In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Amaudruz, P. -A.; Batygov, M.; Beltran, B.; Bina, C. E.; Bishop, D.; Bonatt, J.; Boorman, G.; Boulay, M. G.; Broerman, B.; Bromwich, T.; Bueno, J. F.; Butcher, A.; Cai, B.; Chan, S.; Chen, M.; Chouinard, R.; Churchwell, S.; Cleveland, B. T.; Cranshaw, D.; Dering, K.; Dittmeier, S.; Duncan, F. A.; Dunford, M.; Erlandson, A.; Fatemighomi, N.; Ford, R. J.; Gagnon, R.; Giampa, P.; Golovko, V. V.; Gorel, P.; Gornea, R.; Grace, E.; Graham, K.; Grant, D. R.; Gulyev, E.; Hall, A.; Hallin, A. L.; Hamstra, M.; Harvey, P. J.; Hearns, C.; Jillings, C. J.; Kamaev, O.; Kemp, A.; Kuźniak, M.; Langrock, S.; La Zia, F.; Lehnert, B.; Li, O.; Lidgard, J. J.; Liimatainen, P.; Lim, C.; Lindner, T.; Linn, Y.; Liu, S.; Mathew, R.; McDonald, A. B.; McElroy, T.; McFarlane, K.; McLaughlin, J.; Mead, S.; Mehdiyev, R.; Mielnichuk, C.; Monroe, J.; Muir, A.; Nadeau, P.; Nantais, C.; Ng, C.; Noble, A. J.; O’Dwyer, E.; Ohlmann, C.; Olchanski, K.; Olsen, K. S.; Ouellet, C.; Pasuthip, P.; Peeters, S. J. M.; Pollmann, T. R.; Rand, E. T.; Rau, W.; Rethmeier, C.; Retière, F.; Seeburn, N.; Shaw, B.; Singhrao, K.; Skensved, P.; Smith, B.; Smith, N. J. T.; Sonley, T.; Stainforth, R.; Stone, C.; Strickland, V.; Sur, B.; Tang, J.; Taylor, J.; Veloce, L.; Vázquez-Jáuregui, E.; Walding, J.; Ward, M.; Westerdale, S.; White, R.; Woolsey, E.; Zielinski, J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058

Title: In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Abstract

The Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier-tube (PMT) is a novel high-quantum efficiency PMT. It is currently used in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector and is of significant interest for future dark matter and neutrino experiments where high signal yields are needed. We report on the methods developed for in-situ characterization and monitoring of DEAP's 255 R5912-HQE PMTs. This includes a detailed discussion of typical measured single-photoelectron charge distributions, correlated noise (afterpulsing), dark noise, double, and late pulsing characteristics. Finally, the characterization is performed during the detector commissioning phase using laser light injected through a light diffusing sphere and during normal detector operation using LED light injected through optical fibres.

Authors:

Amaudruz, P. -A. ^[1]; Batygov, M. ^[2]; Beltran, B. ^[3]; Bina, C. E. ^[3]; Bishop, D. ^[1]; Bonatt, J. ^[4]; Boorman, G. ^[5]; Boulay, M. G. ^[6]; Broerman, B. ^[4]; Bromwich, T. ^[7]; Bueno, J. F. ^[3]; Butcher, A. ^[5]; Cai, B. ^[4]; Chan, S. ^[1]; Chen, M. ^[4]; Chouinard, R. ^[3]; Churchwell, S. ^[7]; Cleveland, B. T. ^[8]; Cranshaw, D. ^[4]; Dering, K. ^[4] more »

TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, ON (Canada)
Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON (Canada)
Univ. of London, Egham (United Kingdom)
Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON (Canada); Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON (Canada)
Univ. of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex (United Kingdom)
Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, ON (Canada); SNOLAB, Lively, ON (Canada)
Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON (Canada)
Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON (Canada); Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River (Canada)
Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River (Canada)
Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada); Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, ON (Canada); SNOLAB, Lively, ON (Canada)
SNOLAB, Lively, ON (Canada)
Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, ON (Canada); Technische Univ. München (Germany)
Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada); TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON (Canada); TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, ON (Canada); Univ. Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City (Mexico); SNOLAB, Lively, ON (Canada)

Publication Date:: Thu Dec 20 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1580876

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 922; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; PMT; Hamamatsu R5912-HQE; single photoelectron charge distribution; afterpulsing; late and double pulsing; dark noise; dark matter detection

