First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85

Title: First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

Abstract

We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ~40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and themore »« less

Authors:

;

; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi;

;

; Ball, David;

;

; Bintley, Dan;

; Boland, Wilfred;

;

; Bremer, Michael;

;

; Broguiere, Dominique more »

Publication Date:: 2019-04-10

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program

Contributing Org.:: The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1571628

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-19-30387
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8213

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 875; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8213

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; general relativity; radio interferometry; black hole physics; galaxies: individual (M87); galaxies: jets; techniques: high angular resolution; techniques: image processing; techniques: interferometric

Citation Formats


                    Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Gómez, José L., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, H. Hughes, David, Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C.  M., Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi L.  J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P.  J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Farah, Joseph R., Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Nadolski, Andrew, Nishioka, Hiroaki, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Souccar, Kamal, Vertatschitsch, Laura, and Yamaguchi, Paul. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
        Web.  doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85.

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                    Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Gómez, José L., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, H. Hughes, David, Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C.  M., Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi L.  J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P.  J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Farah, Joseph R., Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Nadolski, Andrew, Nishioka, Hiroaki, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Souccar, Kamal, Vertatschitsch, Laura, & Yamaguchi, Paul. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole.  United States.  doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85.

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                    Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Gómez, José L., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, H. Hughes, David, Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C.  M., Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi L.  J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P.  J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Farah, Joseph R., Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Nadolski, Andrew, Nishioka, Hiroaki, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Souccar, Kamal, Vertatschitsch, Laura, and Yamaguchi, Paul. Wed .  
        "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole".  United States.  doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1571628.

