Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C3–C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalyst

doi:10.3390/catal9110923

Title: Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C₃–C₅ Olefins over Zn_xZr_yO_z Catalyst

Abstract

The viability of using a Zn_xZr_yO_z mixed oxide catalyst for the direct production of C₄ olefins from the aqueous phase derived from three different bio-oils was explored. The aqueous phases derived from (i) hydrothermal liquefaction of corn stover, (ii) fluidized bed fast pyrolysis of horse litter, and (iii) screw pyrolysis of wood pellets were evaluated as feedstocks. While exact compositions vary, the primary constituents for each feedstock are acetic acid and propionic acid. Continuous processing, based on liquid–liquid extraction, for the cleanup of the inorganic contaminants contained in the aqueous phase was also demonstrated. Complete conversion of the carboxylic acids was achieved over Zn_xZr_yO_z catalyst for all the feedstocks investigated. The main reaction products from each of the feedstocks include isobutene (>30% selectivity) and CO₂ (>23% selectivity). Activity loss from coking was also observed, thereby rendering deactivation of the Zn_xZr_yO_z catalyst, however, complete recovery of catalyst activity was observed following regeneration. Finally, the presence of H₂ in the feed was found to facilitate hydrogenation of intermediate acetone, thereby increasing propene production and, consequently, decreasing isobutene production.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]; Flake, Matthew D. ^[1]; Cooper, Alan R. ^[1]; Elkasabi, Yaseen ^[2];

^[3]; Lebarbier Dagle, Vanessa ^[1]; Albrecht, Karl O. ^[4];

^[1]

Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Energy and Environment Directorate, Inst. for Integrated Catalysis
USDA-ARS Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA (United States)
ARCUS Greencycling Technologies GmbH, Ludwigsburg (Germany)
Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, IL (United States). James R. Randall Research Center

Publication Date:: 2019-11-06

Research Org.:: Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1574663

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-148421
Journal ID: ISSN 2073-4344; CATACJ

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Catalysts

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 2073-4344

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; biomass-derived aqueous phase upgrading; olefin production; oxide catalyst

Citation Formats


                    Davidson, Stephen D., Lopez-Ruiz, Juan A., Flake, Matthew D., Cooper, Alan R., Elkasabi, Yaseen, Tomasi Morgano, Marco, Lebarbier Dagle, Vanessa, Albrecht, Karl O., and Dagle, Robert A. Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C3–C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalyst.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
        Web.  doi:10.3390/catal9110923.

Copy to clipboard


                    Davidson, Stephen D., Lopez-Ruiz, Juan A., Flake, Matthew D., Cooper, Alan R., Elkasabi, Yaseen, Tomasi Morgano, Marco, Lebarbier Dagle, Vanessa, Albrecht, Karl O., & Dagle, Robert A. Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C3–C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalyst.  United States.  doi:10.3390/catal9110923.

Copy to clipboard


                    Davidson, Stephen D., Lopez-Ruiz, Juan A., Flake, Matthew D., Cooper, Alan R., Elkasabi, Yaseen, Tomasi Morgano, Marco, Lebarbier Dagle, Vanessa, Albrecht, Karl O., and Dagle, Robert A. Wed .  
        "Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C3–C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalyst".  United States.  doi:10.3390/catal9110923.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1574663.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1574663,

  title        = {Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C3–C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalyst},

  author       = {Davidson, Stephen D. and Lopez-Ruiz, Juan A. and Flake, Matthew D. and Cooper, Alan R. and Elkasabi, Yaseen and Tomasi Morgano, Marco and Lebarbier Dagle, Vanessa and Albrecht, Karl O. and Dagle, Robert A.},

  abstractNote = {The viability of using a ZnxZryOz mixed oxide catalyst for the direct production of C4 olefins from the aqueous phase derived from three different bio-oils was explored. The aqueous phases derived from (i) hydrothermal liquefaction of corn stover, (ii) fluidized bed fast pyrolysis of horse litter, and (iii) screw pyrolysis of wood pellets were evaluated as feedstocks. While exact compositions vary, the primary constituents for each feedstock are acetic acid and propionic acid. Continuous processing, based on liquid–liquid extraction, for the cleanup of the inorganic contaminants contained in the aqueous phase was also demonstrated. Complete conversion of the carboxylic acids was achieved over ZnxZryOz catalyst for all the feedstocks investigated. The main reaction products from each of the feedstocks include isobutene (>30% selectivity) and CO2 (>23% selectivity). Activity loss from coking was also observed, thereby rendering deactivation of the ZnxZryOz catalyst, however, complete recovery of catalyst activity was observed following regeneration. Finally, the presence of H2 in the feed was found to facilitate hydrogenation of intermediate acetone, thereby increasing propene production and, consequently, decreasing isobutene production.},

  doi          = {10.3390/catal9110923},

  journal      = {Catalysts},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 9,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {11}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

