Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice
Abstract
Designing and constructing model systems that embody the statistical mechanics of frustration is now possible using nanotechnology. We have arranged nanomagnets on a two-dimensional square lattice to form an artificial spin ice, and studied its fractional excitations, emergent magnetic monopoles, and how they respond to a driving field using X-ray magnetic microscopy. We observe a regime in which the monopole drift velocity is linear in field above a critical field for the onset of motion. The temperature dependence of the critical field can be described by introducing an interaction term into the Bean-Livingston model of field-assisted barrier hopping. By analogy with electrical charge drift motion, we define and measure a monopole mobility that is larger both for higher temperatures and stronger interactions between nanomagnets. The mobility in this linear regime is described by a creep model of zero-dimensional charges moving within a network of quasi-one-dimensional objects.
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Leeds, Leeds (United Kingdom); Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab., ISIS Neutron and Muon Source; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa (Spain); Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao (Spain)
- Univ. of Leeds, Leeds (United Kingdom)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab., ISIS Neutron and Muon Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Daegu Gyeongbuk Inst. of Science and Technology, Daegu (Korea)
- Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1580413
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231; EP/L00285X/1; EP/L003090/1
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Scientific Reports
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS
Citation Formats
Morley, Sophie A., Porro, Jose Maria, Hrabec, Aleš, Rosamond, Mark C., Venero, Diego Alba, Linfield, Edmund H., Burnell, Gavin, Im, Mi-Young, Fischer, Peter, Langridge, Sean, and Marrows, Christopher H. Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52460-7.
Morley, Sophie A., Porro, Jose Maria, Hrabec, Aleš, Rosamond, Mark C., Venero, Diego Alba, Linfield, Edmund H., Burnell, Gavin, Im, Mi-Young, Fischer, Peter, Langridge, Sean, & Marrows, Christopher H. Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52460-7
Morley, Sophie A., Porro, Jose Maria, Hrabec, Aleš, Rosamond, Mark C., Venero, Diego Alba, Linfield, Edmund H., Burnell, Gavin, Im, Mi-Young, Fischer, Peter, Langridge, Sean, and Marrows, Christopher H. Tue .
"Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52460-7. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1580413.
@article{osti_1580413,
title = {Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice},
author = {Morley, Sophie A. and Porro, Jose Maria and Hrabec, Aleš and Rosamond, Mark C. and Venero, Diego Alba and Linfield, Edmund H. and Burnell, Gavin and Im, Mi-Young and Fischer, Peter and Langridge, Sean and Marrows, Christopher H.},
abstractNote = {Designing and constructing model systems that embody the statistical mechanics of frustration is now possible using nanotechnology. We have arranged nanomagnets on a two-dimensional square lattice to form an artificial spin ice, and studied its fractional excitations, emergent magnetic monopoles, and how they respond to a driving field using X-ray magnetic microscopy. We observe a regime in which the monopole drift velocity is linear in field above a critical field for the onset of motion. The temperature dependence of the critical field can be described by introducing an interaction term into the Bean-Livingston model of field-assisted barrier hopping. By analogy with electrical charge drift motion, we define and measure a monopole mobility that is larger both for higher temperatures and stronger interactions between nanomagnets. The mobility in this linear regime is described by a creep model of zero-dimensional charges moving within a network of quasi-one-dimensional objects.},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-52460-7},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
number = 1,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {11}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Artificial Square Ice and Related Dipolar Nanoarrays
journal, June 2006
- Möller, G.; Moessner, R.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 96, Issue 23
Interaction modifiers in artificial spin ices
journal, February 2018
- Östman, Erik; Stopfel, Henry; Chioar, Ioan-Augustin
- Nature Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 4
Dynamics of field-driven domain-wall propagation in ferromagnetic nanowires
journal, September 2005
- Beach, Geoffrey S. D.; Nistor, Corneliu; Knutson, Carl
- Nature Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 10
Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann freezing of a thermally fluctuating artificial spin ice probed by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy
journal, March 2017
- Morley, S. A.; Alba Venero, D.; Porro, J. M.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 95, Issue 10
Crystallites of magnetic charges in artificial spin ice
journal, August 2013
- Zhang, Sheng; Gilbert, Ian; Nisoli, Cristiano
- Nature, Vol. 500, Issue 7464
Thermal ground-state ordering and elementary excitations in artificial magnetic square ice
journal, November 2010
- Morgan, Jason P.; Stein, Aaron; Langridge, Sean
- Nature Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Effect of FePd alloy composition on the dynamics of artificial spin ice
journal, March 2018
- Morley, Sophie A.; Riley, Susan T.; Porro, Jose-Maria
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Emergent ice rule and magnetic charge screening from vertex frustration in artificial spin ice
journal, August 2014
- Gilbert, Ian; Chern, Gia-Wei; Zhang, Sheng
- Nature Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 9
Creation and measurement of long-lived magnetic monopole currents in spin ice
journal, February 2011
- Giblin, S. R.; Bramwell, S. T.; Holdsworth, P. C. W.
