Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago

Marks, N. E.; Borg, L. E.; Shearer, C. K.; Cassata, W. S.

doi:10.1029/2019JE005966

Title: Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago

Abstract

We examined lithic breccias from the Apollo sample collection in order to identify ferroan anorthosite samples suitable for geochronology, and better define the age relationships between rocks of the lunar highlands. Clast 3A is a previously unstudied noritic anorthosite from Apollo 16 lithic breccia 60016 with textural evidence of slow subsolidus recrystallization. We estimate a cooling rate of ~10 °C/Myr and calculate a pyroxene solvus temperature of 1,100–1,000 °C. Pyroxene exsolution lamellae (1–3 μm) indicate that the last stage of cooling was rapid at ~0.2 °C/year, typical of rates observed in thick ejecta blankets. We calculate concordant ages from the ¹⁴⁷Sm–¹⁴³Nd, ¹⁴⁶Sm–¹⁴²Nd, Rb–Sr, and Ar–Ar isotopic systems of 4,302 ± 28, 4,296 + 39/–53, 4,275 ± 38, and 4,311 ± 31 Ma, respectively, with a weighted average of 4,304 ± 12 Ma. The closure temperature of the Sm–Nd system is ~855 ± 14 °C, whereas the closure temperature of the Ar–Ar system is 275 ± 25 °C. Cooling from 855 to 275 °C at 10 °C/Myr should result in an age difference between the two isotopic systems of ~60 Myr. The concordant Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and Ar–Ar ages imply that they record the time the rock was excavated by a largemore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Borg, L. E. ^[1]; Shearer, C. K. ^[2]; Cassata, W. S. ^[1]

Nuclear and Chemical Sciences DivisionLawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA
Institute of MeteoriticsUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA

Publication Date:: Thu Oct 03 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1569101

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1569102; OSTI ID: 1633513

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-759299
Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9097

Grant/Contract Number:: 17‐ERD‐001; AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets Journal Volume: 124 Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9097

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 58 GEOSCIENCES

Citation Formats


                    Marks, N. E., Borg, L. E., Shearer, C. K., and Cassata, W. S. Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1029/2019JE005966.

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                    Marks, N. E., Borg, L. E., Shearer, C. K., & Cassata, W. S. Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005966

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                    Marks, N. E., Borg, L. E., Shearer, C. K., and Cassata, W. S. Thu .  
"Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005966.

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@article{osti_1569101,

  title        = {Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago},

  author       = {Marks, N. E. and Borg, L. E. and Shearer, C. K. and Cassata, W. S.},

  abstractNote = {We examined lithic breccias from the Apollo sample collection in order to identify ferroan anorthosite samples suitable for geochronology, and better define the age relationships between rocks of the lunar highlands. Clast 3A is a previously unstudied noritic anorthosite from Apollo 16 lithic breccia 60016 with textural evidence of slow subsolidus recrystallization. We estimate a cooling rate of ~10 °C/Myr and calculate a pyroxene solvus temperature of 1,100–1,000 °C. Pyroxene exsolution lamellae (1–3 μm) indicate that the last stage of cooling was rapid at ~0.2 °C/year, typical of rates observed in thick ejecta blankets. We calculate concordant ages from the 147Sm–143Nd, 146Sm–142Nd, Rb–Sr, and Ar–Ar isotopic systems of 4,302 ± 28, 4,296 + 39/–53, 4,275 ± 38, and 4,311 ± 31 Ma, respectively, with a weighted average of 4,304 ± 12 Ma. The closure temperature of the Sm–Nd system is ~855 ± 14 °C, whereas the closure temperature of the Ar–Ar system is 275 ± 25 °C. Cooling from 855 to 275 °C at 10 °C/Myr should result in an age difference between the two isotopic systems of ~60 Myr. The concordant Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and Ar–Ar ages imply that they record the time the rock was excavated by a large impact from the midcrust. The ages clearly predate various late accretion scenarios in which an uptick in impacts at 3.8 Ga is preceded by a period of relative quiescence between 4.4 and ~4.1 Ga, and instead are consistent with decreasing accretion rates following the formation of the Moon.},

  doi          = {10.1029/2019JE005966},

  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets},

  number       = 10,

  volume       = 124,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Oct 03 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Thu Oct 03 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Cited by: 17 works

