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Title: Evidence for Late-stage Eruptive Mass Loss in the Progenitor to SN2018gep, a Broad-lined Ic Supernova: Pre-explosion Emission and a Rapidly Rising Luminous Transient

Abstract

We present detailed observations of ZTF18abukavn (SN2018gep), discovered in high-cadence data from the Zwicky Transient Facility as a rapidly rising (1.4 ± 0.1 mag hr-1) and luminous (Mg,peak = -20 mag) transient. It is spectroscopically classified as a broad-lined stripped-envelope supernova (Ic-BL SN). The high peak luminosity (Lbol ≳ 3 × 1044 erg s-1), the short rise time (trise = 3 days in g band), and the blue colors at peak (g-r ~ -0.4) all resemble the high-redshift Ic-BL iPTF16asu, as well as several other unclassified fast transients. The early discovery of SN2018gep (within an hour of shock breakout) enabled an intensive spectroscopic campaign, including the highest-temperature (Teff ≳ 40,000 K) spectra of a stripped-envelope SN. A retrospective search revealed luminous (Mg ~ Mr ≈ mag) emission in the days to weeks before explosion, the first definitive detection of precursor emission for a Ic-BL. We find a limit on the isotropic gamma-ray energy release Eγ,iso < 4.9 × 1048 erg, a limit on X-ray emission LX < 1040 erg s-1, and a limit on radio emission νLν ≲ 1037 erg s-1. Taken together, we find that the early (< 10 days) data are best explained by shock breakout in amore » massive shell of dense circumstellar material (0.02 M⊙) at large radii (3 × 1014 cm) that was ejected in eruptive pre-explosion mass-loss episodes. The late-time (> 10 days) light curve requires an additional energy source, which could be the radioactive decay of Ni-56.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [4];  [5]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [6]; ORCiD logo [1];  [5]; ORCiD logo [7]; ORCiD logo [8]; ORCiD logo [9];  [10]; ORCiD logo [11]; ORCiD logo [12]; ORCiD logo [1];  [13];  [1];  [9] more »; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [14]; ORCiD logo [15]; ORCiD logo [14];  [14];  [16];  [17]; ORCiD logo [1];  [18]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [19]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [20]; ORCiD logo [21]; ORCiD logo [22]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [7];  [23];  [20];  [24];  [16];  [20]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [2];  [25];  [5];  [1]; ORCiD logo [24]; ORCiD logo [1];  [24] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Cahill Center for Astrophysics
  2. Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot (Israel)
  3. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  4. Liverpool John Moores Univ., Liverpool (United Kingdom). Astrophysics Research Inst.
  5. Stockholm Univ. (Sweden). Oskar Klein Centre
  6. Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX (United States)
  7. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). DIRAC Inst.
  8. Radboud Univ., Nijmegen (Netherlands)
  9. Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom)
  10. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  11. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Joint Space-Science Inst.
  12. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  13. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Caltech Optical Observatories
  14. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  15. Univ. Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL (United States). Science and Technology Inst.
  16. Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem (Israel). Racah Inst. of Physics
  17. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  18. Univ. College London, Surrey (United Kingdom). Mullard Space Science Lab.
  19. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Theoretical Physics
  20. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Infrared Processing & Analysis Center (IPAC)
  21. National Central Univ., Taoyuan City (Taiwan). Graduate Inst. of Astronomy
  22. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  23. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
  24. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China). Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics
  25. Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Tokyo (Japan)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF); European Union (EU); German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC)
OSTI Identifier:
1580974
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231; DGE1144469; AST-1440341; 1106171; 1545949; 104-2923-M-008-004-MY5; 647/18; GBMF5076
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 887; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; methods: observational; shock waves; stars: mass-loss; supernovae: individual; surveys

