Describing rainfall in northern Australia using multiple climate indices

Rogers, Cassandra Denise Wilks; Beringer, Jason

doi:10.5194/bg-14-597-2017

Title: Describing rainfall in northern Australia using multiple climate indices

Journal Article · 07 February 2017 · Biogeosciences (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-597-2017 · OSTI ID:1565631

Rogers, Cassandra Denise Wilks ^[1];

^[2]

Monash Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia). School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment
Monash Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia). School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment; Univ. of Western Australia, Perth, WA (Australia). School of Earth and Environment (SEE)

Savanna landscapes are globally extensive and highly sensitive to climate change, yet the physical processes and climate phenomena which affect them remain poorly understood and therefore poorly represented in climate models. Both human populations and natural ecosystems are highly susceptible to precipitation variation in these regions due to the effects on water and food availability and atmosphere–biosphere energy fluxes. Here we quantify the relationship between climate phenomena and historical rainfall variability in Australian savannas and, in particular, how these relationships changed across a strong rainfall gradient, namely the North Australian Tropical Transect (NATT). Climate phenomena were described by 16 relevant climate indices and correlated against precipitation from 1900 to 2010 to determine the relative importance of each climate index on seasonal, annual and decadal timescales. Precipitation trends, climate index trends and wet season characteristics have also been investigated using linear statistical methods. In general, climate index–rainfall correlations were stronger in the north of the NATT where annual rainfall variability was lower and a high proportion of rainfall fell during the wet season. This is consistent with a decreased influence of the Indian–Australian monsoon from the north to the south. Seasonal variation was most strongly correlated with the Australian Monsoon Index, whereas yearly variability was related to a greater number of climate indices, predominately the Tasman Sea and Indonesian sea surface temperature indices (both of which experienced a linear increase over the duration of the study) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation indices. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the climatic processes driving variability and, subsequently, the importance of understanding the relationships between rainfall and climatic phenomena in the Northern Territory in order to project future rainfall patterns in the region.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI ID:: 1565631

Journal Information:: Biogeosciences (Online), Journal Name: Biogeosciences (Online) Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 14; ISSN 1726-4189

Publisher:: European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (67)

Trends in the southern oscillation phenomenon and Australian rainfall and changes in their relationship Suppiah, Ramasamy International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1001	journal	March 2004
Carbon and water fluxes in an arid-zone Acacia savanna woodland: An analyses of seasonal patterns and responses to rainfall events Eamus, Derek; Cleverly, James; Boulain, Nicolas Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 182-183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.020	journal	December 2013
Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents Yi, Chuixiang; Ricciuto, Daniel; Li, Runze Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034007	journal	July 2010
Daily and seasonal patterns of carbon and water fluxes above a north Australian savanna Eamus, D.; Hutley, L. B.; O'Grady, A. P. Tree Physiology, Vol. 21, Issue 12-13 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.977	journal	August 2001
Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years [Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years] Brönnimann, Stefan; Stickler, Alexander; Griesser, Thomas Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0389	journal	August 2009
The comparative role of key environmental factors in determining savanna productivity and carbon fluxes: A review, with special reference to northern Australia Devi Kanniah, Kasturi; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310364933	journal	April 2010
An introduction to the Australian and New Zealand flux tower network – OzFlux Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B.; McHugh, Ian Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016	journal	January 2016
Assessing hydrological change: deterministic general circulation models or spurious solar correlation? Franks, Stewart W. Hydrological Processes, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.600	journal	January 2002
Dynamics of component carbon fluxes in a semi-arid Acacia woodland, central Australia : CARBON DYNAMICS IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA Cleverly, James; Boulain, Nicolas; Villalobos-Vega, Randol Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 118, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20101	journal	July 2013
Trends in the southern oscillation phenomenon and Australian rainfall and changes in their relationship Suppiah, Ramasamy International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1001	journal	March 2004
Variability of southeastern Queensland rainfall and climate indices Murphy, Bradley F.; Ribbe, Joachim International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1018	journal	May 2004
A review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern Australia Murphy, Bradley F.; Timbal, Bertrand International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1627	journal	January 2008
A multi-time scale Australian monsoon index Kajikawa, Yoshiyuki; Wang, Bin; Yang, Jing International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 30, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1955	journal	May 2009
A possible cause of decreasing summer rainfall in northeast Australia Li, Jianping; Feng, Juan; Li, Yun International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 32, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2328	journal	April 2011
A system for predicting the onset of the north Australian wet-season Nicholls, N. Journal of Climatology, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370040407	journal	July 1984
The low latitude influence on winter rainfall in Victoria, south-eastern Australia-I. Climatological aspects Wright, W. J. Journal of Climatology, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370080502	journal	September 1988
The low latitude influence on winter rainfall in Victoria, South-Eastern Australia-II. Relationships with the southern oscillation and Australian region circulation Wright, W. J. Journal of Climatology, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370080602	journal	November 1988
Climatic influences on rainfall and runoff variability in the southeast region of the Murray-Darling Basin Kamruzzaman, M.; Beecham, S.; Metcalfe, A. V. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3422	journal	January 2012
Spatial variation in the duration of the rainy season in monsoonal Australia Cook, Garry D.; Heerdegen, Richard G. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 21, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.704	journal	November 2001
The influence of subtropical cold fronts on the surface energy balance of a semi-arid site Beringer, Jason; Tapper, Nigel J. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 44, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0608	journal	April 2000
Sources of uncertainty in future changes in local precipitation Rowell, David P. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 39, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1210-2	journal	October 2011
Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia Power, S.; Casey, T.; Folland, C. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050284	journal	May 1999
Tropical land savannization: impact of global warming Franchito, Sergio H.; Rao, V. Brahmananda; Fernandez, J. Pablo R. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 109, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0560-3	journal	December 2011
Climate Dynamics Wallace, John M.; Hobbs, Peter V. Atmospheric Science https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-732951-2.50015-6	book	January 2006
A sub-continental scale living laboratory: Spatial patterns of savanna vegetation over a rainfall gradient in northern Australia Hutley, Lindsay B.; Beringer, Jason; Isaac, Peter R. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.002	journal	November 2011
Patterns and processes of carbon, water and energy cycles across northern Australian landscapes: From point to region Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B.; Hacker, Jorg M. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.003	journal	November 2011
Environmental controls on the spatial variability of savanna productivity in the Northern Territory, Australia Kanniah, Kasturi Devi; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.06.009	journal	November 2011
Carbon and water fluxes in an arid-zone Acacia savanna woodland: An analyses of seasonal patterns and responses to rainfall events Eamus, Derek; Cleverly, James; Boulain, Nicolas Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 182-183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.020	journal	December 2013
Carbon dioxide fluxes dominate the greenhouse gas exchanges of a seasonal wetland in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia Beringer, Jason; Livesley, Stephen J.; Randle, Jennifer Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 182-183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.06.008	journal	December 2013
Propagation characteristics of extratropical planetary waves observed in the ATSR global sea surface temperature record Hill, Katherine L.; Robinson, Ian S.; Cipollini, