Investigating Electrode Flooding in a Flowing Electrolyte, Gas‐Fed Carbon Dioxide Electrolyzer

Leonard, McLain E.; Clarke, Lauren E.; Forner‐Cuenca, Antoni; Brown, Steven M.; Brushett, Fikile R.

doi:10.1002/cssc.201902547

Title: Investigating Electrode Flooding in a Flowing Electrolyte, Gas‐Fed Carbon Dioxide Electrolyzer

Journal Article · 17 December 2019 · ChemSusChem

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902547 · OSTI ID:1579595

^[1];

^[2];

^[1];

^[1]

Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA, Membrane Materials and Processes Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands

Abstract Managing the gas–liquid interface within gas‐diffusion electrodes (GDEs) is key to maintaining high product selectivities in carbon dioxide electroreduction. By screening silver‐catalyzed GDEs over a range of applied current densities, an inverse correlation was observed between carbon monoxide selectivity and the electrochemical double‐layer capacitance, a proxy for wetted electrode area. Plotting current‐dependent performance as a function of cumulative charge led to data collapse onto a single sigmoidal curve indicating that the passage of faradaic current accelerates flooding. It was hypothesized that high cathode alkalinity, driven by both initial electrolyte conditions and cathode half‐reactions, promotes carbonate formation and precipitation which, in turn, facilitates electrolyte permeation. This mechanism was reinforced by the observations that post‐test GDEs retain less hydrophobicity than pristine materials and that water‐rinsing and drying electrodes temporarily recovers peak selectivity. This knowledge offers an opportunity to design electrodes with greater carbonation tolerance to improve device longevity.

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0015173

OSTI ID:: 1579595

Journal Information:: ChemSusChem, Journal Name: ChemSusChem Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 13; ISSN 1864-5631

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

References (77)