Citation Formats

Ho, Anna Y. Q., Goldstein, Daniel A., Schulze, Steve, Khatami, David K., Perley, Daniel A., Ergon, Mattias, Gal-Yam, Avishay, Corsi, Alessandra, Andreoni, Igor, Barbarino, Cristina, Bellm, Eric C., Blagorodnova, Nadia, Bright, Joe S., Burns, E., Cenko, S. Bradley, Cunningham, Virginia, De, Kishalay, Dekany, Richard, Dugas, Alison, Fender, Rob P., Fransson, Claes, Fremling, Christoffer, Goldstein, Adam, Graham, Matthew J., Hale, David, Horesh, Assaf, Hung, Tiara, Kasliwal, Mansi M., M. Kuin, N. Paul, Kulkarni, S. R., Kupfer, Thomas, Lunnan, Ragnhild, Masci, Frank J., Ngeow, Chow-Choong, Nugent, Peter E., Ofek, Eran O., Patterson, Maria T., Petitpas, Glen, Rusholme, Ben, Sai, Hanna, Sfaradi, Itai, Shupe, David L., Sollerman, Jesper, Soumagnac, Maayane T., Tachibana, Yutaro, Taddia, Francesco, Walters, Richard, Wang, Xiaofeng, Yao, Yuhan, and Zhang, Xinhan. Evidence for Late-stage Eruptive Mass Loss in the Progenitor to SN2018gep, a Broad-lined Ic Supernova: Pre-explosion Emission and a Rapidly Rising Luminous Transient. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab55ec.
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Ho, Anna Y. Q., Goldstein, Daniel A., Schulze, Steve, Khatami, David K., Perley, Daniel A., Ergon, Mattias, Gal-Yam, Avishay, Corsi, Alessandra, Andreoni, Igor, Barbarino, Cristina, Bellm, Eric C., Blagorodnova, Nadia, Bright, Joe S., Burns, E., Cenko, S. Bradley, Cunningham, Virginia, De, Kishalay, Dekany, Richard, Dugas, Alison, Fender, Rob P., Fransson, Claes, Fremling, Christoffer, Goldstein, Adam, Graham, Matthew J., Hale, David, Horesh, Assaf, Hung, Tiara, Kasliwal, Mansi M., M. Kuin, N. Paul, Kulkarni, S. R., Kupfer, Thomas, Lunnan, Ragnhild, Masci, Frank J., Ngeow, Chow-Choong, Nugent, Peter E., Ofek, Eran O., Patterson, Maria T., Petitpas, Glen, Rusholme, Ben, Sai, Hanna, Sfaradi, Itai, Shupe, David L., Sollerman, Jesper, Soumagnac, Maayane T., Tachibana, Yutaro, Taddia, Francesco, Walters, Richard, Wang, Xiaofeng, Yao, Yuhan, & Zhang, Xinhan. Evidence for Late-stage Eruptive Mass Loss in the Progenitor to SN2018gep, a Broad-lined Ic Supernova: Pre-explosion Emission and a Rapidly Rising Luminous Transient. United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab55ec
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Ho, Anna Y. Q., Goldstein, Daniel A., Schulze, Steve, Khatami, David K., Perley, Daniel A., Ergon, Mattias, Gal-Yam, Avishay, Corsi, Alessandra, Andreoni, Igor, Barbarino, Cristina, Bellm, Eric C., Blagorodnova, Nadia, Bright, Joe S., Burns, E., Cenko, S. Bradley, Cunningham, Virginia, De, Kishalay, Dekany, Richard, Dugas, Alison, Fender, Rob P., Fransson, Claes, Fremling, Christoffer, Goldstein, Adam, Graham, Matthew J., Hale, David, Horesh, Assaf, Hung, Tiara, Kasliwal, Mansi M., M. Kuin, N. Paul, Kulkarni, S. R., Kupfer, Thomas, Lunnan, Ragnhild, Masci, Frank J., Ngeow, Chow-Choong, Nugent, Peter E., Ofek, Eran O., Patterson, Maria T., Petitpas, Glen, Rusholme, Ben, Sai, Hanna, Sfaradi, Itai, Shupe, David L., Sollerman, Jesper, Soumagnac, Maayane T., Tachibana, Yutaro, Taddia, Francesco, Walters, Richard, Wang, Xiaofeng, Yao, Yuhan, and Zhang, Xinhan. Wed . "Evidence for Late-stage Eruptive Mass Loss in the Progenitor to SN2018gep, a Broad-lined Ic Supernova: Pre-explosion Emission and a Rapidly Rising Luminous Transient". United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab55ec. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1580974.