Citation Formats


                    Amaudruz, P. -A., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Bishop, D., Bonatt, J., Boorman, G., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bromwich, T., Bueno, J. F., Butcher, A., Cai, B., Chan, S., Chen, M., Chouinard, R., Churchwell, S., Cleveland, B. T., Cranshaw, D., Dering, K., Dittmeier, S., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Giampa, P., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Gornea, R., Grace, E., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Gulyev, E., Hall, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kemp, A., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Li, O., Lidgard, J. J., Liimatainen, P., Lim, C., Lindner, T., Linn, Y., Liu, S., Mathew, R., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McFarlane, K., McLaughlin, J., Mead, S., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Muir, A., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O’Dwyer, E., Ohlmann, C., Olchanski, K., Olsen, K. S., Ouellet, C., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rau, W., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Seeburn, N., Shaw, B., Singhrao, K., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Tang, J., Taylor, J., Veloce, L., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walding, J., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., White, R., Woolsey, E., and Zielinski, J. In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058.

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                    Amaudruz, P. -A., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Bishop, D., Bonatt, J., Boorman, G., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bromwich, T., Bueno, J. F., Butcher, A., Cai, B., Chan, S., Chen, M., Chouinard, R., Churchwell, S., Cleveland, B. T., Cranshaw, D., Dering, K., Dittmeier, S., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Giampa, P., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Gornea, R., Grace, E., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Gulyev, E., Hall, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kemp, A., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Li, O., Lidgard, J. J., Liimatainen, P., Lim, C., Lindner, T., Linn, Y., Liu, S., Mathew, R., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McFarlane, K., McLaughlin, J., Mead, S., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Muir, A., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O’Dwyer, E., Ohlmann, C., Olchanski, K., Olsen, K. S., Ouellet, C., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rau, W., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Seeburn, N., Shaw, B., Singhrao, K., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Tang, J., Taylor, J., Veloce, L., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walding, J., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., White, R., Woolsey, E., & Zielinski, J. In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058

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                    Amaudruz, P. -A., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Bishop, D., Bonatt, J., Boorman, G., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bromwich, T., Bueno, J. F., Butcher, A., Cai, B., Chan, S., Chen, M., Chouinard, R., Churchwell, S., Cleveland, B. T., Cranshaw, D., Dering, K., Dittmeier, S., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Giampa, P., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Gornea, R., Grace, E., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Gulyev, E., Hall, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kemp, A., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Li, O., Lidgard, J. J., Liimatainen, P., Lim, C., Lindner, T., Linn, Y., Liu, S., Mathew, R., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McFarlane, K., McLaughlin, J., Mead, S., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Muir, A., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O’Dwyer, E., Ohlmann, C., Olchanski, K., Olsen, K. S., Ouellet, C., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rau, W., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Seeburn, N., Shaw, B., Singhrao, K., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Tang, J., Taylor, J., Veloce, L., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walding, J., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., White, R., Woolsey, E., and Zielinski, J. Thu .  
"In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1580876.

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@article{osti_1580876,

  title        = {In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment},

  author       = {Amaudruz, P. -A. and Batygov, M. and Beltran, B. and Bina, C. E. and Bishop, D. and Bonatt, J. and Boorman, G. and Boulay, M. G. and Broerman, B. and Bromwich, T. and Bueno, J. F. and Butcher, A. and Cai, B. and Chan, S. and Chen, M. and Chouinard, R. and Churchwell, S. and Cleveland, B. T. and Cranshaw, D. and Dering, K. and Dittmeier, S. and Duncan, F. A. and Dunford, M. and Erlandson, A. and Fatemighomi, N. and Ford, R. J. and Gagnon, R. and Giampa, P. and Golovko, V. V. and Gorel, P. and Gornea, R. and Grace, E. and Graham, K. and Grant, D. R. and Gulyev, E. and Hall, A. and Hallin, A. L. and Hamstra, M. and Harvey, P. J. and Hearns, C. and Jillings, C. J. and Kamaev, O. and Kemp, A. and Kuźniak, M. and Langrock, S. and La Zia, F. and Lehnert, B. and Li, O. and Lidgard, J. J. and Liimatainen, P. and Lim, C. and Lindner, T. and Linn, Y. and Liu, S. and Mathew, R. and McDonald, A. B. and McElroy, T. and McFarlane, K. and McLaughlin, J. and Mead, S. and Mehdiyev, R. and Mielnichuk, C. and Monroe, J. and Muir, A. and Nadeau, P. and Nantais, C. and Ng, C. and Noble, A. J. and O’Dwyer, E. and Ohlmann, C. and Olchanski, K. and Olsen, K. S. and Ouellet, C. and Pasuthip, P. and Peeters, S. J. M. and Pollmann, T. R. and Rand, E. T. and Rau, W. and Rethmeier, C. and Retière, F. and Seeburn, N. and Shaw, B. and Singhrao, K. and Skensved, P. and Smith, B. and Smith, N. J. T. and Sonley, T. and Stainforth, R. and Stone, C. and Strickland, V. and Sur, B. and Tang, J. and Taylor, J. and Veloce, L. and Vázquez-Jáuregui, E. and Walding, J. and Ward, M. and Westerdale, S. and White, R. and Woolsey, E. and Zielinski, J.},