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Table 1: Sm-Nd isotopic data from 60016 Clast 3A737

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Ion microprobe investigation of plagioclase and orthopyroxene from lunar Mg-suite norites: Implications for calculating parental melt REE concentrations and for assessing postcrystallization REE redistribution

Journal Article Papike, J J ; Fowler, G W ; Shearer, C K ; ... - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

The lunar Mg-suite, which includes dunites, troctolites, and norites, makes up to 20-30% of the Moon`s crust down to a depth of {approximately}60 km. The remainder is largely anorthosite. This report focuses on norites (which consist mostly of orthopyroxene and plagioclase) because we have found that both phases are effective recorders of their parental melt compositions. In an earlier report, we analyzed orthopyroxene from twelve samples (three from Apollo 14, two from A-15, and seven from A-17) by orthopyroxene from twelve samples (three from Apollo 14, two from A-15, and seven from A-17) by SIMS for eight REE (La, Ce,more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00212-8
Petrology and comparative thermal and mechanical histories of clasts in breccia 62236

Journal Article Nord, Jr, G L ; Wandless, M - J. Geophys. Res.; (United States)

Lunar breccia 62236 contains large lithic fragments of troctolite, norite, and anorthosite. The mafic phases, olivine, inverted pigeonite, and augite, fill interstitial areas between larger plagioclases and appear to be cumulate phases with extensive adcumulus growth. Pyroxene compositional homogeneity indicates that cation exchange during cooling was limited to an area of about 1 mm. Primary augite and pigeonite both contain 30 ..mu..m-wide lamellae of the other along '001'. Pigeonite inverted to orthopyroxene without retaining any crystallographic orientation and subsequently exsolved fine lamellae of augite on (100). Profiles across orthopyroxene-augite interfaces obtained in the analytical transmission electron microscope show an increasemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iS02p0A645

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Title: Geochronology of an Apollo 16 Clast Provides Evidence for a Basin‐Forming Impact 4.3 Billion Years Ago

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Element Correlations and the Bulk Composition of the Moon journal, March 1977

Thermal and Magmatic Evolution of the Moon journal, January 2006

Cosmic ray exposure ages of features and events at the apollo landing sites journal, January 1975

Modeling the provenance of the Apollo 16 regolith journal, January 2006

Mass flux in the ancient Earth-Moon system and benign implications for the origin of life on Earth journal, January 2002

A young solidification age for the lunar magma ocean journal, September 2014

Solar and cosmogenic argon in dated lunar impact spherules journal, March 2007

Response to the comment by W.H. Schwarz et al. on “Joint determination of 40K decay constants and 40Ar∗/40K for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology” by P.R. Renne et al. (2010) journal, September 2011

Chemical Compositions of the Moon, Earth, and Eucrite Parent Body journal, March 1977

Lunar Anorthosites journal, January 1970

A highly depleted moon or a non-magma ocean origin for the lunar crust? journal, October 2007

Rare earth element diffusion in natural enstatite journal, March 2007

Lunar Multiring Basins and the Cratering Process journal, June 1999

Chronologic implications for slow cooling of troctolite 76535 and temporal relationships between the Mg-suite and the ferroan anorthosite suite journal, March 2017

Igneous pyroxenes from metamorphosed anorthosite massifs journal, January 1978

Chronology of the Solar System's Oldest Solids journal, February 2008

Lunar Mg suite: Thermobarometry and petrogenesis of parental magmas journal, November 2001

Application of deuteron–deuteron (D–D) fusion neutrons to 40Ar/39Ar geochronology journal, January 2005