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@article{osti_1571628,

  title        = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole},

  author       = {Akiyama, Kazunori and Alberdi, Antxon and Alef, Walter and Asada, Keiichi and Azulay, Rebecca and Baczko, Anne-Kathrin and Ball, David and Baloković, Mislav and Barrett, John and Bintley, Dan and Blackburn, Lindy and Boland, Wilfred and Bouman, Katherine L. and Bower, Geoffrey C. and Bremer, Michael and Brinkerink, Christiaan D. and Brissenden, Roger and Britzen, Silke and Broderick, Avery E. and Broguiere, Dominique and Bronzwaer, Thomas and Byun, Do-Young and Carlstrom, John E. and Chael, Andrew and Chan, Chi-kwan and Chatterjee, Shami and Chatterjee, Koushik and Chen, Ming-Tang and Chen, Yongjun and Cho, Ilje and Christian, Pierre and Conway, John E. and Cordes, James M. and Crew, Geoffrey B. and Cui, Yuzhu and Davelaar, Jordy and De Laurentis, Mariafelicia and Deane, Roger and Dempsey, Jessica and Desvignes, Gregory and Dexter, Jason and Doeleman, Sheperd S. and Eatough, Ralph P. and Falcke, Heino and Fish, Vincent L. and Fomalont, Ed and Fraga-Encinas, Raquel and Freeman, William T. and Friberg, Per and Fromm, Christian M. and Gómez, José L. and Galison, Peter and Gammie, Charles F. and García, Roberto and Gentaz, Olivier and Georgiev, Boris and Goddi, Ciriaco and Gold, Roman and Gu, Minfeng and Gurwell, Mark and Hada, Kazuhiro and Hecht, Michael H. and Hesper, Ronald and Ho, Luis C. and Ho, Paul and Honma, Mareki and Huang, Chih-Wei L. and Huang, Lei and H. Hughes, David and Ikeda, Shiro and Inoue, Makoto and Issaoun, Sara and James, David J. and Jannuzi, Buell T. and Janssen, Michael and Jeter, Britton and Jiang, Wu and Johnson, Michael D. and Jorstad, Svetlana and Jung, Taehyun and Karami, Mansour and Karuppusamy, Ramesh and Kawashima, Tomohisa and Keating, Garrett K. and Kettenis, Mark and Kim, Jae-Young and Kim, Junhan and Kim, Jongsoo and Kino, Motoki and Koay, Jun Yi and Koch, Patrick M. and Koyama, Shoko and Kramer, Michael and Kramer, Carsten and Krichbaum, Thomas P. and Kuo, Cheng-Yu and Lauer, Tod R. and Lee, Sang-Sung and Li, Yan-Rong and Li, Zhiyuan and Lindqvist, Michael and Liu, Kuo and Liuzzo, Elisabetta and Lo, Wen-Ping and Lobanov, Andrei P. and Loinard, Laurent and Lonsdale, Colin and Lu, Ru-Sen and MacDonald, Nicholas R. and Mao, Jirong and Markoff, Sera and Marrone, Daniel P. and Marscher, Alan P. and Martí-Vidal, Iván and Matsushita, Satoki and Matthews, Lynn D. and Medeiros, Lia and Menten, Karl M. and Mizuno, Yosuke and Mizuno, Izumi and Moran, James M. and Moriyama, Kotaro and Moscibrodzka, Monika and Müller, Cornelia and Nagai, Hiroshi and Nagar, Neil M. and Nakamura, Masanori and Narayan, Ramesh and Narayanan, Gopal and Natarajan, Iniyan and Neri, Roberto and Ni, Chunchong and Noutsos, Aristeidis and Okino, Hiroki and Olivares, Héctor and Oyama, Tomoaki and Özel, Feryal and Palumbo, Daniel C.  M. and Patel, Nimesh and Pen, Ue-Li and Pesce, Dominic W. and Piétu, Vincent and Plambeck, Richard and PopStefanija, Aleksandar and Porth, Oliver and Prather, Ben and Preciado-López, Jorge A. and Psaltis, Dimitrios and Pu, Hung-Yi and Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh and Rao, Ramprasad and Rawlings, Mark G. and Raymond, Alexander W. and Rezzolla, Luciano and Ripperda, Bart and Roelofs, Freek and Rogers, Alan and Ros, Eduardo and Rose, Mel and Roshanineshat, Arash and Rottmann, Helge and Roy, Alan L. and Ruszczyk, Chet and Ryan, Benjamin R. and Rygl, Kazi L.  J. and Sánchez, Salvador and Sánchez-Arguelles, David and Sasada, Mahito and Savolainen, Tuomas and Schloerb, F. Peter and Schuster, Karl-Friedrich and Shao, Lijing and Shen, Zhiqiang and Small, Des and Sohn, Bong Won and SooHoo, Jason and Tazaki, Fumie and Tiede, Paul and Tilanus, Remo P.  J. and Titus, Michael and Toma, Kenji and Torne, Pablo and Trent, Tyler and Trippe, Sascha and Tsuda, Shuichiro and van Bemmel, Ilse and van Langevelde, Huib Jan and van Rossum, Daniel R. and Wagner, Jan and Wardle, John and Weintroub, Jonathan and Wex, Norbert and Wharton, Robert and Wielgus, Maciek and Wong, George N. and Wu, Qingwen and Young, André and Young, Ken and Younsi, Ziri and Yuan, Feng and Yuan, Ye-Fei and Zensus, J. Anton and Zhao, Guangyao and Zhao, Shan-Shan and Zhu, Ziyan and Farah, Joseph R. and Meyer-Zhao, Zheng and Michalik, Daniel and Nadolski, Andrew and Nishioka, Hiroaki and Pradel, Nicolas and Primiani, Rurik A. and Souccar, Kamal and Vertatschitsch, Laura and Yamaguchi, Paul},

  abstractNote = {We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ~40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.},

  doi          = {10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal. Letters},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 875,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {4}

}

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DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85

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Figure 1: Top panels: aggregate baseline coverage for EHT observations of M87, combining observations on all four days. The left panel shows short-baseline coverage, comprised of ALMA interferometer baselines and intra-site EHT baselines (SMA–JCMT and ALMA–APEX). These short baselines probe angular scales larger than 0.1". The right panel shows long-baselinemore »

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The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a project to assemble a Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network of millimeter wavelength dishes that can resolve strong field general relativistic signatures near a supermassive black hole. As planned, the EHT will include enough dishes to enable imaging of the predicted black hole 'shadow', a feature caused by severe light bending at the black hole boundary. The center of M87, a giant elliptical galaxy, presents one of the most interesting EHT targets as it exhibits a relativistic jet, offering the additional possibility of studying jet genesis on Schwarzschild radius scales. Fully relativistic modelsmore »« less
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Title: First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