The Effects of Catalyst Layer Deposition Methodology on Electrode Performance Jhong, Huei-Ru “Molly”; Brushett, Fikile R.; Kenis, Paul J. A. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200759	journal	February 2013
Selective and Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide on Oxide-Derived Nanostructured Silver Electrocatalysts Ma, Ming; Trześniewski, Bartek J.; Xie, Jie Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 128, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201604654	journal	July 2016
Selective and Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide on Oxide-Derived Nanostructured Silver Electrocatalysts Ma, Ming; Trześniewski, Bartek J.; Xie, Jie Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201604654	journal	July 2016
Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction on Metal Electrodes Hori, Y.; Vayenas, Constantinos G.; White, Ralph E. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, p. 89-189 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_3	book	January 2008
Effect of carbon dioxide on the performance of Ni/PTFE and Ag/PTFE electrodes in an alkaline fuel cell Al-Saleh, M. A.; Gültekin, S.; Al-Zakri, A. S. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00249861	journal	June 1994
Electroreduction of carbon dioxide to formate at high current densities using tin and tin oxide gas diffusion electrodes Sen, Sujat; Brown, Steven M.; Leonard, McLain Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 49, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-019-01332-z	journal	July 2019
Capillary Hysteresis in Neutrally Wettable Fibrous Media: A Pore Network Study of a Fuel Cell Electrode Tranter, T. G.; Gostick, J. T.; Burns, A. D. Transport in Porous Media, Vol. 121, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0973-2	journal	December 2017
Degradation of some carbon-chain polymers by electrochemical reduction Shapoval, G. S.; Pud, A. A.; Zamotayev, P. V. Polymer Science U.S.S.R., Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(85)90325-9	journal	January 1985
On the problem of ageing of carbon—air electrodes in alkaline electrolytes Rolla, A.; Sadkowski, A.; Wild, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(80)80106-6	journal	January 1980
Deconvolution of electrochemical double layer capacitance between fractions of active and total surface area of graphite felts Rabbow, Thomas J.; Whitehead, Adam H. Carbon, Vol. 111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.064	journal	January 2017
Influence of flow and pressure distribution inside a gas diffusion electrode on the performance of a flow-by CO2 electrolyzer De Mot, Bert; Hereijgers, Jonas; Duarte, Miguel Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 378 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122224	journal	December 2019
Progress toward Commercial Application of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Chen, Chi; Khosrowabadi Kotyk, Juliet F.; Sheehan, Stafford W. Chem, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.08.019	journal	November 2018
Neutron imaging of fuel cells – Recent trends and future prospects Boillat, P.; Lehmann, E. H.; Trtik, P. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2017.07.012	journal	October 2017
Direct measurement of the capillary pressure characteristics of water–air–gas diffusion layer systems for PEM fuel cells Gostick, Jeff T.; Ioannidis, Marios A.; Fowler, Michael W. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.008	journal	October 2008
On the role of the microporous layer in PEMFC operation Gostick, Jeff T.; Ioannidis, Marios A.; Fowler, Michael W. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.12.053	journal	March 2009
Simultaneous neutron imaging of six operating PEFCs: Experimental set-up and study of the MPL effect Oberholzer, P.; Boillat, P.; Siegrist, R. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.03.038	journal	July 2012
Influence of dilute feed and pH on electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO on Ag in a continuous flow electrolyzer Kim, Byoungsu; Ma, Sichao; Molly Jhong, Huei-Ru Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 166, p. 271-276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.064	journal	June 2015
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid utilizing Sustainion™ membranes Yang, Hongzhou; Kaczur, Jerry J.; Sajjad, Syed Dawar Journal of CO2 Utilization, Vol. 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.04.011	journal	July 2017
Electrochemical CO2 reduction using alkaline membrane electrode assembly on various metal electrodes Lee, Jonghyeok; Lim, Jinkyu; Roh, Chi-Woo Journal of CO2 Utilization, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.03.022	journal	May 2019
A Process for Capturing CO2 from the Atmosphere Keith, David W.; Holmes, Geoffrey; St. Angelo, David Joule, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006	journal	August 2018
Capillary pressure and hydrophilic porosity in gas diffusion layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells Gostick, Jeffrey T.; Fowler, Michael W.; Ioannidis, Marios A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 156, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.086	journal	June 2006
Wettability and capillary behavior of fibrous gas diffusion media for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Gostick, Jeff T.; Ioannidis, Marios A.; Fowler, Michael W. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 194, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.04.052	journal	October 2009
Carbonate resilience of flowing electrolyte-based alkaline fuel cells Naughton, Matt S.; Brushett, Fikile R.; Kenis, Paul J. A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.114	journal	February 2011
Ex-situ characterisation of gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells El-kharouf, Ahmad; Mason, Thomas J.; Brett, Dan J. L. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 218 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.099	journal	November 2012
One-step electrosynthesis of ethylene and ethanol from CO2 in an alkaline electrolyzer Ma, Sichao; Sadakiyo, Masaaki; Luo, Raymond Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.124	journal	January 2016
Effects of composition of the micro porous layer and the substrate on performance in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO Kim, Byoungsu; Hillman, Febrian; Ariyoshi, Miho Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.043	journal	April 2016