Constraints on the formation age and evolution of the Moon from 142Nd–143Nd systematics of Apollo 12 basalts journal, June 2014

SIMS U–Pb study of zircon from Apollo 14 and 17 breccias: Implications for the evolution of lunar KREEP journal, January 2008

Stratigraphy of the lunar highland crust; depths of burial of lunar samples from cooling-rate studies journal, October 1996

A combined Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and U–Pb isotopic study of Mg-suite norite 78238: Further evidence for early differentiation of the Moon journal, January 2009

The Origin of Lunar Felspathic Liquids journal, March 1977

Early crustal building processes on the moon: Models for the petrogenesis of the magnesian suite journal, July 2005

A two-pyroxene thermometer journal, January 1983

The age of ferroan anorthosite 60025: oldest crust on a young Moon? journal, October 1988

Tungsten isotopes and the origin of the Moon journal, October 2017

Diffusion closure temperature and age of a mineral with arbitrary extent of diffusion: theoretical formulation and applications journal, June 1999

FormulaAr-FormulaAr Dating of Luna 16 and Luna 20 Samples journal, January 1977

Argon-40-argon-39 chronology and petrogenesis along the eastern limb of the Moon from Luna 16, 20 and 24 samples journal, October 2001

The lunar magma ocean: Reconciling the solidification process with lunar petrology and geochronology journal, April 2011

Half-life and ?-ray energy of146Sm journal, June 1987

A model for the thermal and chemical evolution of the Moon's interior: implications for the onset of mare volcanism journal, September 1995

Origin of the lunar highlands Mg-suite: An integrated petrology, geochemistry, chronology, and remote sensing perspective journal, December 2014

Evolution of the lunar crust: SIMS study of plagioclase from ferroan anorthosites journal, June 1997

Petrogenetic linkages among Martian basalts: Implications based on trace element chemistry of olivine journal, July 2008

A new approach to cosmogenic corrections in 40Ar/39Ar chronometry: Implications for the ages of Martian meteorites journal, August 2016

Neodymium Isotope Evidence for a Chondritic Composition of the Moon journal, June 2006

Systematic variations of argon diffusion in feldspars and implications for thermochronometry journal, July 2013

Isotopic evidence for a young lunar magma ocean journal, October 2019

Origin of lunar high-titanium ultramafic glasses: Constraints from phase relations and dissolution kinetics of clinopyroxene-ilmenite cumulates journal, July 2000

146Sm-142Nd formation interval for the lunar mantle journal, July 1995

Chronology, geochemistry, and petrology of a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from Descartes breccia 67215: Clues to the age, origin, structure, and impact history of the lunar crust journal, April 2003

REE diffusion in feldspar journal, January 2003

Paleotemperatures at the lunar surfaces from open system behavior of cosmogenic 38Ar and radiogenic 40Ar journal, April 2015

The origin of KREEP journal, January 1979

Isotopic studies of ferroan anorthosite 62236: a young lunar crustal rock from a light rare-earth-element-depleted source journal, October 1999

A review of lunar chronology revealing a preponderance of 4.34-4.37 Ga ages journal, November 2014

The bombardment history of the Moon as recorded by 40 Ar- 39 Ar chronology journal, January 2013

Coupled thermal–orbital evolution of the early Moon journal, July 2010

JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium journal, August 2000

Cosmic-Ray-Produced Noble Gases in Meteorites journal, January 2002

An ancient Sm-Nd age for a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from lunar breccia 67016 journal, July 1994

Chronological evidence that the Moon is either young or did not have a global magma ocean journal, August 2011

Apollo 16 regolith breccias: Characterization and evidence for early formation in the mega-regolith journal, March 1986

Non-basaltic asteroidal magmatism during the earliest stages of solar system evolution: A view from Antarctic achondrites Graves Nunatak 06128 and 06129 journal, February 2010

A chemical model for generating the sources of mare basalts: Combined equilibrium and fractional crystallization of the lunar magmasphere journal, October 1992