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Figures / Tables:

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Interferometric Imaging Directly with Closure Phases and Closure Amplitudes journal, April 2018

High-Resolution Linear Polarimetric Imaging for the Event Horizon Telescope journal, September 2016

Multiscale CLEAN Deconvolution of Radio Synthesis Images journal, October 2008

A new method for making maps with unstable radio interferometers journal, October 1981

Milliarcsecond-Scale Spectral Properties and Jet Motions in M 87 journal, April 2006

Jet-Launching Structure Resolved Near the Supermassive Black Hole in M87 journal, September 2012

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole journal, April 2019

Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center journal, January 2000

Restoring with Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Entropy* journal, January 1972

The Black hole mass in m87 from Gemini/Nifs Adaptive Optics Observations journal, February 2011

The Black hole Mass, Stellar Mass-To-Light Ratio, and dark halo in m87 journal, July 2009

Calibration of ALMA as a Phased Array. ALMA Observations During the 2017 VLBI Campaign journal, May 2019

Image reconstruction from incomplete and noisy data journal, April 1978

An origin of the radio jet in M87 at the location of the central black hole journal, September 2011

The Innermost Collimation Structure of the m87 jet down to ∼10 Schwarzschild Radii journal, September 2013

HIGH-SENSITIVITY 86 GHz (3.5 mm) VLBI OBSERVATIONS OF M87: DEEP IMAGING OF THE JET BASE AT A RESOLUTION OF 10 SCHWARZSCHILD RADII journal, January 2016

Pilot KaVA monitoring on the M 87 jet: Confirming the inner jet structure and superluminal motions at sub-pc scales journal, July 2017

Super-resolution imaging with radio interferometry using sparse modeling journal, September 2014

Mojave: Monitoring of jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with vlba Experiments. xi. Spectral Distributions journal, May 2014

PRECL: A new method for interferometry imaging from closure phase journal, April 2016

A Phase Sensitive Interferometer Technique for the Measurement of the Fourier Transforms of Spatial Brightness Distributions of Small Angular Extent journal, June 1958

Testing General Relativity with the Shadow Size of Sgr A * journal, January 2016

Testing the No-Hair Theorem with Observations in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. ii. Black hole Images journal, June 2010

Dynamical Imaging with Interferometry journal, November 2017

Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A journal, December 2015

The Scattering and Intrinsic Structure of Sagittarius A* at Radio Wavelengths journal, September 2018

Kinematics of Parsec-scale Jets of Gamma-Ray Blazars at 43 GHz within the VLBA-BU-BLAZAR Program journal, September 2017

The limb-brightened jet of M87 down to the 7 Schwarzschild radii scale journal, August 2018

Long-term millimeter VLBI monitoring of M 87 with KVN at milliarcsecond resolution: nuclear spectrum journal, February 2018

The Inner Jet of the Radio Galaxy [OBJECTNAME STATUS="LINKS"]M87[/OBJECTNAME] journal, September 2007

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The ALMA Phasing System: A Beamforming Capability for Ultra-high-resolution Science at (Sub)Millimeter Wavelengths journal, December 2017

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The Parabolic jet Structure in m87 as a Magnetohydrodynamic Nozzle journal, September 2013

Parabolic Jets from the Spinning Black Hole in M87 journal, December 2018

Maximum Entropy Image Restoration in Astronomy journal, September 1986

The MeqTrees software system and its use for third-generation calibration of radio interferometers journal, November 2010

wsclean: an implementation of a fast, generic wide-field imager for radio astronomy journal, August 2014

High-resolution, high dynamic range VLA images of the M87 jet at 2 centimeters journal, May 1989

Atmospheric transmission at microwaves (ATM): an improved model for millimeter/submillimeter applications journal, January 2001

Image Formation by Self-Calibration in Radio Astronomy journal, September 1984

Optical and Radio Polarimetry of the M87 Jet at 0[farcs]2 Resolution journal, May 1999

Mapping radio sources with uncalibrated visibility data journal, May 1980

Subluminal motion and limb brightening in the nuclear jet of M87 journal, January 1989

Linear polarization radio imaging at milliarcsecond resolution journal, May 1994

Fringe detection methods for very long baseline arrays journal, March 1995

Relaxing the isoplanatism assumption in self-calibration; applications to low-frequency radio interferometry journal, July 1984