DOI: 10.3390/catal9110923

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 3 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering
journal, September 2006

Huber, George W.; Iborra, Sara; Corma, Avelino
Chemical Reviews, Vol. 106, Issue 9, p. 4044-4098
DOI: 10.1021/cr068360d

Production of renewable jet fuel range alkanes and commodity chemicals from integrated catalytic processing of biomass
journal, January 2014

Bond, Jesse Q.; Upadhye, Aniruddha A.; Olcay, Hakan
Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE43846E

Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass
journal, September 2007

Huber, George W.; Corma, Avelino
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 46, Issue 38, p. 7184-7201
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604504

Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading
journal, September 2014

Zhu, Yunhua; Biddy, Mary J.; Jones, Susanne B.
Applied Energy, Vol. 129
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.053

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals
journal, September 2007

Chheda, Juben N.; Huber, George W.; Dumesic, James A.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 46, Issue 38, p. 7164-7183
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604274

Characterization of the aqueous fractions from hydrotreatment and hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic feedstocks
journal, March 2015

Panisko, Ellen; Wietsma, Thomas; Lemmon, Teresa
Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 74
DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.011

Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research
journal, January 2007

Zhang, Qi; Chang, Jie; Wang, Tiejun
Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, Issue 1, p. 87-92
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2006.05.010

Developments in direct thermochemical liquefaction of biomass: 1983-1990
journal, May 1991

Elliott, D. C.; Beckman, D.; Bridgwater, A. V.
Energy & Fuels, Vol. 5, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1021/ef00027a008

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: Developments from batch to continuous process
journal, February 2015

Elliott, Douglas C.; Biller, Patrick; Ross, Andrew B.
Bioresource Technology, Vol. 178, p. 147-156
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.132

Experimental comparison of two bench scale units for fast and intermediate pyrolysis
journal, March 2017

Funke, Axel; Tomasi Morgano, Marco; Dahmen, Nicolaus
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 124
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.12.033

Bench-Scale Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis of Switchgrass for Bio-Oil Production ^†
journal, March 2007

Boateng, Akwasi A.; Daugaard, Daren E.; Goldberg, Neil M.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 46, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1021/ie0614529

An overview of aqueous-phase catalytic processes for production of hydrogen and alkanes in a biorefinery
journal, January 2006

Huber, George W.; Dumesic, James A.
Catalysis Today, Vol. 111, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.010

Oligomerization of ethanol-derived propene and isobutene mixtures to transportation fuels: catalyst and process considerations
journal, January 2019

Saavedra Lopez, Johnny; Dagle, Robert A.; Dagle, Vanessa Lebarbier
Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1039/C8CY02297F

Integrated process for the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived syngas into transportation fuels
journal, January 2016

Dagle, Vanessa Lebarbier; Smith, Colin; Flake, Matthew
Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1039/C5GC02298C

Trimerization of isobutene over a zeolite beta catalyst
journal, January 2007

Yoon, J.; Chang, J.; Lee, H.
Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 245, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2006.10.008

Light olefins dimerization to high quality gasoline components
journal, February 2001

Marchionna, Mario; Di Girolamo, Marco; Patrini, Renata
Catalysis Today, Vol. 65, Issue 2-4
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00587-3

Zirconocenes as Initiators for Carbocationic Isobutene Homo- and Copolymerizations
journal, April 1998

Carr, Andrew G.; Dawson, David M.; Bochmann, Manfred
Macromolecules, Vol. 31, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1021/ma971551l

A study of ZnxZryOz mixed oxides for direct conversion of ethanol to isobutene
journal, October 2013

Liu, Changjun; Sun, Junming; Smith, Colin
Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 467
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2013.07.011

Key Roles of Lewis Acid–Base Pairs on Zn _x Zr _y O _z in Direct Ethanol/Acetone to Isobutene Conversion
journal, December 2015

Sun, Junming; Baylon, Rebecca A. L.; Liu, Changjun
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07401

Direct Conversion of Bio-ethanol to Isobutene on Nanosized Zn _x Zr _y O _z Mixed Oxides with Balanced Acid–Base Sites
journal, July 2011

Sun, Junming; Zhu, Kake; Gao, Feng
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 29
DOI: 10.1021/ja204235v

