15. Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI (United States)
  16. Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States)
  17. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
  18. Univ. of Montreal, QC (Canada)
  19. Amherst College, MA (United States)
  20. Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI (United States)
  21. Univ. of Victoria, BC (Canada); National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  22. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
  23. Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  24. National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO (United States)
  25. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  26. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States). SETI Inst.
  27. Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
  28. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Physics, Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
  29. Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States). SETI Inst.
  30. Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble (France). CNRS Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique (IPAG)
  31. Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
  32. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC (United States)
  33. University of Côte d'Azur, Nice (France)
  34. American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY (United States)
  35. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
  36. Monash Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia). Monash Centre for Astrophysics (MoCA) and School of Physics and Astronomy
  37. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  38. Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille (France)
  39. Amherst College, MA (United States); Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
  40. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  41. Leiden Univ. (Netherlands)
  42. Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD (United States) ; Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
OSTI Identifier:
1597222
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-803460
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; 1007289; TRN: US2103052
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 882; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy; Astrophysics

Citation Formats

Ren, Bin, Choquet, Élodie, Perrin, Marshall D., Duchêne, Gaspard, Debes, John H., Pueyo, Laurent, Rice, Malena, Chen, Christine, Schneider, Glenn, Esposito, Thomas M., Poteet, Charles A., Wang, Jason J., Ammons, S. Mark, Ansdell, Megan, Arriaga, Pauline, Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis, Bruzzone, Juan Sebastián, Bulger, Joanna, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, De Rosa, Robert J., Doyon, Rene, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Goodsell, Stephen J., Gerard, Benjamin L., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hagan, J. Brendan, Hibon, Pascale, Hines, Dean C., Hung, Li-Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Mazoyer, Johan, Ménard, François, Metchev, Stanimir, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Mittal, Tushar, Moerchen, Margaret, Nielsen, Eric L., N’Diaye, Mamadou, Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Pinte, Christophe, Poyneer, Lisa, Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Ryan, Dominic, Savransky, Dmitry, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Rémi, Stark, Christopher, Thomas, Sandrine, Vigan, Arthur, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane, Wolff, Schuyler, Ygouf, Marie, and Norman, Colin. An Exo–Kuiper Belt with an Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3403.
Ren, Bin, Choquet, Élodie, Perrin, Marshall D., Duchêne, Gaspard, Debes, John H., Pueyo, Laurent, Rice, Malena, Chen, Christine, Schneider, Glenn, Esposito, Thomas M., Poteet, Charles A., Wang, Jason J., Ammons, S. Mark, Ansdell, Megan, Arriaga, Pauline, Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis, Bruzzone, Juan Sebastián, Bulger, Joanna, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, De Rosa, Robert J., Doyon, Rene, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Goodsell, Stephen J., Gerard, Benjamin L., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hagan, J. Brendan, Hibon, Pascale, Hines, Dean C., Hung, Li-Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Mazoyer, Johan, Ménard, François, Metchev, Stanimir, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Mittal, Tushar, Moerchen, Margaret, Nielsen, Eric L., N’Diaye, Mamadou, Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Pinte, Christophe, Poyneer, Lisa, Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Ryan, Dominic, Savransky, Dmitry, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Rémi, Stark, Christopher, Thomas, Sandrine, Vigan, Arthur, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane, Wolff, Schuyler, Ygouf, Marie, & Norman, Colin. An Exo–Kuiper Belt with an Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3403