4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl as a model organic redox active compound for nonaqueous flow batteries Milshtein, Jarrod D.; Barton, John L.; Darling, Robert M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 327 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.125	journal	September 2016
Improving water management in fuel cells through microporous layer modifications: Fast operando tomographic imaging of liquid water Nagai, Yasutaka; Eller, Jens; Hatanaka, Tatsuya Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 435 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226809	journal	September 2019
Determination of the rate constants for the carbon dioxide to bicarbonate inter-conversion in pH-buffered seawater systems Schulz, K. G.; Riebesell, U.; Rost, B. Marine Chemistry, Vol. 100, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.11.001	journal	June 2006
Water flow in the gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cells Benziger, J.; Nehlsen, J.; Blackwell, D. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 261, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.049	journal	September 2005
Continuous-flow electroreduction of carbon dioxide Endrődi, B.; Bencsik, G.; Darvas, F. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.05.005	journal	September 2017
Redox-Mediated Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gas Watkins, John D.; Siefert, Nicholas S.; Zhou, Xu Energy & Fuels, Vol. 29, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01807	journal	October 2015
Double Layer Capacitance Measurements To Characterize the Water Intrusion into Porous Materials Sow, Pradeep Kumar; Lu, Zhaowei; Talebian, Hoda The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07861	journal	October 2016
Investigating Evaporation in Gas Diffusion Layers for Fuel Cells with X-ray Computed Tomography Zenyuk, Iryna V.; Lamibrac, Adrien; Eller, Jens The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b10658	journal	December 2016
Wettability of a Single Carbon Fiber Qiu, Si; Fuentes, Carlos A.; Zhang, Dongxing Langmuir, Vol. 32, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02072	journal	September 2016
Characterization of the Intrinsic Water Wettability of Graphite Using Contact Angle Measurements: Effect of Defects on Static and Dynamic Contact Angles Kozbial, Andrew; Trouba, Charlie; Liu, Haitao Langmuir, Vol. 33, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04193	journal	January 2017
Analysis of Mass Flows and Membrane Cross-over in CO ₂ Reduction at High Current Densities in an MEA-Type Electrolyzer Larrazábal, Gastón O.; Strøm-Hansen, Patrick; Heli, Jens P. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b13081	journal	October 2019
Electrolysis of Gaseous CO ₂ to CO in a Flow Cell with a Bipolar Membrane Salvatore, Danielle A.; Weekes, David M.; He, Jingfu ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01017	journal	November 2017
Insights into the Low Overpotential Electroreduction of CO ₂ to CO on a Supported Gold Catalyst in an Alkaline Flow Electrolyzer Verma, Sumit; Hamasaki, Yuki; Kim, Chaerin ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01096	journal	November 2017
High Rate, Selective, and Stable Electroreduction of CO ₂ to CO in Basic and Neutral Media Dinh, Cao-Thang; García de Arquer, F. Pelayo; Sinton, David ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01734	journal	October 2018
Introductory Guide to Assembling and Operating Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Electrochemical CO ₂ Reduction Liu, Kai; Smith, Wilson A.; Burdyny, Thomas ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00137	journal	February 2019
Multilayer Electrolyzer Stack Converts Carbon Dioxide to Gas Products at High Pressure with High Efficiency Endrődi, B.; Kecsenovity, E.; Samu, A. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01142	journal	June 2019
Modeling Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells Weber, Adam Z.; Newman, John Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020729l	journal	October 2004
Ab Initio Thermodynamic Study of the CO ₂ Capture Properties of Potassium Carbonate Sesquihydrate, K ₂ CO ₃ ·1.5H ₂ O Duan, Yuhua; Luebke, David R.; Pennline, Henry W. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303844t	journal	June 2012
What Is the Contact Angle of Water on Graphene? Taherian, Fereshte; Marcon, Valentina; van der Vegt, Nico F. A. Langmuir, Vol. 29, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/la304645w	journal	January 2013
Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Potassium Hydroxide Dunlap, Peggy M.; Faris, Sam R. Nature, Vol. 196, Issue 4861 https://doi.org/10.1038/1961312a0	journal	December 1962
Technical photosynthesis involving CO2 electrolysis and fermentation Haas, Thomas; Krause, Ralf; Weber, Rainer Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-017-0005-1	journal	January 2018
CO ₂ separation using bipolar membrane electrodialysis Eisaman, Matthew D.; Alvarado, Luis; Larner, Daniel Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00303D	journal	January 2011
Insights into the electrocatalytic reduction of CO ₂ on metallic silver surfaces Hatsukade, Toru; Kuhl, Kendra P.; Cave, Etosha R. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 16, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP00692E	journal	January 2014
The effect of electrolyte composition on the electroreduction of CO ₂ to CO on Ag based gas diffusion electrodes Verma, Sumit; Lu, Xun; Ma, Sichao Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP05665A	journal	January 2016
Effects of temperature and gas–liquid mass transfer on the operation of small electrochemical cells for the quantitative evaluation of CO ₂ reduction electrocatalysts Lobaccaro, Peter; Singh, Meenesh R.; Clark, Ezra Lee Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP05287H	journal	January 2016
Modeling gas-diffusion electrodes for CO ₂ reduction Weng, Lien-Chun; Bell, Alexis T.; Weber, Adam Z. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP01319E	journal	January 2018
Combined high alkalinity and pressurization enable efficient CO ₂ electroreduction to CO Gabardo, Christine M.; Seifitokaldani, Ali; Edwards, Jonathan P. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01684D	journal	January 2018