Conversion of syngas-derived C₂+ mixed oxygenates to C₃–C₅ olefins over Zn_xZr_yO_z mixed oxide catalysts
journal, January 2016

Smith, Colin; Dagle, Vanessa Lebarbier; Flake, Matthew
Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 7, p. 2325-2336
DOI: 10.1039/C5CY01261A

Single‐step Conversion of Methyl Ethyl Ketone to Olefins over Zn _x Zr _y O _z Catalysts in Water
journal, June 2019

Dagle, Vanessa L.; Dagle, Robert A.; Kovarik, Libor
ChemCatChem, Vol. 11, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900292

Cascade Reactions for the Continuous and Selective Production of Isobutene from Bioderived Acetic Acid Over Zinc-Zirconia Catalysts
journal, October 2014

Crisci, Anthony J.; Dou, Herui; Prasomsri, Teerawit
ACS Catalysis, Vol. 4, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1021/cs501018k

Production of Deoxygenated Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oils via Product Gas Recycling
journal, June 2013

Mullen, Charles A.; Boateng, Akwasi A.; Goldberg, Neil M.
Energy & Fuels, Vol. 27, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1021/ef400739u

Mobile demonstration unit for fast- and catalytic pyrolysis: The combustion reduction integrated pyrolysis system (CRIPS)
journal, January 2019

Boateng, Akwasi A.; Schaffer, Mark A.; Mullen, Charles A.
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 137
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.024

Screw pyrolysis with integrated sequential hot gas filtration
journal, May 2015

Tomasi Morgano, Marco; Leibold, Hans; Richter, Frank
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 113
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.12.019

Screw pyrolysis technology for sewage sludge treatment
journal, March 2018

Tomasi Morgano, Marco; Leibold, Hans; Richter, Frank
Waste Management, Vol. 73
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.049

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals
journal, December 2007

Chheda, Juben N.; Huber, George W.; Dumesic, James A.
ChemInform, Vol. 38, Issue 50
DOI: 10.1002/chin.200750242

Strategies To Valorize the Hydrothermal Liquefaction-Derived Aqueous Phase into Fuels and Chemicals
journal, November 2019

Davidson, Stephen D.; Lopez-Ruiz, Juan A.; Zhu, Yunhua
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05308

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Final Report for the Project Characterization and Valorization of Aqueous Phases Derived from Liquefaction and Upgrading of Bio-Oils

Technical Report Albrecht, Karl O. ; Dagle, Robert A. ; Howe, Daniel T. ; ...

The Characterization and Valorization of Aqueous Phases Derived from Liquefaction and Upgrading of Bio-Oils project developed processes to extract value from the organics within aqueous streams derived from biomass direct liquefaction processes. The focus of the project was twofold. First, we characterized a diverse set of aqueous streams from numerous processes and feedstocks. The characterization effort served to inform this project toward development around the most prevalent compounds to maximize versatility and impact. We analyzed diverse streams from hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic, algal, and waste feedstocks; catalytic fast-pyrolysis aqueous phases; fast-pyrolysis aqueous phases; and aqueous phases produced by hydroprocessing ofmore »« less
DOI: 10.2172/1478521

Full Text Available
Conversion of Syngas-Derived C2+ Mixed Oxygenates to C3-C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Mixed Oxides Catalysts

Journal Article Smith, Colin D. ; Lebarbier, Vanessa M. ; Flake, Matthew D. ; ... - Catalysis Science and Technology

In this study we report on a ZnxZryOz mixed oxide type catalyst capable of converting a syngas-derived C2+ mixed oxygenate feedstock to isobutene-rich olefins. Aqueous model feed comprising of ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, methanol, and propanol was used as representative liquid product derived from a Rh-based mixed oxygenate synthesis catalyst. Greater than 50% carbon yield to C3-C5 mixed olefins was demonstrated when operating at 400-450oC and 1 atm. In order to rationalize formation of the products observed feed components were individually evaluated. Major constituents of the feed mixture (ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate) were found tomore »« less
DOI: 10.1039/C5CY01261A
A study of Zn_xZr_yO_z mixed oxides for direct conversion of ethanol to isobutene

Journal Article Liu, Changjun ; Sun, Junming ; Smith, Colin ; ... - Applied Catalysis. A, General

