Characterizing photon number statistics using conjugate optical homodyne detection
Abstract
We study the problem of determining the photon number statistics of an unknown quantum state using conjugate optical homodyne detection. We quantify the information gain in a single-shot measurement and show that the photon number statistics can be recovered in repeated measurements on an ensemble of identical input states without scanning the phase of the input state or randomizing the phase of the local oscillator used in homodyne detection. We demonstrate how the expectation maximization algorithm and Bayesian inference can be utilized to facilitate the reconstruction and illustrate our approach by conducting experiments to study the photon number distributions of a weak coherent state and a thermal state source.
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Electricity (OE)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1591960
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1607321
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Optics Express
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Optics Express Journal Volume: 28 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1094-4087
- Publisher:
- Optical Society of America (OSA)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION
Citation Formats
Qi, Bing, Lougovski, Pavel, and Williams, Brian P. Characterizing photon number statistics using conjugate optical homodyne detection. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1364/OE.383358.
Qi, Bing, Lougovski, Pavel, & Williams, Brian P. Characterizing photon number statistics using conjugate optical homodyne detection. United States. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.383358
Qi, Bing, Lougovski, Pavel, and Williams, Brian P. Wed .
"Characterizing photon number statistics using conjugate optical homodyne detection". United States. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.383358.
@article{osti_1591960,
title = {Characterizing photon number statistics using conjugate optical homodyne detection},
author = {Qi, Bing and Lougovski, Pavel and Williams, Brian P.},
abstractNote = {We study the problem of determining the photon number statistics of an unknown quantum state using conjugate optical homodyne detection. We quantify the information gain in a single-shot measurement and show that the photon number statistics can be recovered in repeated measurements on an ensemble of identical input states without scanning the phase of the input state or randomizing the phase of the local oscillator used in homodyne detection. We demonstrate how the expectation maximization algorithm and Bayesian inference can be utilized to facilitate the reconstruction and illustrate our approach by conducting experiments to study the photon number distributions of a weak coherent state and a thermal state source.},
doi = {10.1364/OE.383358},
journal = {Optics Express},
number = 2,
volume = 28,
place = {United States},
year = {2020},
month = {1}
}
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.383358
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Homodyne-detector-blinding attack in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
journal, July 2018
- Qin, Hao; Kumar, Rupesh; Makarov, Vadim
- Physical Review A, Vol. 98, Issue 1
Sampling of photon statistics and density matrix using homodyne detection
journal, June 1996
- Leonhardt, U.; Munroe, M.; Kiss, T.
- Optics Communications, Vol. 127, Issue 1-3
Quantum Statistics of the Squeezed Vacuum by Measurement of the Density Matrix in the Number State Representation
journal, September 1996
- Schiller, S.; Breitenbach, G.; Pereira, S. F.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 77, Issue 14
Continuous variable quantum cryptography
journal, December 1999
- Ralph, T. C.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 61, Issue 1
Photon counting with a loop detector
journal, January 2003
- Banaszek, Konrad; Walmsley, Ian A.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 1
Gaussian quantum information
journal, May 2012
- Weedbrook, Christian; Pirandola, Stefano; García-Patrón, Raúl
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 84, Issue 2
Reconstruction of photon number conditioned states using phase randomized homodyne measurements
journal, May 2013
- Chrzanowski, H. M.; Assad, S. M.; Bernu, J.
- Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 10
Maximum-likelihood estimation of photon-number distribution from homodyne statistics
journal, June 1998
- Banaszek, Konrad
- Physical Review A, Vol. 57, Issue 6
Quantum Computation over Continuous Variables
journal, February 1999
- Lloyd, Seth; Braunstein, Samuel L.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 82, Issue 8
Homodyne detection in a photon counting application
journal, April 1996
- Grice, Warren; Walmsley, Ian A.
- Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 43, Issue 4
Experimental Reconstruction of Photon Statistics without Photon Counting
journal, August 2005
- Zambra, Guido; Andreoni, Alessandra; Bondani, Maria
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 6
Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications
journal, December 2009
- Hadfield, Robert H.
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 3, Issue 12
A homodyne detector integrated onto a photonic chip for measuring quantum states and generating random numbers
journal, February 2018
- Raffaelli, Francesco; Ferranti, Giacomo; Mahler, Dylan H.
- Quantum Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2
Real time g (2) monitoring with 100 kHz sampling rate
journal, January 2018
- Lüders, Carolin; Thewes, Johannes; Assmann, Marc
- Optics Express, Vol. 26, Issue 19
High-efficiency photon-number detection for quantum information processing
journal, November 2003
- Waks, E.; Inoue, K.; Oliver, W. D.
- IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 9, Issue 6
Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography
journal, March 2009
- Lvovsky, A. I.; Raymer, M. G.
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 1
Measurement of the quantum phase by photon counting
journal, September 1991
- Noh, J. W.; Fougères, A.; Mandel, L.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 67, Issue 11
Multiport homodyne detection near the quantum noise limit
journal, September 1986
- Walker, N. G.; Carroll, J. E.
- Optical and Quantum Electronics, Vol. 18, Issue 5
Feasibility of quantum key distribution through a dense wavelength division multiplexing network
journal, October 2010
- Qi, Bing; Zhu, Wen; Qian, Li
- New Journal of Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 10
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
journal, September 1977
- Dempster, A. P.; Laird, N. M.; Rubin, D. B.
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), Vol. 39, Issue 1
Asymptotic Security of Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with a Discrete Modulation
journal, June 2019
- Ghorai, Shouvik; Grangier, Philippe; Diamanti, Eleni
- Physical Review X, Vol. 9, Issue 2
Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors
journal, July 2011
- Eisaman, M. D.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.
- Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 82, Issue 7
Distilling Gaussian States with Gaussian Operations is Impossible
journal, September 2002
- Eisert, J.; Scheel, S.; Plenio, M. B.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 13
Gaussian Transformations and Distillation of Entangled Gaussian States
journal, September 2002
- Fiurášek, Jaromír
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 13
Quantum-mechanical lossless beam splitter: SU(2) symmetry and photon statistics
journal, August 1989
- Campos, Richard A.; Saleh, Bahaa E. A.; Teich, Malvin C.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 40, Issue 3
Measurement of the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of a light mode using optical homodyne tomography: Application to squeezed states and the vacuum
journal, March 1993
- Smithey, D. T.; Beck, M.; Raymer, M. G.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 70, Issue 9
Photon-number statistics from the phase-averaged quadrature-field distribution: Theory and ultrafast measurement
journal, August 1995
- Munroe, M.; Boggavarapu, D.; Anderson, M. E.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 52, Issue 2
Realistic optical homodyne measurements and quasiprobability distributions
journal, December 1993
- Leonhardt, U.; Paul, H.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 48, Issue 6
Wavelength division multiplexing of continuous variable quantum key distribution and 18.3 Tbit/s data channels
journal, January 2019
- Eriksson, Tobias A.; Hirano, Takuya; Puttnam, Benjamin J.
- Communications Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Quantum key distribution using gaussian-modulated coherent states
journal, January 2003
- Grosshans, Frédéric; Van Assche, Gilles; Wenger, Jérôme
- Nature, Vol. 421, Issue 6920
Photon-number resolution using time-multiplexed single-photon detectors
journal, October 2003
- Fitch, M. J.; Jacobs, B. C.; Pittman, T. B.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 68, Issue 4
Practical challenges in quantum key distribution
journal, November 2016
- Diamanti, Eleni; Lo, Hoi-Kwong; Qi, Bing
- npj Quantum Information, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Quantum cryptography with squeezed states
journal, January 2000
- Hillery, Mark
- Physical Review A, Vol. 61, Issue 2
Generating the Local Oscillator “Locally” in Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Based on Coherent Detection
journal, October 2015
- Qi, Bing; Lougovski, Pavel; Pooser, Raphael
- Physical Review X, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Multi-photon detection using a conventional superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
journal, January 2017
- Cahall, Clinton; Nicolich, Kathryn L.; Islam, Nurul T.
- Optica, Vol. 4, Issue 12
Photon number distributions from a diode laser
journal, January 2013
- Roumpos, Georgios; Cundiff, Steven T.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 2
Gaussian-only regenerative stations cannot act as quantum repeaters
journal, December 2014
- Namiki, Ryo; Gittsovich, Oleg; Guha, Saikat
- Physical Review A, Vol. 90, Issue 6
Local-oscillator excess-noise suppression for homodyne and heterodyne detection
journal, January 1983
- Abbas, G. L.; Chan, V. W. S.; Yee, T. K.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 8
Atmospheric continuous-variable quantum communication
journal, November 2014
- Heim, B.; Peuntinger, C.; Killoran, N.
- New Journal of Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 11
Characterization of Gaussian operations and distillation of Gaussian states
journal, September 2002
- Giedke, Géza; Ignacio Cirac, J.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 66, Issue 3
Coexistence of continuous variable QKD with intense DWDM classical channels
journal, April 2015
- Kumar, Rupesh; Qin, Hao; Alléaume, Romain
- New Journal of Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 4
Efficient Classical Simulation of Continuous Variable Quantum Information Processes
journal, February 2002
- Bartlett, Stephen D.; Sanders, Barry C.; Braunstein, Samuel L.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 9
Quantum cryptography
journal, March 2002
- Gisin, Nicolas; Ribordy, Grégoire; Tittel, Wolfgang
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 74, Issue 1
Secure quantum key distribution
journal, July 2014
- Lo, Hoi-Kwong; Curty, Marcos; Tamaki, Kiyoshi
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 8
Quantum Cryptography Without Switching
journal, October 2004
- Weedbrook, Christian; Lance, Andrew M.; Bowen, Warwick P.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 17
Quantum hacking: Saturation attack on practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution
journal, July 2016
- Qin, Hao; Kumar, Rupesh; Alléaume, Romain
- Physical Review A, Vol. 94, Issue 1
Noise in homodyne and heterodyne detection
journal, January 1983
- Yuen, Horace P.; Chan, Vincent W. S.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 3
Noise-free high-efficiency photon-number-resolving detectors
journal, June 2005
- Rosenberg, Danna; Lita, Adriana; Miller, Aaron
- Physical Review A, Vol. 71, Issue 6
The security of practical quantum key distribution
journal, September 2009
- Scarani, Valerio; Bechmann-Pasquinucci, Helle; Cerf, Nicolas J.
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 3
Determination of quasiprobability distributions in terms of probability distributions for the rotated quadrature phase
journal, September 1989
- Vogel, K.; Risken, H.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 40, Issue 5
The Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence
journal, June 1963
- Glauber, Roy J.
- Physical Review, Vol. 130, Issue 6
Experimental quantum key distribution with active phase randomization
journal, January 2007
- Zhao, Yi; Qi, Bing; Lo, Hoi-Kwong
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, Issue 4
Determination of photon statistics and density matrix from double homodyne detection measurements
journal, August 1998
- Richter, Th.
- Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 45, Issue 8