The Jet of M87 at Tenth‐Arcsecond Resolution: Optical, Ultraviolet, and Radio Observations journal, December 1996

Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene journal, January 1934

The Structure and Dynamics of the Subparsec Jet in M87 Based on 50 VLBA Observations over 17 Years at 43 GHz journal, March 2018

The m87 Black hole mass from Gas-Dynamical Models of Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations journal, May 2013

Superresolution Full-polarimetric Imaging for Radio Interferometry with Sparse Modeling
journal, March 2017

Imaging the Schwarzschild-radius-scale Structure of M87 with the Event Horizon Telescope Using Sparse Modeling
journal, March 2017

230 GHz VLBI OBSERVATIONS OF M87: EVENT‐HORIZON‐SCALE STRUCTURE DURING AN ENHANCED VERY‐HIGH‐ENERGY $\gamma $‐RAY STATE IN 2012
journal, July 2015

Capabilities and prospects of the East Asia Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network
journal, January 2018

The Structure of the m87 jet: a Transition from Parabolic to Conical Streamlines
journal, January 2012

Discovery of sub- to Superluminal Motions in the m87 jet: an Implication of Acceleration from Sub-Relativistic to Relativistic Speeds
journal, December 2013

Indication of the Black hole Powered jet in m87 by vsop Observations
journal, December 2016

A novel image reconstruction software for optical/infrared interferometry
conference, July 2010

The inner halo of M 87: a first direct view of the red-giant population
journal, November 2010

Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Superluminal Motion in the M87 Jet
journal, August 1999

The acs Fornax Cluster Survey. v. Measurement and Recalibration of Surface Brightness Fluctuations and a Precise Value of the Fornax-Virgo Relative Distance
journal, March 2009

meqsilhouette: a mm-VLBI observation and signal corruption simulator
journal, September 2016

Reconstructing Video of Time-Varying Sources From Radio Interferometric Measurements
journal, December 2018

A new view on the M 87 jet origin: Turbulent loading leading to large-scale episodic wiggling
journal, April 2017

The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XVIII. Measurement and Calibration of Surface Brightness Fluctuation Distances for Bright Galaxies in Virgo (and Beyond)
journal, March 2018

Interferometric Imaging Directly with Closure Phases and Closure Amplitudes
journal, April 2018

High-Resolution Linear Polarimetric Imaging for the Event Horizon Telescope
journal, September 2016

Multiscale CLEAN Deconvolution of Radio Synthesis Images
journal, October 2008

A new method for making maps with unstable radio interferometers
journal, October 1981

Milliarcsecond-Scale Spectral Properties and Jet Motions in M 87
journal, April 2006

Jet-Launching Structure Resolved Near the Supermassive Black Hole in M87
journal, September 2012

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
journal, April 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
journal, April 2019

Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center
journal, January 2000

Restoring with Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Entropy*
journal, January 1972

The Black hole mass in m87 from Gemini/Nifs Adaptive Optics Observations
journal, February 2011

The Black hole Mass, Stellar Mass-To-Light Ratio, and dark halo in m87
journal, July 2009

Calibration of ALMA as a Phased Array. ALMA Observations During the 2017 VLBI Campaign
journal, May 2019

Image reconstruction from incomplete and noisy data
journal, April 1978

An origin of the radio jet in M87 at the location of the central black hole
journal, September 2011

The Innermost Collimation Structure of the m87 jet down to ∼10 Schwarzschild Radii
journal, September 2013

HIGH-SENSITIVITY 86 GHz (3.5 mm) VLBI OBSERVATIONS OF M87: DEEP IMAGING OF THE JET BASE AT A RESOLUTION OF 10 SCHWARZSCHILD RADII
journal, January 2016

Pilot KaVA monitoring on the M 87 jet: Confirming the inner jet structure and superluminal motions at sub-pc scales
journal, July 2017

Super-resolution imaging with radio interferometry using sparse modeling
journal, September 2014

Mojave: Monitoring of jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with vlba Experiments. xi. Spectral Distributions
journal, May 2014

PRECL: A new method for interferometry imaging from closure phase
journal, April 2016