Zn_xZr_yO_z mixed oxides were studied for direct conversion of ethanol to isobutene. Reaction conditions (temperature, residence time, ethanol molar fraction, steam to carbon ratio), catalyst composition, and pretreatment conditions were investigated, aiming at high-yield production of isobutene under industrially relevant conditions. An isobutene yield of 79% was achieved with an ethanol molar fraction of 8.3% at 475 °C on fresh Zn₁Zr₈O₁₇ catalysts. Further durability and regeneration tests revealed that the catalyst exhibited very slow deactivation via coking formation with isobutene yield maintained above 75% for more than 10 h time-on-stream. More importantly, the catalysts activity in terms of isobutene yieldmore »« less
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2013.07.011
Single-step Conversion of Methyl Ethyl Ketone to Olefins over Zn_xZr_yO_z Catalysts in Water

Journal Article Dagle, Vanessa L. ; Dagle, Robert A. ; Kovarik, Libor ; ... - ChemCatChem

In this study we investigated the conversion of aqueous methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) to olefin fuel precursors over Zn_xZr_yO_z mixed oxide catalysts. Experiments were carried out in water as MEK is intended to be produced from the dehydration of 2,3-butanediol in fermentation broth which is highly diluted in water. We demonstrated that Zn_xZr_yO_z catalysts are highly effective for converting aqueous MEK to C₄-C₅ olefins. High selectivity to olefins equal to 85% was reached at 92% per pass conversion when under H₂ atmosphere. Catalyst stability was demonstrated for 60 hours' time on stream, highlighting the potential for upgrading 2,3-butanediol contained in fermentation brothmore »« less
Cited by 1
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900292

Full Text Available
Structural Identification of Zn_xZr_yO_z Catalysts for Cascade Aldolization and Self-Deoxygenation Reactions

Journal Article Baylon, Rebecca A. L. ; Sun, Junming ; Kovarik, Libor ; ... - Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

Here, complementary characterizations, such as nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), visible Raman, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with elemental mapping, NH₃/CO₂ temperature programmed desorption (NH₃/CO₂-TPD), infrared spectroscopic analysis of adsorbed pyridine (Py-IR), and CO_2-IR, have been employed to identify the structure and surface chemistry (i.e., acid-base) of mixed Zn_xZr_yO_z oxide catalysts of varied ratios of Zn/Zr. Atomically dispersed Zn²⁺ species are present in the framework within a thin surface shell (1.5-2.0 nm) of ZrO₂ particles when the Zn/Zr ratio is smaller than 1/10; when the ratio is above this, both atomically dispersed Zn²⁺ and ZnO clusters coexist in mixed Zn_xZr_yO_z oxide catalysts. The presence of ZnO clusters shows no significant side effect but only a slight increase of selectivity to CO₂, caused by steam reforming. The incorporation of atomic Zn²⁺ into the ZrO₂ framework was found to not only passivate strong Lewis acid sites (i.e., Zr-O-Zr) on ZrO₂, but to also generate new Lewis acid-base site pairs with enhanced Lewis basicity on the bridged O (i.e., _{Zr—omore » $$\curvearrowleft\atop{e\atop—}$$Zn}). In the mixed ketone (i.e., acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)) reactions, while the passivation of strong acid sites can be correlated to the inhibition of side reactions, such as ketone decomposition and coking, the new Lewis acid-base pairs introduced enhance the cascade aldolization and self-deoxygenation reactions involved in olefin (C₃⁼-C₆⁼) production. More importantly, the surface acid-base properties change with varying Zn/Zr ratios, which in turn affect the cross- and self-condensation reactivity and subsequent distribution of olefins.« less
Cited by 4
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.051

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C3–C5 Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalyst

Abstract

Citation Formats

Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering journal, September 2006

Production of renewable jet fuel range alkanes and commodity chemicals from integrated catalytic processing of biomass journal, January 2014

Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass journal, September 2007

Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading journal, September 2014

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals journal, September 2007

Characterization of the aqueous fractions from hydrotreatment and hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic feedstocks journal, March 2015

Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research journal, January 2007

Developments in direct thermochemical liquefaction of biomass: 1983-1990 journal, May 1991

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: Developments from batch to continuous process journal, February 2015

Experimental comparison of two bench scale units for fast and intermediate pyrolysis journal, March 2017

Bench-Scale Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis of Switchgrass for Bio-Oil Production † journal, March 2007

An overview of aqueous-phase catalytic processes for production of hydrogen and alkanes in a biorefinery journal, January 2006

Oligomerization of ethanol-derived propene and isobutene mixtures to transportation fuels: catalyst and process considerations journal, January 2019

Integrated process for the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived syngas into transportation fuels journal, January 2016

Trimerization of isobutene over a zeolite beta catalyst journal, January 2007

Light olefins dimerization to high quality gasoline components journal, February 2001

