Origins of Diamond Surface Noise Probed by Correlating Single-Spin Measurements with Surface Spectroscopy
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond exhibits spin-dependent fluorescence and long spin coherence times under ambient conditions, enabling applications in quantum information processing and sensing. NV centers near the surface can have strong interactions with external materials and spins, enabling new forms of nanoscale spectroscopy. However, NV spin coherence degrades within 100 nm of the surface, suggesting that diamond surfaces are plagued with ubiquitous defects. Prior work on characterizing near-surface noise has primarily relied on using NV centers themselves as probes; while this has the advantage of exquisite sensitivity, it provides only indirect information about the origin of the noise. Here we demonstrate that surface spectroscopy methods and single-spin measurements can be used as complementary diagnostics to understand sources of noise. We find that surface morphology is crucial for realizing reproducible chemical termination, and use this insight to achieve a highly ordered, oxygen-terminated surface with suppressed noise. We observe NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with coherence times extended by an order of magnitude.
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); USDOD; Australian Research Council (ARC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1566898
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1594722
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0018978; DMR-1752047; D18AC00015; CE170100012; 1541959; AC02-98CH10886
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review. X
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Physical Review. X Journal Volume: 9 Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 2160-3308
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS; 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; 42 ENGINEERING; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; NV centers; Quantum sensing; Surface and interfacial phenomena; Structural properties; Defects; Vacancies
Citation Formats
Sangtawesin, Sorawis, Dwyer, Bo L., Srinivasan, Srikanth, Allred, James J., Rodgers, Lila V. H., De Greve, Kristiaan, Stacey, Alastair, Dontschuk, Nikolai, O’Donnell, Kane M., Hu, Di, Evans, D. Andrew, Jaye, Cherno, Fischer, Daniel A., Markham, Matthew L., Twitchen, Daniel J., Park, Hongkun, Lukin, Mikhail D., and de Leon, Nathalie P. Origins of Diamond Surface Noise Probed by Correlating Single-Spin Measurements with Surface Spectroscopy. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031052.
Sangtawesin, Sorawis, Dwyer, Bo L., Srinivasan, Srikanth, Allred, James J., Rodgers, Lila V. H., De Greve, Kristiaan, Stacey, Alastair, Dontschuk, Nikolai, O’Donnell, Kane M., Hu, Di, Evans, D. Andrew, Jaye, Cherno, Fischer, Daniel A., Markham, Matthew L., Twitchen, Daniel J., Park, Hongkun, Lukin, Mikhail D., & de Leon, Nathalie P. Origins of Diamond Surface Noise Probed by Correlating Single-Spin Measurements with Surface Spectroscopy. United States. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031052.
Sangtawesin, Sorawis, Dwyer, Bo L., Srinivasan, Srikanth, Allred, James J., Rodgers, Lila V. H., De Greve, Kristiaan, Stacey, Alastair, Dontschuk, Nikolai, O’Donnell, Kane M., Hu, Di, Evans, D. Andrew, Jaye, Cherno, Fischer, Daniel A., Markham, Matthew L., Twitchen, Daniel J., Park, Hongkun, Lukin, Mikhail D., and de Leon, Nathalie P. Thu .
"Origins of Diamond Surface Noise Probed by Correlating Single-Spin Measurements with Surface Spectroscopy". United States. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031052.
@article{osti_1566898,
title = {Origins of Diamond Surface Noise Probed by Correlating Single-Spin Measurements with Surface Spectroscopy},
author = {Sangtawesin, Sorawis and Dwyer, Bo L. and Srinivasan, Srikanth and Allred, James J. and Rodgers, Lila V. H. and De Greve, Kristiaan and Stacey, Alastair and Dontschuk, Nikolai and O’Donnell, Kane M. and Hu, Di and Evans, D. Andrew and Jaye, Cherno and Fischer, Daniel A. and Markham, Matthew L. and Twitchen, Daniel J. and Park, Hongkun and Lukin, Mikhail D. and de Leon, Nathalie P.},
abstractNote = {The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond exhibits spin-dependent fluorescence and long spin coherence times under ambient conditions, enabling applications in quantum information processing and sensing. NV centers near the surface can have strong interactions with external materials and spins, enabling new forms of nanoscale spectroscopy. However, NV spin coherence degrades within 100 nm of the surface, suggesting that diamond surfaces are plagued with ubiquitous defects. Prior work on characterizing near-surface noise has primarily relied on using NV centers themselves as probes; while this has the advantage of exquisite sensitivity, it provides only indirect information about the origin of the noise. Here we demonstrate that surface spectroscopy methods and single-spin measurements can be used as complementary diagnostics to understand sources of noise. We find that surface morphology is crucial for realizing reproducible chemical termination, and use this insight to achieve a highly ordered, oxygen-terminated surface with suppressed noise. We observe NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with coherence times extended by an order of magnitude.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031052},
journal = {Physical Review. X},
number = 3,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {9}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031052
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031052
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 10 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Universal Dynamical Decoupling of a Single Solid-State Spin from a Spin Bath
journal, September 2010
- de Lange, G.; Wang, Z. H.; Riste, D.