- Nature Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 3
Creep turns linear in narrow ferromagnetic nanostrips
journal, February 2016
- Leliaert, Jonathan; Van de Wiele, Ben; Vansteenkiste, Arne
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Measurement of the charge and current of magnetic monopoles in spin ice
journal, October 2009
- Bramwell, S. T.; Giblin, S. R.; Calder, S.
- Nature, Vol. 461, Issue 7266
Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial
journal, September 2015
- Anghinolfi, L.; Luetkens, H.; Perron, J.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Thermal fluctuations in artificial spin ice
journal, June 2014
- Kapaklis, Vassilios; Arnalds, Unnar B.; Farhan, Alan
- Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 7, p. 514-519
Exploring hyper-cubic energy landscapes in thermally active finite artificial spin-ice systems
journal, May 2013
- Farhan, A.; Derlet, P. M.; Kleibert, A.
- Nature Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 6
as a material for studying thermally active artificial spin ice systems
journal, June 2015
- Drisko, Jasper; Daunheimer, Stephen; Cumings, John
- Physical Review B, Vol. 91, Issue 22
Direct Observation of Thermal Relaxation in Artificial Spin Ice
journal, August 2013
- Farhan, A.; Derlet, P. M.; Kleibert, A.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 5
Predicted time dependence of the switching field for magnetic materials
journal, July 1989
- Victora, R. H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 63, Issue 4
Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice
journal, February 2019
- Farhan, Alan; Saccone, Michael; Petersen, Charlotte F.
- Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 2
Exploring thermally induced states in square artificial spin-ice arrays
journal, May 2013
- Porro, J. M.; Bedoya-Pinto, A.; Berger, A.
- New Journal of Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 5
Magneto-optical Kerr effect studies of square artificial spin ice
journal, November 2011
- Kohli, K. K.; Balk, Andrew L.; Li, Jie
- Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 18
Magnetic Coulomb Phase in the Spin Ice Ho2Ti2O7
journal, September 2009
- Fennell, T.; Deen, P. P.; Wildes, A. R.
- Science, Vol. 326, Issue 5951
Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice system
journal, April 2010
- Ladak, S.; Read, D. E.; Perkins, G. K.
- Nature Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 5
Dirac Strings and Magnetic Monopoles in the Spin Ice Dy2Ti2O7
journal, September 2009
- Morris, D. J. P.; Tennant, D. A.; Grigera, S. A.
- Science, Vol. 326, Issue 5951
Real-space observation of emergent magnetic monopoles and associated Dirac strings in artificial kagome spin ice
journal, October 2010
- Mengotti, Elena; Heyderman, Laura J.; Rodríguez, Arantxa Fraile
- Nature Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice
journal, November 2016
- Perrin, Yann; Canals, Benjamin; Rougemaille, Nicolas
- Nature, Vol. 540, Issue 7633
Domain Wall Creep in an Ising Ultrathin Magnetic Film
journal, January 1998
- Lemerle, S.; Ferré, J.; Chappert, C.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 80, Issue 4
Interdimensional universality of dynamic interfaces
journal, April 2009
- Kim, Kab-Jin; Lee, Jae-Chul; Ahn, Sung-Min
- Nature, Vol. 458, Issue 7239
Artificial kagome spin ice: dimensional reduction, avalanche control and emergent magnetic monopoles
journal, December 2012
- Hügli, R. V.; Duff, G.; O'Conchuir, B.