Zirconocenes as Initiators for Carbocationic Isobutene Homo- and Copolymerizations journal, April 1998

A study of ZnxZryOz mixed oxides for direct conversion of ethanol to isobutene journal, October 2013

Key Roles of Lewis Acid–Base Pairs on Zn x Zr y O z in Direct Ethanol/Acetone to Isobutene Conversion journal, December 2015

Direct Conversion of Bio-ethanol to Isobutene on Nanosized Zn x Zr y O z Mixed Oxides with Balanced Acid–Base Sites journal, July 2011

Conversion of syngas-derived C2+ mixed oxygenates to C3–C5 olefins over ZnxZryOz mixed oxide catalysts journal, January 2016

Single‐step Conversion of Methyl Ethyl Ketone to Olefins over Zn x Zr y O z Catalysts in Water journal, June 2019

Cascade Reactions for the Continuous and Selective Production of Isobutene from Bioderived Acetic Acid Over Zinc-Zirconia Catalysts journal, October 2014

Production of Deoxygenated Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oils via Product Gas Recycling journal, June 2013

Mobile demonstration unit for fast- and catalytic pyrolysis: The combustion reduction integrated pyrolysis system (CRIPS) journal, January 2019

Screw pyrolysis with integrated sequential hot gas filtration journal, May 2015

Screw pyrolysis technology for sewage sludge treatment journal, March 2018

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals journal, December 2007

Strategies To Valorize the Hydrothermal Liquefaction-Derived Aqueous Phase into Fuels and Chemicals journal, November 2019

Title: Cleanup and Conversion of Biomass Liquefaction Aqueous Phase to C₃–C₅ Olefins over Zn_xZr_yO_z Catalyst

Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering
journal, September 2006

Production of renewable jet fuel range alkanes and commodity chemicals from integrated catalytic processing of biomass
journal, January 2014

Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass
journal, September 2007

Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading
journal, September 2014

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals
journal, September 2007

Characterization of the aqueous fractions from hydrotreatment and hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic feedstocks
journal, March 2015

Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research
journal, January 2007

Developments in direct thermochemical liquefaction of biomass: 1983-1990
journal, May 1991

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: Developments from batch to continuous process
journal, February 2015

Experimental comparison of two bench scale units for fast and intermediate pyrolysis
journal, March 2017

Bench-Scale Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis of Switchgrass for Bio-Oil Production ^†
journal, March 2007

An overview of aqueous-phase catalytic processes for production of hydrogen and alkanes in a biorefinery
journal, January 2006

Oligomerization of ethanol-derived propene and isobutene mixtures to transportation fuels: catalyst and process considerations
journal, January 2019

Integrated process for the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived syngas into transportation fuels
journal, January 2016

Trimerization of isobutene over a zeolite beta catalyst
journal, January 2007

Light olefins dimerization to high quality gasoline components
journal, February 2001

Zirconocenes as Initiators for Carbocationic Isobutene Homo- and Copolymerizations
journal, April 1998

A study of ZnxZryOz mixed oxides for direct conversion of ethanol to isobutene
journal, October 2013

Key Roles of Lewis Acid–Base Pairs on Zn _x Zr _y O _z in Direct Ethanol/Acetone to Isobutene Conversion
journal, December 2015

Direct Conversion of Bio-ethanol to Isobutene on Nanosized Zn _x Zr _y O _z Mixed Oxides with Balanced Acid–Base Sites
journal, July 2011

Conversion of syngas-derived C₂+ mixed oxygenates to C₃–C₅ olefins over Zn_xZr_yO_z mixed oxide catalysts
journal, January 2016

Single‐step Conversion of Methyl Ethyl Ketone to Olefins over Zn _x Zr _y O _z Catalysts in Water
journal, June 2019

Cascade Reactions for the Continuous and Selective Production of Isobutene from Bioderived Acetic Acid Over Zinc-Zirconia Catalysts
journal, October 2014

Production of Deoxygenated Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oils via Product Gas Recycling
journal, June 2013

Mobile demonstration unit for fast- and catalytic pyrolysis: The combustion reduction integrated pyrolysis system (CRIPS)
journal, January 2019

Screw pyrolysis with integrated sequential hot gas filtration
journal, May 2015

Screw pyrolysis technology for sewage sludge treatment
journal, March 2018

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals
journal, December 2007

Strategies To Valorize the Hydrothermal Liquefaction-Derived Aqueous Phase into Fuels and Chemicals
journal, November 2019