The Late Heavy Bombardment journal, August 2017

Samarium–neodymium chronology and rubidium–strontium systematics of an Allende calcium–aluminum-rich inclusion with implications for 146Sm half-life journal, November 2014

A 4.2 billion year old impact basin on the Moon: U–Pb dating of zirconolite and apatite in lunar melt rock 67955 journal, February 2014

A protracted timeline for lunar bombardment from mineral chemistry, Ti thermometry and U–Pb geochronology of Apollo 14 melt breccia zircons journal, March 2015

Late accretion to the Moon recorded in zircon (U–Th)/He thermochronometry journal, January 2018

Lunar samples, lunar accretion and the early bombardment of the Moon journal, January 1990

Re-evaluating 142Nd/144Nd in lunar mare basalts with implications for the early evolution and bulk Sm/Nd of the Moon journal, October 2009

Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope systematics of the lunar Mg-suite: the age of the lunar crust and its relation to the time of Moon formation journal, September 2014

Chromite symplectites in Mg-suite troctolite 76535 as evidence for infiltration metasomatism of a lunar layered intrusion journal, June 2012

Element Correlations and the Bulk Composition of the Moon
journal, March 1977

Thermal and Magmatic Evolution of the Moon
journal, January 2006

Cosmic ray exposure ages of features and events at the apollo landing sites
journal, January 1975

Modeling the provenance of the Apollo 16 regolith
journal, January 2006

Mass flux in the ancient Earth-Moon system and benign implications for the origin of life on Earth
journal, January 2002

A young solidification age for the lunar magma ocean
journal, September 2014

Solar and cosmogenic argon in dated lunar impact spherules
journal, March 2007

Response to the comment by W.H. Schwarz et al. on “Joint determination of 40K decay constants and 40Ar∗/40K for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology” by P.R. Renne et al. (2010)
journal, September 2011

Chemical Compositions of the Moon, Earth, and Eucrite Parent Body
journal, March 1977

Lunar Anorthosites
journal, January 1970

A highly depleted moon or a non-magma ocean origin for the lunar crust?
journal, October 2007

Rare earth element diffusion in natural enstatite
journal, March 2007

Lunar Multiring Basins and the Cratering Process
journal, June 1999

Chronologic implications for slow cooling of troctolite 76535 and temporal relationships between the Mg-suite and the ferroan anorthosite suite
journal, March 2017

Igneous pyroxenes from metamorphosed anorthosite massifs
journal, January 1978

Chronology of the Solar System's Oldest Solids
journal, February 2008

Lunar Mg suite: Thermobarometry and petrogenesis of parental magmas
journal, November 2001

Application of deuteron–deuteron (D–D) fusion neutrons to 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
journal, January 2005

Constraints on the formation age and evolution of the Moon from 142Nd–143Nd systematics of Apollo 12 basalts
journal, June 2014

SIMS U–Pb study of zircon from Apollo 14 and 17 breccias: Implications for the evolution of lunar KREEP
journal, January 2008

Stratigraphy of the lunar highland crust; depths of burial of lunar samples from cooling-rate studies
journal, October 1996

A combined Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and U–Pb isotopic study of Mg-suite norite 78238: Further evidence for early differentiation of the Moon
journal, January 2009

The Origin of Lunar Felspathic Liquids
journal, March 1977

Early crustal building processes on the moon: Models for the petrogenesis of the magnesian suite
journal, July 2005

A two-pyroxene thermometer
journal, January 1983

The age of ferroan anorthosite 60025: oldest crust on a young Moon?
journal, October 1988

Tungsten isotopes and the origin of the Moon
journal, October 2017

Diffusion closure temperature and age of a mineral with arbitrary extent of diffusion: theoretical formulation and applications
journal, June 1999

FormulaAr-FormulaAr Dating of Luna 16 and Luna 20 Samples
journal, January 1977

Argon-40-argon-39 chronology and petrogenesis along the eastern limb of the Moon from Luna 16, 20 and 24 samples
journal, October 2001