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@article{osti_1580974,
title = {Evidence for Late-stage Eruptive Mass Loss in the Progenitor to SN2018gep, a Broad-lined Ic Supernova: Pre-explosion Emission and a Rapidly Rising Luminous Transient},
author = {Ho, Anna Y. Q. and Goldstein, Daniel A. and Schulze, Steve and Khatami, David K. and Perley, Daniel A. and Ergon, Mattias and Gal-Yam, Avishay and Corsi, Alessandra and Andreoni, Igor and Barbarino, Cristina and Bellm, Eric C. and Blagorodnova, Nadia and Bright, Joe S. and Burns, E. and Cenko, S. Bradley and Cunningham, Virginia and De, Kishalay and Dekany, Richard and Dugas, Alison and Fender, Rob P. and Fransson, Claes and Fremling, Christoffer and Goldstein, Adam and Graham, Matthew J. and Hale, David and Horesh, Assaf and Hung, Tiara and Kasliwal, Mansi M. and M. Kuin, N. Paul and Kulkarni, S. R. and Kupfer, Thomas and Lunnan, Ragnhild and Masci, Frank J. and Ngeow, Chow-Choong and Nugent, Peter E. and Ofek, Eran O. and Patterson, Maria T. and Petitpas, Glen and Rusholme, Ben and Sai, Hanna and Sfaradi, Itai and Shupe, David L. and Sollerman, Jesper and Soumagnac, Maayane T. and Tachibana, Yutaro and Taddia, Francesco and Walters, Richard and Wang, Xiaofeng and Yao, Yuhan and Zhang, Xinhan},
abstractNote = {We present detailed observations of ZTF18abukavn (SN2018gep), discovered in high-cadence data from the Zwicky Transient Facility as a rapidly rising (1.4 ± 0.1 mag hr-1) and luminous (Mg,peak = -20 mag) transient. It is spectroscopically classified as a broad-lined stripped-envelope supernova (Ic-BL SN). The high peak luminosity (Lbol ≳ 3 × 1044 erg s-1), the short rise time (trise = 3 days in g band), and the blue colors at peak (g-r ~ -0.4) all resemble the high-redshift Ic-BL iPTF16asu, as well as several other unclassified fast transients. The early discovery of SN2018gep (within an hour of shock breakout) enabled an intensive spectroscopic campaign, including the highest-temperature (Teff ≳ 40,000 K) spectra of a stripped-envelope SN. A retrospective search revealed luminous (Mg ~ Mr ≈ mag) emission in the days to weeks before explosion, the first definitive detection of precursor emission for a Ic-BL. We find a limit on the isotropic gamma-ray energy release Eγ,iso < 4.9 × 1048 erg, a limit on X-ray emission LX < 1040 erg s-1, and a limit on radio emission νLν ≲ 1037 erg s-1. Taken together, we find that the early (< 10 days) data are best explained by shock breakout in a massive shell of dense circumstellar material (0.02 M⊙) at large radii (3 × 1014 cm) that was ejected in eruptive pre-explosion mass-loss episodes. The late-time (> 10 days) light curve requires an additional energy source, which could be the radioactive decay of Ni-56.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ab55ec},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 887,
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {12}
}
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THE PROPERTIES OF THE HOST GALAXY AND THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT OF GRB 980425/SN 1998bw FROM THE MULTIWAVELENGTH SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
journal, March 2009