A Phase Sensitive Interferometer Technique for the Measurement of the Fourier Transforms of Spatial Brightness Distributions of Small Angular Extent
journal, June 1958

Testing General Relativity with the Shadow Size of Sgr $A^{*}$
journal, January 2016

Testing the No-Hair Theorem with Observations in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. ii. Black hole Images
journal, June 2010

Dynamical Imaging with Interferometry
journal, November 2017

Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A
journal, December 2015

The Scattering and Intrinsic Structure of Sagittarius A* at Radio Wavelengths
journal, September 2018

Kinematics of Parsec-scale Jets of Gamma-Ray Blazars at 43 GHz within the VLBA-BU-BLAZAR Program
journal, September 2017

The limb-brightened jet of M87 down to the 7 Schwarzschild radii scale
journal, August 2018

Long-term millimeter VLBI monitoring of M 87 with KVN at milliarcsecond resolution: nuclear spectrum
journal, February 2018

The Inner Jet of the Radio Galaxy [OBJECTNAME STATUS="LINKS"]M87[/OBJECTNAME]
journal, September 2007

Superresolution Interferometric Imaging with Sparse Modeling Using Total Squared Variation: Application to Imaging the Black Hole Shadow
journal, May 2018

An interferometry imaging beauty contest
conference, October 2004

INTERFEROMETRIC MONITORING OF GAMMA-RAY BRIGHT AGNs. I. THE RESULTS OF SINGLE-EPOCH MULTIFREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS
journal, November 2016

MOJAVE. XIII. PARSEC-SCALE AGN JET KINEMATICS ANALYSIS BASED ON 19 YEARS OF VLBA OBSERVATIONS AT 15 GHz
journal, June 2016

The Supermassive Black Hole of M87 and the Kinematics of Its Associated Gaseous Disk
journal, November 1997

A High‐Resolution X‐Ray Image of the Jet in M87
journal, January 2002

Dual differential polarimetry. A technique to recover polarimetric information from dual-polarization observations
journal, September 2016

The ALMA Phasing System: A Beamforming Capability for Ultra-high-resolution Science at (Sub)Millimeter Wavelengths
journal, December 2017

Kinematics of the jet in M 87 on scales of 100–1000 Schwarzschild radii
journal, October 2016

The Parabolic jet Structure in m87 as a Magnetohydrodynamic Nozzle
journal, September 2013

Parabolic Jets from the Spinning Black Hole in M87
journal, December 2018

Maximum Entropy Image Restoration in Astronomy
journal, September 1986

The MeqTrees software system and its use for third-generation calibration of radio interferometers
journal, November 2010

wsclean: an implementation of a fast, generic wide-field imager for radio astronomy
journal, August 2014

High-resolution, high dynamic range VLA images of the M87 jet at 2 centimeters
journal, May 1989

Atmospheric transmission at microwaves (ATM): an improved model for millimeter/submillimeter applications
journal, January 2001

Image Formation by Self-Calibration in Radio Astronomy
journal, September 1984

Optical and Radio Polarimetry of the M87 Jet at 0[farcs]2 Resolution
journal, May 1999

Mapping radio sources with uncalibrated visibility data
journal, May 1980

Subluminal motion and limb brightening in the nuclear jet of M87
journal, January 1989

Linear polarization radio imaging at milliarcsecond resolution
journal, May 1994

Fringe detection methods for very long baseline arrays
journal, March 1995

Relaxing the isoplanatism assumption in self-calibration; applications to low-frequency radio interferometry
journal, July 1984

The Jet of M87 at Tenth‐Arcsecond Resolution: Optical, Ultraviolet, and Radio Observations
journal, December 1996

Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene
journal, January 1934

The Structure and Dynamics of the Subparsec Jet in M87 Based on 50 VLBA Observations over 17 Years at 43 GHz
journal, March 2018

The m87 Black hole mass from Gas-Dynamical Models of Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations
journal, May 2013

Compressed sensing imaging techniques for radio interferometry
journal, May 2009

Spread spectrum for imaging techniques in radio interferometry
journal, December 2009

Radio structure of 3C147 determined by multi-element very long baseline interferometry
journal, October 1977

Principles of image reconstruction in optical interferometry: tutorial
journal, January 2017