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 370, Issue 1981
Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
journal, January 2006
- Wang, R. F.; Nisoli, C.; Freitas, R. S.
- Nature, Vol. 439, Issue 7074
Nambu monopoles interacting with lattice defects in a two-dimensional artificial square spin ice
journal, January 2013
- Silva, R. C.; Lopes, R. J. C.; Mól, L. A. S.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 87, Issue 1
Hopping conduction in La 1–x Sr x CoO 3 and Nd 1–x Sr x CoO 3
journal, December 1975
- Rao, C. N. R.; Bhide, V. G.; Mott, N. F.
- Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 32, Issue 6
Propagation of magnetic charge monopoles and Dirac flux strings in an artificial spin-ice lattice
journal, May 2012
- Pollard, S. D.; Volkov, V.; Zhu, Y.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 85, Issue 18
Superparamagnetism
journal, April 1959
- Bean, C. P.; Livingston, J. D.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 30, Issue 4
Creep and Flow Regimes of Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion in Ultrathin Films with Perpendicular Anisotropy
journal, November 2007
- Metaxas, P. J.; Jamet, J. P.; Mougin, A.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 21
Soft X-ray microscopy at a spatial resolution better than 15 nm
journal, June 2005
- Chao, Weilun; Harteneck, Bruce D.; Liddle, J. Alexander
- Nature, Vol. 435, Issue 7046
Colloquium : Artificial spin ice: Designing and imaging magnetic frustration
journal, October 2013
- Nisoli, Cristiano; Moessner, Roderich; Schiffer, Peter
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 85, Issue 4
Demagnetizing Factors of the General Ellipsoid
journal, June 1945
- Osborn, J. A.
- Physical Review, Vol. 67, Issue 11-12
Melting artificial spin ice
journal, March 2012
- Kapaklis, Vassilios; Arnalds, Unnar B.; Harman-Clarke, Adam
- New Journal of Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 3
Emergent reduced dimensionality by vertex frustration in artificial spin ice
journal, October 2015
- Gilbert, Ian; Lao, Yuyang; Carrasquillo, Isaac
- Nature Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 2
Magnetic monopoles in spin ice
journal, January 2008
- Castelnovo, C.; Moessner, R.; Sondhi, S. L.
- Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7174
Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
journal, March 2007
- Wang, R. F.; Nisoli, C.; Freitas, R. S.
- Nature, Vol. 446, Issue 7131
Magnetic Monopoles in Spin Ice
journal, January 2008
- Castelnovo, C.; Moessner, R.; Sondhi, S. L.
- Topologica, Vol. 1, Issue 1
Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial
text, January 2015
- Heyderman, Laura J.; Anghinolfi, Luca; Luetkens, Hubertus
- ETH Zurich
Magneto-optical Kerr Effect Studies of Square Artificial Spin Ice
text, January 2011
- Kohli, K. K.; Balk, Andrew L.; Li, Jie
- arXiv
Melting artificial spin ice
text, January 2011
- Kapaklis, Vassilios; Arnalds, Unnar B.; Harman-Clarke, Adam
- arXiv
Colloquium: Artificial spin ice: Designing and imaging magnetic frustration
text, January 2013
- Nisoli, Cristiano; Moessner, Roderich; Schiffer, Peter
- arXiv
Artificial square ice and related dipolar nanoarrays
text, January 2006
- Moller, Gunnar; Moessner, R.
- arXiv
Creep and flow regimes of magnetic domain wall motion in ultrathin Pt/Co/Pt films with perpendicular anisotropy
text, January 2007
- Metaxas, P. J.; Jamet, J. P.; Mougin, A.
- arXiv
Works referencing / citing this record:
Magnetization dynamics of weakly interacting sub-100 nm square artificial spin ices
journal, December 2019
- Porro, Jose M.; Morley, Sophie A.; Venero, Diego Alba
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1