  • Michałowski, Michał J.; Hjorth, Jens; Malesani, Daniele
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Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
journal, August 2014

The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and T e -based literature data
journal, November 2013

EVIDENCE FOR A COMPACT WOLF-RAYET PROGENITOR FOR THE TYPE Ic SUPERNOVA PTF 10vgv
journal, February 2012

AMI Galactic Plane Survey at 16 GHz - I. Observing, mapping and source extraction
journal, January 2013

  • Perrott, Y. C.; Scaife, A. M. M.; Green, D. A.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 429, Issue 4
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Accurate photometric redshifts for the CFHT legacy survey calibrated using the VIMOS VLT deep survey
journal, September 2006

Theoretical Modeling of Starburst Galaxies
journal, July 2001

  • Kewley, L. J.; Dopita, M. A.; Sutherland, R. S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 556, Issue 1
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Fast-rising blue optical transients and AT2018cow following electron-capture collapse of merged white dwarfs
journal, July 2019

  • Lyutikov, Maxim; Toonen, Silvia
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1640

Evidence for a Supernova Associated with the X‐Ray Flash 020903
journal, May 2006

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  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 643, Issue 1
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The Chemical Composition of the Sun
journal, September 2009

An Unusually Fast-Evolving Supernova
journal, November 2009

Methods and results of an automatic analysis of a complete sample of Swift -XRT observations of GRBs
journal, August 2009

Late-time spectral line formation in Type IIb supernovae, with application to SN 1993J, SN 2008ax, and SN 2011dh
journal, December 2014

The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive
journal, December 2018

  • Masci, Frank J.; Laher, Russ R.; Rusholme, Ben
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 995
  • DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/aae8ac

Type Ia supernovae have two physical width–luminosity relations and they favour sub-Chandrasekhar and direct collision models – I. Bolometric
journal, January 2019

  • Wygoda, Nahliel; Elbaz, Yonatan; Katz, Boaz
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 3
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Using Double-Peaked Supernova Light Curves to Study Extended Material
journal, August 2015

Analysis of broad-lined Type Ic supernovae from the (intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory
journal, January 2019

AT2018cow: A Luminous Millimeter Transient
journal, January 2019

  • Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Phinney, E. Sterl; Ravi, Vikram
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf473

Broad-lined type Ic supernova iPTF16asu: A challenge to all popular models
journal, August 2019

  • Wang, L. J.; Wang, X. F.; Cano, Z.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2184

Monte-Carlo methods for NLTE spectral synthesis of supernovae
journal, December 2018

The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
journal, December 2009

  • Law, Nicholas M.; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Dekany, Richard G.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 121, Issue 886
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Galaxy And Mass Assembly: accurate panchromatic photometry from optical priors using lambdar
journal, April 2016

  • Wright, A. H.; Robotham, A. S. G.; Bourne, N.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 460, Issue 1
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Shock Breakout in Dense mass Loss: Luminous Supernovae
journal, February 2011

A Method for Optimal Image Subtraction
journal, August 1998

  • Alard, C.; Lupton, Robert H.
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Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions
journal, October 2013

  • Nicholl, M.; Smartt, S. J.; Jerkstrand, A.
  • Nature, Vol. 502, Issue 7471
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Planck 2015 results : XXIII. The thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect-cosmic infrared background correlation
journal, September 2016

The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star‐forming Galaxies
journal, April 2000

  • Calzetti, Daniela; Armus, Lee; Bohlin, Ralph C.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 533, Issue 2
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Discovery of the nearby long, soft GRB 100316D with an associated supernova: Discovery of GRB 100316D
journal, December 2010

The Liverpool Telescope: performance and first results
conference, September 2004

  • Steele, Iain A.; Smith, Robert J.; Rees, Paul C.
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
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Measuring and modelling the redshift evolution of clustering: the Hubble Deep Field North
journal, December 1999

A Simple Analysis of Type I Superluminous Supernova Peak Spectra: Composition, Expansion Velocities, and Dynamics
journal, September 2019

Multicolor Infrared Observations of SN 2006aj. I. The Supernova Associated with XRF 060218
journal, July 2007

  • Kocevski, Daniel; Modjaz, Maryam; Bloom, Joshua S.
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Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy
journal, September 2013

A relativistic type Ibc supernova without a detected γ-ray burst
journal, January 2010

  • Soderberg, A. M.; Chakraborti, S.; Pignata, G.
  • Nature, Vol. 463, Issue 7280
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The Optically Unbiased Gamma-Ray Burst host (Tough) Survey. i. Survey Design and Catalogs
journal, August 2012

Rapidly evolving transients in the Dark Energy Survey
journal, August 2018

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The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the SWIFT Midex Mission
journal, October 2005

  • Barthelmy, Scott D.; Barbier, Louis M.; Cummings, Jay R.
  • Space Science Reviews, Vol. 120, Issue 3-4
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SkyPortal: An Astronomical Data Platform
journal, May 2019

  • van der Walt, Stéfan; Crellin-Quick, Arien; Bloom, Joshua
  • Journal of Open Source Software, Vol. 4, Issue 37
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The Automated Palomar 60 Inch Telescope
journal, October 2006

  • Cenko, S. Bradley; Fox, Derek B.; Moon, Dae‐Sik
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 118, Issue 848
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Real-bogus classification for the Zwicky Transient Facility using deep learning
journal, August 2019

  • Duev, Dmitry A.; Mahabal, Ashish; Masci, Frank J.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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Far-ultraviolet to Near-infrared Spectroscopy of a Nearby Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova Gaia16apd
journal, May 2017

SN 2015U: a rapidly evolving and luminous Type Ibn supernova
journal, June 2016

  • Shivvers, Isaac; Zheng, WeiKang; Mauerhan, Jon
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 461, Issue 3
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The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
journal, February 2006

  • Skrutskie, M. F.; Cutri, R. M.; Stiening, R.
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 131, Issue 2
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Machine Learning for the Zwicky Transient Facility
journal, January 2019

  • Mahabal, Ashish; Rebbapragada, Umaa; Walters, Richard
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 997
  • DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/aaf3fa

An Embedded X-Ray Source Shines through the Aspherical AT 2018cow: Revealing the Inner Workings of the Most Luminous Fast-evolving Optical Transients
journal, February 2019

Implementation of Robust Image Artifact Removal in SWarp through Clipped Mean Stacking
journal, February 2014

  • Gruen, D.; Seitz, S.; Bernstein, G. M.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 126, Issue 936
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Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of sn 2013dx Associated with grb 130702a
journal, February 2016

Direct Analysis of Spectra of Type Ib Supernovae
journal, February 2002

  • Branch, David; Benetti, S.; Kasen, Daniel
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 566, Issue 2
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CALIBRATING EXTINCTION-FREE STAR FORMATION RATE DIAGNOSTICS WITH 33 GHz FREE-FREE EMISSION IN NGC 6946
journal, August 2011

A new method for estimating the bolometric properties of Ibc supernovae
journal, July 2013

  • Cano, Zach
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 434, Issue 2
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The GRB 030329 host: a blue low metallicity subluminous galaxy with intense star formation
journal, December 2005

[O iii]/[N ii] as an abundance indicator at high redshift
journal, March 2004

WISeREP—An Interactive Supernova Data Repository
journal, July 2012

  • Yaron, Ofer; Gal-Yam, Avishay
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 124, Issue 917
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The Galaxy Evolution Explorer : A Space Ultraviolet Survey Mission
journal, January 2005