- Science, Vol. 330, Issue 6000
NMR technique for determining the depth of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
journal, January 2016
- Pham, Linh M.; DeVience, Stephen J.; Casola, Francesco
- Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 4
Decoherence of Near-Surface Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Due to Electric Field Noise
journal, August 2015
- Kim, M.; Mamin, H. J.; Sherwood, M. H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 8
Ultralong spin coherence time in isotopically engineered diamond
journal, April 2009
- Balasubramanian, Gopalakrishnan; Neumann, Philipp; Twitchen, Daniel
- Nature Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 5
Evidence for Primal sp 2 Defects at the Diamond Surface: Candidates for Electron Trapping and Noise Sources
journal, December 2018
- Stacey, Alastair; Dontschuk, Nikolai; Chou, Jyh-Pin
- Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 3
The evolution of microstructure of CVD diamond by oxidation
journal, January 2000
- Howe, Jane Y.; Jones, Linda E.; Coffey, Dorothy W.
- Carbon, Vol. 38, Issue 6
Nuclear magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of single proteins using quantum logic
journal, February 2016
- Lovchinsky, I.; Sushkov, A. O.; Urbach, E.
- Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6275
Experimental evidence for a surface distribution of two-level systems in superconducting lithographed microwave resonators
journal, April 2008
- Gao, Jiansong; Daal, Miguel; Vayonakis, Anastasios
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, Issue 15
High temperature photoelectron emission and surface photovoltage in semiconducting diamond
journal, August 2014
- Williams, G. T.; Cooil, S. P.; Roberts, O. R.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 6
Controlled hydroxylation of diamond for covalent attachment of fullerene molecules
journal, July 2008
- Strobel, Paul; Ristein, Jürgen; Ley, Lothar
- Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 7-10
Electron-paramagnetic-resonance measurements on the divacancy defect center in diamond
journal, May 1999
- Twitchen, D. J.; Newton, M. E.; Baker, J. M.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 59, Issue 20
Tailoring spin defects in diamond by lattice charging
journal, May 2017
- Fávaro de Oliveira, Felipe; Antonov, Denis; Wang, Ya
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Electron affinity of plasma-hydrogenated and chemically oxidized diamond (100) surfaces
journal, October 2001
- Maier, F.; Ristein, J.; Ley, L.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 64, Issue 16
Structure, electronics, and interaction of hydrogen and oxygen on diamond surfaces
journal, February 2006
- Sque, S. J.; Jones, R.; Briddon, P. R.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 73, Issue 8
Nature of the use of adventitious carbon as a binding energy standard
journal, May 1995
- Barr, Tery L.; Seal, Sudipta
- Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 13, Issue 3
Quantum Control over Single Spins in Diamond
journal, April 2013
- Dobrovitski, V. V.; Fuchs, G. D.; Falk, A. L.
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Surface science for improved ion traps
journal, October 2013
- Hite, D. A.; Colombe, Y.; Wilson, A. C.
- MRS Bulletin, Vol. 38, Issue 10
and spin relaxation time limitations of phosphorous donor electrons near crystalline silicon to silicon dioxide interface defects
journal, February 2010
- Paik, S. -Y.; Lee, S. -Y.; Baker, W. J.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 81, Issue 7
Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond
journal, October 2008
- Maze, J. R.; Stanwix, P. L.; Hodges, J. S.