Ren, Bin, Choquet, Élodie, Perrin, Marshall D., Duchêne, Gaspard, Debes, John H., Pueyo, Laurent, Rice, Malena, Chen, Christine, Schneider, Glenn, Esposito, Thomas M., Poteet, Charles A., Wang, Jason J., Ammons, S. Mark, Ansdell, Megan, Arriaga, Pauline, Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis, Bruzzone, Juan Sebastián, Bulger, Joanna, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, De Rosa, Robert J., Doyon, Rene, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Goodsell, Stephen J., Gerard, Benjamin L., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hagan, J. Brendan, Hibon, Pascale, Hines, Dean C., Hung, Li-Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Mazoyer, Johan, Ménard, François, Metchev, Stanimir, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Mittal, Tushar, Moerchen, Margaret, Nielsen, Eric L., N’Diaye, Mamadou, Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Pinte, Christophe, Poyneer, Lisa, Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Ryan, Dominic, Savransky, Dmitry, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Rémi, Stark, Christopher, Thomas, Sandrine, Vigan, Arthur, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane, Wolff, Schuyler, Ygouf, Marie, and Norman, Colin. Sun . "An Exo–Kuiper Belt with an Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3403. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1597222.
@article{osti_1597222,
title = {An Exo–Kuiper Belt with an Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light},
author = {Ren, Bin and Choquet, Élodie and Perrin, Marshall D. and Duchêne, Gaspard and Debes, John H. and Pueyo, Laurent and Rice, Malena and Chen, Christine and Schneider, Glenn and Esposito, Thomas M. and Poteet, Charles A. and Wang, Jason J. and Ammons, S. Mark and Ansdell, Megan and Arriaga, Pauline and Bailey, Vanessa P. and Barman, Travis and Bruzzone, Juan Sebastián and Bulger, Joanna and Chilcote, Jeffrey and Cotten, Tara and De Rosa, Robert J. and Doyon, Rene and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Follette, Katherine B. and Goodsell, Stephen J. and Gerard, Benjamin L. and Graham, James R. and Greenbaum, Alexandra Z. and Hagan, J. Brendan and Hibon, Pascale and Hines, Dean C. and Hung, Li-Wei and Ingraham, Patrick and Kalas, Paul and Konopacky, Quinn and Larkin, James E. and Macintosh, Bruce and Maire, Jérôme and Marchis, Franck and Marois, Christian and Mazoyer, Johan and Ménard, François and Metchev, Stanimir and Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A. and Mittal, Tushar and Moerchen, Margaret and Nielsen, Eric L. and N’Diaye, Mamadou and Oppenheimer, Rebecca and Palmer, David and Patience, Jennifer and Pinte, Christophe and Poyneer, Lisa and Rajan, Abhijith and Rameau, Julien and Rantakyrö, Fredrik T. and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Ryan, Dominic and Savransky, Dmitry and Schneider, Adam C. and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Song, Inseok and Soummer, Rémi and Stark, Christopher and Thomas, Sandrine and Vigan, Arthur and Wallace, J. Kent and Ward-Duong, Kimberly and Wiktorowicz, Sloane and Wolff, Schuyler and Ygouf, Marie and Norman, Colin},
abstractNote = {We have obtained Hubble Space Telescope STIS and NICMOS and Gemini/GPI scattered-light images of the HD 191089 debris disk. We identify two spatial components: a ring resembling the Kuiper Belt in radial extent (FWHM ~ 25 au, centered at ~46 au) and a halo extending to ~640 au. We find that the halo is significantly bluer than the ring, consistent with the scenario that the ring serves as the "birth ring" for the smaller dust in the halo. We measure the scattering phase functions in the 30°–150° scattering-angle range and find that the halo dust is more forward- and backward-scattering than the ring dust. We measure a surface density power-law index of -0.68 ± 0.04 for the halo, which indicates the slowdown of the radial outward motion of the dust. Using radiative transfer modeling, we attempt to simultaneously reproduce the (visible) total and (near-infrared) polarized intensity images of the birth ring. Our modeling leads to mutually inconsistent results, indicating that more complex models, such as the inclusion of more realistic aggregate particles, are needed.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ab3403},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 1,
volume = 882,
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {9}
}