  • Martin, D. Christopher; Fanson, James; Schiminovich, David
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 619, Issue 1
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Properties of Magnetars Mimicking 56 Ni-Powered Light Curves in Type IC Superluminous Supernovae
journal, January 2017

PyNeb: a new tool for analyzing emission lines: I. Code description and validation of results
journal, December 2014

A digital correlator upgrade for the Arcminute MicroKelvin Imager
journal, January 2018

  • Hickish, Jack; Razavi-Ghods, Nima; Perrott, Yvette C.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 4
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The GROWTH Marshal: A Dynamic Science Portal for Time-domain Astronomy
journal, February 2019

  • Kasliwal, M. M.; Cannella, C.; Bagdasaryan, A.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 997
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The Cow: Discovery of a Luminous, Hot, and Rapidly Evolving Transient
journal, September 2018

  • Prentice, S. J.; Maguire, K.; Smartt, S. J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 1
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Rapidly Rising Transients from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Transient Survey
journal, February 2016

  • Tanaka, Masaomi; Tominaga, Nozomu; Morokuma, Tomoki
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Rapidly Rising Transients in the Supernova—Superluminous Supernova gap
journal, February 2016

THE THIRD FERMI GBM GAMMA-RAY BURST CATALOG: THE FIRST SIX YEARS
journal, April 2016

  • Bhat, P. Narayana; Meegan, Charles A.; von Kienlin, Andreas
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 223, Issue 2
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The host of the SN-less GRB 060505 in high resolution
journal, May 2014

  • Thone, C. C.; Christensen, L.; Prochaska, J. X.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 3
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Optical Photometry and Spectroscopy of the SN 1998bw–like Type Ic Supernova 2002ap
journal, October 2003

  • Foley, Ryan J.; Papenkova, Marina S.; Swift, Brandon J.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 115, Issue 812
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Calibration of the Swift-UVOT ultraviolet and visible grisms
journal, April 2015

  • Kuin, N. P. M.; Landsman, W.; Breeveld, A. A.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 449, Issue 3
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Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions
journal, June 2011

  • Quimby, R. M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Kasliwal, M. M.
  • Nature, Vol. 474, Issue 7352
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The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager ★
journal, December 2008

Spectra of Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
journal, February 2018

  • Quimby, Robert M.; Cia, Annalisa De; Gal-Yam, Avishay
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 1
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The Expulsion of Stellar Envelopes in Core‐Collapse Supernovae
journal, January 1999

  • Matzner, Christopher D.; McKee, Christopher F.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 510, Issue 1
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ATLAS: A High-cadence All-sky Survey System
journal, May 2018

  • Tonry, J. L.; Denneau, L.; Heinze, A. N.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 130, Issue 988
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The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance
journal, November 2010

The association of GRB 060218 with a supernova and the evolution of the shock wave
journal, August 2006

  • Campana, S.; Mangano, V.; Blustin, A. J.
  • Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7106
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Rapidly Evolving and Luminous Transients from Pan-Starrs1
journal, September 2014

The Ninth data Release of the Sloan Digital sky Survey: First Spectroscopic data from the Sdss-Iii Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
journal, November 2012

  • Ahn, Christopher P.; Alexandroff, Rachael; Allende Prieto, Carlos
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 203, Issue 2
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THE SECOND FERMI GBM GAMMA-RAY BURST CATALOG: THE FIRST FOUR YEARS
journal, February 2014

  • von Kienlin, Andreas; Meegan, Charles A.; Paciesas, William S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 211, Issue 1
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THE FERMI GBM GAMMA-RAY BURST SPECTRAL CATALOG: FOUR YEARS OF DATA
journal, February 2014

  • Gruber, David; Goldstein, Adam; von Ahlefeld, Victoria Weller
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Swift spectra of AT2018cow: a white dwarf tidal disruption event?
journal, January 2019

  • Kuin, N. Paul M.; Wu, Kinwah; Oates, Samantha
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz053
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