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Title: Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

Abstract

Transit through the carbon liquid phase has significant consequences for the subsequent formation of solid nanocarbon detonation products. We report dynamic measurements of liquid carbon condensation and solidification into nano-onions over ~200 ns by analysis of time-resolved, small-angle X-ray scattering data acquired during detonation of a hydrogen-free explosive, DNTF (3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan). Further, thermochemical modeling predicts a direct liquid to solid graphite phase transition for DNTF products ~200 ns post-detonation. Solid detonation products were collected and characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy to confirm the abundance of carbon nano-onions with an average diameter of ~10 nm, matching the dynamic measurements. We analyze other carbon-rich explosives by similar methods to systematically explore different regions of the carbon phase diagram traversed during detonation. Our results suggest a potential pathway to the efficient production of carbon nano-onions, while offering insight into the phase transformation kinetics of liquid carbon under extreme pressures and temperatures.

Authors:
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+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  2. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  3. Washington State Univ., Argonne, IL (United States)
  4. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States). Inst. for Shock Physics; Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Office of Defense Programs (DP) (NA-10)
OSTI Identifier:
1571760
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1574178
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-755497
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723
Grant/Contract Number:  
NA0002442; AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature Communications
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 10; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEFENSE; Materials science, Physics - Condensed matter physics, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chemistry - Chemical explosives

Citation Formats

Bagge-Hansen, M., Bastea, S., Hammons, J. A., Nielsen, M. H., Lauderbach, L. M., Hodgin, R. L., Pagoria, P., May, C., Aloni, S., Jones, A., Shaw, W. L., Bukovsky, E. V., Sinclair, N., Gustavsen, R. L., Watkins, E. B., Jensen, B. J., Dattelbaum, D. M., Firestone, M. A., Huber, R. C., Ringstrand, B. S., Lee, J. R. I., van Buuren, T., Fried, L. E., and Willey, T. M. Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11666-z.
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Bagge-Hansen, M., Bastea, S., Hammons, J. A., Nielsen, M. H., Lauderbach, L. M., Hodgin, R. L., Pagoria, P., May, C., Aloni, S., Jones, A., Shaw, W. L., Bukovsky, E. V., Sinclair, N., Gustavsen, R. L., Watkins, E. B., Jensen, B. J., Dattelbaum, D. M., Firestone, M. A., Huber, R. C., Ringstrand, B. S., Lee, J. R. I., van Buuren, T., Fried, L. E., & Willey, T. M. Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation. United States. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11666-z.
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Bagge-Hansen, M., Bastea, S., Hammons, J. A., Nielsen, M. H., Lauderbach, L. M., Hodgin, R. L., Pagoria, P., May, C., Aloni, S., Jones, A., Shaw, W. L., Bukovsky, E. V., Sinclair, N., Gustavsen, R. L., Watkins, E. B., Jensen, B. J., Dattelbaum, D. M., Firestone, M. A., Huber, R. C., Ringstrand, B. S., Lee, J. R. I., van Buuren, T., Fried, L. E., and Willey, T. M. Fri . "Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation". United States. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11666-z. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1571760.
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@article{osti_1571760,
title = {Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation},
author = {Bagge-Hansen, M. and Bastea, S. and Hammons, J. A. and Nielsen, M. H. and Lauderbach, L. M. and Hodgin, R. L. and Pagoria, P. and May, C. and Aloni, S. and Jones, A. and Shaw, W. L. and Bukovsky, E. V. and Sinclair, N. and Gustavsen, R. L. and Watkins, E. B. and Jensen, B. J. and Dattelbaum, D. M. and Firestone, M. A. and Huber, R. C. and Ringstrand, B. S. and Lee, J. R. I. and van Buuren, T. and Fried, L. E. and Willey, T. M.},
abstractNote = {Transit through the carbon liquid phase has significant consequences for the subsequent formation of solid nanocarbon detonation products. We report dynamic measurements of liquid carbon condensation and solidification into nano-onions over ~200 ns by analysis of time-resolved, small-angle X-ray scattering data acquired during detonation of a hydrogen-free explosive, DNTF (3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan). Further, thermochemical modeling predicts a direct liquid to solid graphite phase transition for DNTF products ~200 ns post-detonation. Solid detonation products were collected and characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy to confirm the abundance of carbon nano-onions with an average diameter of ~10 nm, matching the dynamic measurements. We analyze other carbon-rich explosives by similar methods to systematically explore different regions of the carbon phase diagram traversed during detonation. Our results suggest a potential pathway to the efficient production of carbon nano-onions, while offering insight into the phase transformation kinetics of liquid carbon under extreme pressures and temperatures.},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-11666-z},
journal = {Nature Communications},
number = 1,
volume = 10,
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {8}
}
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DOI:  10.1038/s41467-019-11666-z
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