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Resonance Occupation in the Kuiper Belt: Case Examples of the 52 and Trojan Resonances
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Fast-moving features in the debris disk around AU Microscopii
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Shape and clustering effects on the optical properties of amorphous carbon
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Stis Imaging of the hr 4796a Circumstellar Debris ring
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First Scattered-light Images of the Gas-rich Debris Disk around 49 Ceti
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β PICTORIS’ INNER DISK IN POLARIZED LIGHT AND NEW ORBITAL PARAMETERS FOR β PICTORIS b
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Gaia Data Release 2 : Summary of the contents and survey properties
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Optical properties of interstellar graphite and silicate grains
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Nonazimuthal linear polarization in protoplanetary disks
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Do two-temperature debris discs have multiple belts?
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A narrow, edge-on disk resolved around HD 106906 with SPHERE
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Radiation Pressure on Fluffy Submicron-Sized Grains
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Remarks on a Multivariate Transformation
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Collisional model of asteroids and their debris
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Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
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Direct Imaging of an Asymmetric Debris disk in the hd 106906 Planetary System
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First Scattered-Light Image of the Debris disk Around hd 131835 with the Gemini Planet Imager
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On the AU Microscopii debris disk: Density profiles, grain properties, and dust dynamics
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Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen
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emcee : The MCMC Hammer
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20 years of Hubble Space Telescope optical modeling using Tiny Tim
conference, September 2011

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Outer edges of debris discs: How sharp is sharp?
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Constructing a Flexible Likelihood Function for Spectroscopic Inference
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The HIP 79977 debris disk in polarized light
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Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets and Disks Using Projections on Karhunen-LoÈVe Eigenimages
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Discrete-Dipole Approximation For Scattering Calculations
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FIVE DEBRIS DISKS NEWLY REVEALED IN SCATTERED LIGHT FROM THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE NICMOS ARCHIVE
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Vertical structure of debris discs
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Scattering and Absorption of Light by Nonspherical Dielectric Grains
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SONS: The JCMT legacy survey of debris discs in the submillimetre
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A Direct Imaging Survey of Spitzer -detected Debris Disks: Occurrence of Giant Planets in Dusty Systems
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The Effect of Dust Composition and Shape on Radiation-pressure Forces and Blowout Sizes of Particles in Debris Disks
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Optical polarised phase function of the HR 4796A dust ring
journal, June 2019


Archival legacy investigations of circumstellar environments: overview and first results
conference, August 2014

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Observing planet-disk interaction in debris disks
journal, July 2012


Spectral and Photometric Diagnostics of Giant Planet Formation Scenarios
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T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles: A review
journal, May 1996

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The Amsterdam–Granada Light Scattering Database
journal, May 2012

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Post-processing of the HST STIS coronagraphic observations
conference, September 2017

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  • Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VIII
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Resolving faint structures in the debris disk around TWA 7: Tentative detections of an outer belt, a spiral arm, and a dusty cloud
journal, September 2018


Evolution of Debris Disks
journal, September 2008


New disk discovered with VLT/SPHERE around the M star GSC 07396−00759
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Benchmark problems for continuum radiative transfer: High optical depths, anisotropic scattering, and polarisation
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The shape and composition of interstellar silicate grains
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Multiple Spiral Arms in the Disk around Intermediate-mass Binary HD 34700A
journal, February 2019

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The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
journal, February 2006

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Light Scattering by Fractal dust Aggregates. i. Angular Dependence of Scattering
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Revealing Asymmetries in the hd 181327 Debris Disk: a Recent Massive Collision or Interstellar Medium Warping
journal, June 2014

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Resolved imaging of the HD 191089 debris disc: Resolved imaging of the HD 191089 debris disc
journal, September 2010


The 10 $\boldsymbol{\mu}$m amorphous silicate feature of fractal aggregates and compact particles with complex shapes
journal, January 2006


Atomic gas in debris discs
journal, December 2016

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Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VIII: characterization and role of satellite spots
conference, July 2014