  abstractNote = {The Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier-tube (PMT) is a novel high-quantum efficiency PMT. It is currently used in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector and is of significant interest for future dark matter and neutrino experiments where high signal yields are needed. We report on the methods developed for in-situ characterization and monitoring of DEAP's 255 R5912-HQE PMTs. This includes a detailed discussion of typical measured single-photoelectron charge distributions, correlated noise (afterpulsing), dark noise, double, and late pulsing characteristics. Finally, the characterization is performed during the detector commissioning phase using laser light injected through a light diffusing sphere and during normal detector operation using LED light injected through optical fibres.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058},

  journal      = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 922,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Dec 20 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Thu Dec 20 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Works referenced in this record:

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Application of the TPB Wavelength Shifter to the DEAP-3600 Spherical Acrylic Vessel Inner Surface
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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 863
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Characterization of photomultiplier tubes with a realistic model through GPU-boosted simulation
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Anthony, M.; Aprile, E.; Grandi, L.
Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 13, Issue 02
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A method for characterizing after-pulsing and dark noise of PMTs and SiPMs
journal, December 2017

Butcher, A.; Doria, L.; Monroe, J.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 875
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Characterization of the Hamamatsu R11780 12 in. photomultiplier tube
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Brack, J.; Delgado, B.; Dhooghe, J.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 712
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Works referencing / citing this record:

Electromagnetic backgrounds and potassium-42 activity in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector
journal, October 2019

Ajaj, R.; Araujo, G. R.; Batygov, M.
Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.100.072009

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Title: In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Abstract

Citation Formats

DEAP-3600 Dark Matter Search journal, April 2016

Application of the TPB Wavelength Shifter to the DEAP-3600 Spherical Acrylic Vessel Inner Surface journal, April 2017

The Construction and Anticipated Science of SNOLAB journal, November 2010

A fast timing light pulser for scintillation detectors journal, December 1985

The edge effect in electron multiplier statistics journal, August 1970

Characterization of the R5912-02 MOD photomultiplier tube at cryogenic temperatures journal, September 2013

Transit time and charge correlations of single photoelectron events in R7081 photomultiplier tubes journal, September 2012

The statistics of multi-photoelectron pulse-height distributions journal, September 2007

Model independent approach to the single photoelectron calibration of photomultiplier tubes journal, August 2017

Characterization of photomultiplier tubes with a realistic model through GPU-boosted simulation journal, February 2018

A method for characterizing after-pulsing and dark noise of PMTs and SiPMs journal, December 2017

Characterization of the Hamamatsu R11780 12 in. photomultiplier tube journal, June 2013

Transit Time and Charge Correlations of Single Photoelectron Events in R7081 PMTs text, January 2012

Electromagnetic backgrounds and potassium-42 activity in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector journal, October 2019

DEAP-3600 Dark Matter Search
journal, April 2016

Application of the TPB Wavelength Shifter to the DEAP-3600 Spherical Acrylic Vessel Inner Surface
journal, April 2017

The Construction and Anticipated Science of SNOLAB
journal, November 2010

A fast timing light pulser for scintillation detectors
journal, December 1985

The edge effect in electron multiplier statistics
journal, August 1970

Characterization of the R5912-02 MOD photomultiplier tube at cryogenic temperatures
journal, September 2013

Transit time and charge correlations of single photoelectron events in R7081 photomultiplier tubes
journal, September 2012

The statistics of multi-photoelectron pulse-height distributions
journal, September 2007

Model independent approach to the single photoelectron calibration of photomultiplier tubes
journal, August 2017

Characterization of photomultiplier tubes with a realistic model through GPU-boosted simulation
journal, February 2018

A method for characterizing after-pulsing and dark noise of PMTs and SiPMs
journal, December 2017

Characterization of the Hamamatsu R11780 12 in. photomultiplier tube
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Transit Time and Charge Correlations of Single Photoelectron Events in R7081 PMTs
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