Magnetization dynamics of weakly interacting sub-100 nm square artificial spin ices

Porro, Jose M.; Morley, Sophie A.; Venero, Diego Alba; Macêdo, Rair; Rosamond, Mark C.; Linfield, Edmund H.; Stamps, Robert L.; Marrows, Christopher H.; Langridge, Sean

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56219-y

Title: Magnetization dynamics of weakly interacting sub-100 nm square artificial spin ices

Journal Article · 27 December 2019 · Scientific Reports

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56219-y · OSTI ID:1582365

Porro, Jose M. ^[1];

^[2]; Venero, Diego Alba ^[3];

^[4]; Rosamond, Mark C. ^[5];

^[5]; Stamps, Robert L. ^[6];

^[5];

^[3]

Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Chilton (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL), ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility; Basque Center for Materials, Applications & Nanostructures, Leioa (Spain). BCMaterials; Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao (Spain)
Univ. of Leeds, Leeds (United Kingdom); Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Chilton (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL), ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility
Univ. of Glasgow, Scotland (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Leeds, Leeds (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Glasgow, Scotland (United Kingdom); Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg (Canada)

Artificial Spin Ice (ASI), consisting of a two dimensional array of nanoscale magnetic elements, provides a fascinating opportunity to observe the physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. Initial studies concentrated on the static, frozen state, whilst more recent studies have accessed the out-of-equilibrium dynamic, fluctuating state. This opens up exciting possibilities such as the observation of systems exploring their energy landscape through monopole quasiparticle creation, potentially leading to ASI magnetricity, and to directly observe unconventional phase transitions. In this work we have measured and analysed the magnetic relaxation of thermally active ASI systems by means of SQUID magnetometry. We have investigated the effect of the interaction strength on the magnetization dynamics at different temperatures in the range where the nanomagnets are thermally active. We have observed that they follow an Arrhenius-type Néel-Brown behaviour. An unexpected negative correlation of the average blocking temperature with the interaction strength is also observed, which is supported by Monte Carlo simulations. The magnetization relaxation measurements show faster relaxation for more strongly coupled nanoelements with similar dimensions. The analysis of the stretching exponents obtained from the measurements suggest 1-D chain-like magnetization dynamics. This indicates that the nature of the interactions between nanoelements lowers the dimensionality of the ASI from 2-D to 1-D. Finally, we present a way to quantify the effective interaction energy of a square ASI system, and compare it to the interaction energy computed with micromagnetic simulations.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; EP/L003090/1; EP/L00285X/1; EP/L002922/1

OSTI ID:: 1582365

Journal Information:: Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1; ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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The unhappy wanderer Stamps, Robert L. Nature Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3072	journal	August 2014
Emergent reduced dimensionality by vertex frustration in artificial spin ice Gilbert, Ian; Lao, Yuyang; Carrasquillo, Isaac Nature Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3520	journal	October 2015
Magnetic-charge ordering and phase transitions in monopole-conserved square spin ice Xie, Y. -L.; Du, Z. -Z.; Yan, Z. -B. Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15875	journal	October 2015
Relaxational Behavior of Fine Magnetic Particles Brown, William Fuller Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2185851	journal	April 1959
Time dependence of switching fields in magnetic recording media (invited) Sharrock, M. P. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 76, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358282	journal	November 1994
Effect of spatially asymmetric dipolar interactions in the magnetization reversal of closely spaced ferromagnetic nanoisland arrays Porro, J. M.; Berger, A.; Grimsditch, M. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3677269	journal	April 2012
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Stretched exponential relaxation in molecular and electronic glasses Phillips, J. C. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 59, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/59/9/003	journal	September 1996
Melting artificial spin ice Kapaklis, Vassilios; Arnalds, Unnar B.; Harman-Clarke, Adam New Journal of Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/035009	journal	March 2012
Exploring thermally induced states in square artificial spin-ice arrays Porro, J. M.; Bedoya-Pinto, A.; Berger, A. New Journal of Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/5/055012	journal	May 2013
Analysis of Recent Measurements of the Viscosity of Glasses Fulcher, Gordon S. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 75, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05536.x	journal	May 1992
Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials Bramwell, S. T. Science, Vol. 294, Issue 5546 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064761	journal	November 2001
Majority Logic Gate for Magnetic Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Imre, A.; Csaba, G.; Ji, L. Science, Vol. 311, Issue Article No. 5758, p. 205-208 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120506	journal	January 2006
Ensemble magnetic behavior of interacting CoFe nanoparticles Temple, Rowan C.; Mihai, Andrei P.; Arena, Dario A. Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2015.00052	journal	July 2015
Direct observation of the ice rule in artificial kagome spin ice Qi, Yi; Brintlinger, T.; Cumings, John arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0802.0034	text	January 2008
Domain dynamics and fluctuations in artificial square ice at finite temperatures Budrikis, Zoe; Livesey, K. L.; Morgan, J. P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1112.3817	text	January 2011
Determination of the blocking temperature of magnetic nanoparticles: The good, the bad and the ugly Zélis, Pedro Mendoza; Bruvera, Ignacio Javier; Calatayud, María Pilar arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1508.04413	preprint	January 2015
Frustration and thermalisation in an artificial magnetic quasicrystal Shi, Dong; Budrikis, Zoe; Stein, Aaron arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.04792	text	January 2017
Artificial "spin ice" in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands Wang, R. F.; Nisoli, C.; Freitas, R. S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0601429	text	January 2006

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