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First Scattered-light Images of the Gas-rich Debris Disk around 49 Ceti
text, January 2017

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  • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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The SHARDDS survey: First resolved image of the HD 114082 debris disk in the Lower Centaurus Crux with SPHERE
text, January 2016

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  • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Valence-programmable nanoparticle architectures
journal, May 2020


NICMOS Coronagraphic Observations of the GM Aurigae Circumstellar Disk
journal, March 2003

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Hubble Space Telescope Scattered-light Imaging and Modeling of the Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk ESO-H α 569
journal, December 2017

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A Near-coplanar Stellar Flyby of the Planet Host Star HD 106906
journal, February 2019


Saturn’S g and d Rings Provide Nearly Complete Measured Scattering Phase Functions of Nearby Debris Disks
journal, September 2015


Pushing the limits of the coronagraphic occulters on Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
journal, June 2019

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Gemini planet imager observational calibration XII: photometric calibration in the polarimetry mode
conference, August 2016

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  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
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Analysis of the Herschel DEBRIS Sun-like star sample
journal, December 2017

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The Peculiar Debris disk of hd 111520 as Resolved by the Gemini Planet Imager
journal, July 2016

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SPHERE/SHINE reveals concentric rings in the debris disk of HIP 73145
journal, April 2017


Constraints on Planetesimal Collision Models in Debris Disks
journal, May 2016

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Gemini Planet Imager observational calibrations I: Overview of the GPI data reduction pipeline
conference, July 2014

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  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
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Spiral Arms in Accretion Disk Encounters
journal, August 2003

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Chasing Shadows: Rotation of the Azimuthal Asymmetry in the TW Hya Disk
journal, January 2017

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  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 2
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IMAGING AN 80 au RADIUS DUST RING AROUND THE F5V STAR HD 157587
journal, October 2016

  • Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Wang, Jason J.; Kalas, Paul
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Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
text, January 2018

  • Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.
  • EDP Sciences
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Outer edges of debris discs: how sharp is sharp?
text, January 2008


Vertical structure of debris discs
text, January 2009


Gemini Planet Imager Observational Calibrations VIII: Characterization and Role of Satellite Spots
text, January 2014


New constraints on the dust surrounding HR 4796A
text, January 2014


Planetary chaotic zone clearing: destinations and timescales
text, January 2014


Constructing A Flexible Likelihood Function For Spectroscopic Inference
text, January 2014


Non-azimuthal linear polarization in protoplanetary disks
text, January 2015


Direct imaging of an asymmetric debris disk in the HD 106906 planetary system
preprint, January 2015


First images of debris disks around TWA 7, TWA 25, HD 35650, and HD 377
text, January 2015


Constraints on Planetesimal Collision Models in Debris Disks
text, January 2016


A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
text, January 2016


SPHERE/SHINE reveals concentric rings in the debris disk of HIP 73145
text, January 2016


SONS: The JCMT legacy survey of debris discs in the submillimetre
text, January 2017


All-sky Co-moving Recovery Of Nearby Young Members. (ACRONYM) II: The Beta Pictoris Moving Group
text, January 2017


The HR 4796A Debris System: Discovery of Extensive Exo-Ring Dust Material
text, January 2017


Automated data processing architecture for the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey
text, January 2018


Debris Disks: Structure, Composition, and Variability
text, January 2018


ALICE Data Release: A revaluation of HST-NICMOS coronagraphic images
text, January 2018


A Decade of MWC 758 Disk Images: Where Are the Spiral-Arm-Driving Planets?
text, January 2018


OSSOS. VII. 800+ trans-Neptunian objects - the complete data release
text, January 2018


Outer solar system possibly shaped by a stellar fly-by
text, January 2018


A Near-coplanar Stellar Flyby of the Planet Host Star HD 106906
text, January 2019


Optical polarized phase function of the HR\,4796A dust ring
text, January 2019