Depth- and Time-Resolved Distributions of Snowmelt-Driven Hillslope Subsurface Flow and Transport and Their Contributions to Surface Waters

Tokunaga, Tetsu K.; Wan, Jiamin; Williams, Kenneth H.; Brown, Wendy; Henderson, Amanda; Kim, Yongman; Tran, Anh Phuong; Conrad, Mark E.; Bill, Markus; Carroll, Rosemary W. H.; Dong, Wenming; Xu, Zexuan; Lavy, Adi; Gilbert, Ben; Romero, Sergio; Christensen, John N.; Faybishenko, Boris; Arora, Bhavna; Siirila‐Woodburn, Erica R.; Versteeg, Roelof; Raberg, Jonathan H.; Peterson, John E.; Hubbard, Susan S.

doi:10.1029/2019wr025093

Title: Depth- and Time-Resolved Distributions of Snowmelt-Driven Hillslope Subsurface Flow and Transport and Their Contributions to Surface Waters

Journal Article · 11 November 2019 · Water Resources Research

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025093 · OSTI ID:1580159

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Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Rocky Mountain Biological Lab., Crested Butte, CO (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Water Research Inst., Hanoi (Vietnam)
Desert Research Inst., Reno, NV (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Subsurface Insights, Hanover, NH (United States)

Major components of hydrologic and elemental cycles reside underground, where their complex dynamics and linkages to surface waters are obscure. We delineated seasonal subsurface flow and transport dynamics along a hillslope in the Rocky Mountains (USA), where precipitation occurs primarily as winter snow and drainage discharges into the East River, a tributary of the Gunnison River. Hydraulic and geochemical measurements down to 10 m below ground surface supported application of transmissivity feedback of snowmelt to describe subsurface flow and transport through three zones: soil, weathering shale, and saturated fractured shale. Groundwater flow is predicted to depths of at least 176 m, although a shallower limit exists if hillslope-scale hydraulic conductivities are higher than our local measurements. Snowmelt during the high snowpack water year 2017 sustained flow along the weathering zone and downslope within the soil, while negligible downslope flow occurred along the soil during the low snowpack water year 2018. We introduce subsurface concentration-discharge (C-Q) relations for explaining hillslope contributions to C-Q observed in rivers and demonstrate their calculations based on transmissivity fluxes and measured pore water specific conductance and dissolved organic carbon. The specific conductance data show that major ions in the hillslope pore waters, primarily from the weathering and fractured shale, are about six times more concentrated than in the river, indicating hillslope solute loads are disproportionately high, while flow from this site and similar regions are relatively smaller. This methodology is applicable in different representative environments within snow-dominated watersheds for linking their subsurface exports to surface waters.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; DE‐AC02‐05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1580159

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1580160; OSTI ID: 1581758

Journal Information:: Water Resources Research, Vol. 55, Issue 11; ISSN 0043-1397

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 17 works

Citation information provided by
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54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
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groundwater
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