The lunar magma ocean: Reconciling the solidification process with lunar petrology and geochronology
journal, April 2011

Half-life and ?-ray energy of146Sm
journal, June 1987

A model for the thermal and chemical evolution of the Moon's interior: implications for the onset of mare volcanism
journal, September 1995

Origin of the lunar highlands Mg-suite: An integrated petrology, geochemistry, chronology, and remote sensing perspective
journal, December 2014

Evolution of the lunar crust: SIMS study of plagioclase from ferroan anorthosites
journal, June 1997

Petrogenetic linkages among Martian basalts: Implications based on trace element chemistry of olivine
journal, July 2008

A new approach to cosmogenic corrections in 40Ar/39Ar chronometry: Implications for the ages of Martian meteorites
journal, August 2016

Neodymium Isotope Evidence for a Chondritic Composition of the Moon
journal, June 2006

Systematic variations of argon diffusion in feldspars and implications for thermochronometry
journal, July 2013

Isotopic evidence for a young lunar magma ocean
journal, October 2019

Origin of lunar high-titanium ultramafic glasses: Constraints from phase relations and dissolution kinetics of clinopyroxene-ilmenite cumulates
journal, July 2000

146Sm-142Nd formation interval for the lunar mantle
journal, July 1995

Chronology, geochemistry, and petrology of a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from Descartes breccia 67215: Clues to the age, origin, structure, and impact history of the lunar crust
journal, April 2003

REE diffusion in feldspar
journal, January 2003

Paleotemperatures at the lunar surfaces from open system behavior of cosmogenic 38Ar and radiogenic 40Ar
journal, April 2015

The origin of KREEP
journal, January 1979

Isotopic studies of ferroan anorthosite 62236: a young lunar crustal rock from a light rare-earth-element-depleted source
journal, October 1999

A review of lunar chronology revealing a preponderance of 4.34-4.37 Ga ages
journal, November 2014

The bombardment history of the Moon as recorded by ⁴⁰ Ar- ³⁹ Ar chronology
journal, January 2013

Coupled thermal–orbital evolution of the early Moon
journal, July 2010

JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium
journal, August 2000

Cosmic-Ray-Produced Noble Gases in Meteorites
journal, January 2002

An ancient Sm-Nd age for a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from lunar breccia 67016
journal, July 1994

Chronological evidence that the Moon is either young or did not have a global magma ocean
journal, August 2011

Apollo 16 regolith breccias: Characterization and evidence for early formation in the mega-regolith
journal, March 1986

Non-basaltic asteroidal magmatism during the earliest stages of solar system evolution: A view from Antarctic achondrites Graves Nunatak 06128 and 06129
journal, February 2010

A chemical model for generating the sources of mare basalts: Combined equilibrium and fractional crystallization of the lunar magmasphere
journal, October 1992

The Late Heavy Bombardment
journal, August 2017

Samarium–neodymium chronology and rubidium–strontium systematics of an Allende calcium–aluminum-rich inclusion with implications for 146Sm half-life
journal, November 2014

A 4.2 billion year old impact basin on the Moon: U–Pb dating of zirconolite and apatite in lunar melt rock 67955
journal, February 2014

A protracted timeline for lunar bombardment from mineral chemistry, Ti thermometry and U–Pb geochronology of Apollo 14 melt breccia zircons
journal, March 2015

Late accretion to the Moon recorded in zircon (U–Th)/He thermochronometry
journal, January 2018

Lunar samples, lunar accretion and the early bombardment of the Moon
journal, January 1990

Re-evaluating 142Nd/144Nd in lunar mare basalts with implications for the early evolution and bulk Sm/Nd of the Moon
journal, October 2009

Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope systematics of the lunar Mg-suite: the age of the lunar crust and its relation to the time of Moon formation
journal, September 2014

Chromite symplectites in Mg-suite troctolite 76535 as evidence for infiltration metasomatism of a lunar layered intrusion
journal, June 2012