CO ₂ reduction on gas-diffusion electrodes and why catalytic performance must be assessed at commercially-relevant conditions Burdyny, Thomas; Smith, Wilson A. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE03134G	journal	January 2019
Towards membrane-electrode assembly systems for CO ₂ reduction: a modeling study Weng, Lien-Chun; Bell, Alexis T.; Weber, Adam Z. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE00909D	journal	January 2019
An alkaline polymer electrolyte CO ₂ electrolyzer operated with pure water Yin, Zhenglei; Peng, Hanqing; Wei, Xing Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE01204D	journal	January 2019
New insights into the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on metallic copper surfaces Kuhl, Kendra P.; Cave, Etosha R.; Abram, David N. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21234j	journal	January 2012
The Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Low Pressure Carroll, John J.; Slupsky, John D.; Mather, Alan E. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555900	journal	November 1991
Damage in porous media due to salt crystallization Shahidzadeh-Bonn, Noushine; Desarnaud, Julie; Bertrand, François Physical Review E, Vol. 81, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.81.066110	journal	June 2010
Discrete Salt Crystallization at the Surface of a Porous Medium Veran-Tissoires, S.; Marcoux, M.; Prat, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.054502	journal	February 2012
Carbonate Dynamics and Opportunities With Low Temperature, Anion Exchange Membrane-Based Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Separators Rigdon, William A.; Omasta, Travis J.; Lewis, Connor Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033411	journal	May 2017
CO ₂ electroreduction to ethylene via hydroxide-mediated copper catalysis at an abrupt interface Dinh, Cao-Thang; Burdyny, Thomas; Kibria, Md Golam Science, Vol. 360, Issue 6390 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9100	journal	May 2018
What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes? De Luna, Phil; Hahn, Christopher; Higgins, Drew Science, Vol. 364, Issue 6438 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav3506	journal	April 2019
A Historical Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology in the 20th Century Perry, M. L.; Fuller, T. F. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 149, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1488651	journal	January 2002
Preparation of Air Electrodes and Long Run Tests Lamminen, Jaakko Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2085745	journal	January 1991
High Rate Gas Phase CO[sub 2] Reduction to Ethylene and Methane Using Gas Diffusion Electrodes Cook, Ronald L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2086515	journal	January 1990
Surface Properties of PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers Wood, David L.; Rulison, Christopher; Borup, Rodney L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3261850	journal	January 2010
Water Transport Mechanisms in PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers Owejan, Jon P.; Owejan, Jeanette E.; Gu, Wenbin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3468615	journal	January 2010
Advanced Water Management in PEFCs: Diffusion Layers with Patterned Wettability: I. Synthetic Routes, Wettability Tuning and Thermal Stability Forner-Cuenca, Antoni; Manzi-Orezzoli, Victoria; Biesdorf, Johannes Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271608jes	journal	January 2016
Liquid-Water Interactions with Gas-Diffusion-Layer Surfaces Santamaria, Anthony D.; Das, Prodip K.; MacDonald, James C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0321412jes	journal	January 2014
Characterization of Liquid Water Saturation in Gas Diffusion Layers by X-Ray Tomographic Microscopy Lamibrac, A.; Roth, J.; Toulec, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0401603jes	journal	December 2015
CO ₂ Electrolysis to CO and O ₂ at High Selectivity, Stability and Efficiency Using Sustainion Membranes Liu, Zengcai; Yang, Hongzhou; Kutz, Robert Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0501815jes	journal	January 2018
Advanced Water Management in PEFCs: Diffusion Layers with Patterned Wettability: II. Measurement of Capillary Pressure Characteristic with Neutron and Synchrotron Imaging Forner-Cuenca, A.; Biesdorf, J.; Lamibrac, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0511609jes	journal	January 2016
Advanced Water Management in PEFCs: Diffusion Layers with Patterned Wettability: III. Operando Characterization with Neutron Imaging Forner-Cuenca, A.; Biesdorf, J.; Manzi-Orezzoli, V. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0891613jes	journal	January 2016
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Electrochemical Reduction of CO ₂ to CO in a Microfluidic Cell Wu, Kunna; Birgersson, Erik; Kim, Byoungsu Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1021414jes	journal	November 2014
Efficient Electrochemical Flow System with Improved Anode for the Conversion of CO₂ to CO Ma, S.; Luo, R.; Moniri, S. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 10, p. F1124-F1131 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1201410jes	journal	January 2014
Impact of Microporous Layer Pore Properties on Liquid Water Transport in PEM Fuel Cells: Carbon Black Type and Perforation Simon, Christoph; Kartouzian, Dena; Müller, David Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1321714jes	journal	January 2017

Similar Records

Editors’ Choice—Flooded by Success: On the Role of Electrode Wettability in CO ₂ Electrolyzers that Generate Liquid Products

Journal Article · 2020 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:1651166

Leonard, McLain E.; Orella, Michael J.; Aiello, Nicholas; +3 more

The Conventional Gas Diffusion Electrode May Not Be Resistant to Flooding during CO₂/CO Reduction

Journal Article · 2022 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:1994617

Zhang, Tianyu; Li, Zhengyuan; Lyu, Xiang; +8 more

Evaluating CO₂-to-formic acid electrocatalysts in different device configurations

Journal Article · 2025 · ChemComm · OSTI ID:2575014

Nguyen-Phan, Thuy-Duong; Ellis, James E.; Howard, Bret H.; +1 more

Title: Investigating Electrode Flooding in a Flowing Electrolyte, Gas‐Fed Carbon Dioxide Electrolyzer

Citation Formats

References (77)

Similar Records

Related Subjects