- Nature, Vol. 455, Issue 7213
XPS and NEXAFS studies of VUV/O3-treated aromatic polyurea and its application to microchip electrophoresis
journal, December 2011
- Kitagawa, F.; Mizuno, J.; Shoji, S.
- IET Nanobiotechnology, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Competition between electric field and magnetic field noise in the decoherence of a single spin in diamond
journal, January 2016
- Jamonneau, P.; Lesik, M.; Tetienne, J. P.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 2
High-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a solid-state spin sensor
journal, March 2018
- Glenn, David R.; Bucher, Dominik B.; Lee, Junghyun
- Nature, Vol. 555, Issue 7696
Spectroscopy of Surface-Induced Noise Using Shallow Spins in Diamond
journal, January 2015
- Romach, Y.; Müller, C.; Unden, T.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 1
Production and characterization of smooth, hydrogen‐terminated diamond C(100)
journal, December 1994
- Thoms, Brian D.; Owens, Michael S.; Butler, James E.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 65, Issue 23
Size-reduction of nanodiamonds via air oxidation
journal, January 2012
- Gaebel, T.; Bradac, C.; Chen, J.
- Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 21
Magnetic Resonance Detection of Individual Proton Spins Using Quantum Reporters
journal, November 2014
- Sushkov, A. O.; Lovchinsky, I.; Chisholm, N.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 19
Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured, diamond–like carbon, and nanodiamond
journal, September 2004
- Ferrari, Andrea Carlo; Robertson, John
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 362, Issue 1824
Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. X. Data for 41 elemental solids over the 50 eV to 200 keV range with the relativistic full Penn algorithm: Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. X
journal, July 2015
- Shinotsuka, H.; Tanuma, S.; Powell, C. J.
- Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 47, Issue 9
Nanostructuring and oxidation of diamond by two-photon ultraviolet surface excitation: An XPS and NEXAFS study
journal, May 2014
- Baldwin, C. G.; Downes, J. E.; McMahon, C. J.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 89, Issue 19
Coherent Optical Transitions in Implanted Nitrogen Vacancy Centers
journal, March 2014
- Chu, Y.; de Leon, N. P.; Shields, B. J.
- Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 4
A near edge X-ray absorption fine structure study of oxidized single crystal and polycrystalline diamond surfaces
journal, May 2014
- Shpilman, Z.; Gouzman, I.; Minton, T. K.
- Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 45
Nanoscale Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with a Nitrogen-Vacancy Spin Sensor
journal, January 2013
- Mamin, H. J.; Kim, M.; Sherwood, M. H.
- Science, Vol. 339, Issue 6119
Probing Surface Noise with Depth-Calibrated Spins in Diamond
journal, July 2014
- Myers, B. A.; Das, A.; Dartiailh, M. C.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 2
Control of surface and bulk crystalline quality in single crystal diamond grown by chemical vapour deposition
journal, May 2009
- Friel, I.; Clewes, S. L.; Dhillon, H. K.
- Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 5-8
Extending spin coherence times of diamond qubits by high-temperature annealing
journal, August 2013
- Yamamoto, T.; Umeda, T.; Watanabe, K.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 88, Issue 7
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on a (5-Nanometer) 3 Sample Volume
journal, January 2013
- Staudacher, T.; Shi, F.; Pezzagna, S.
- Science, Vol. 339, Issue 6119
Double-Quantum Spin-Relaxation Limits to Coherence of Near-Surface Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers
journal, May 2017
- Myers, B. A.; Ariyaratne, A.; Jayich, A. C. Bleszynski
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 19
Subnanometre resolution in three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of individual dark spins
journal, March 2014
- Grinolds, M. S.; Warner, M.; De Greve, K.
- Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 4
Crystallographic anisotropy of growth and etch rates of CVD diamond
journal, May 2009
- Wolfer, Marco; Biener, Jürgen; El-dasher, Bassem S.
- Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 5-8
Comparison of dynamical decoupling protocols for a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond
journal, April 2012
- Wang, Zhi-Hui; de Lange, G.; Ristè, D.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 85, Issue 15
A simple method for determining linear polarization and energy calibration of focused soft X-ray beams
journal, February 2008
- Watts, B.; Ade, H.
- Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 162, Issue 2
Investigation of Surface Magnetic Noise by Shallow Spins in Diamond
journal, April 2014
- Rosskopf, T.; Dussaux, A.; Ohashi, K.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 14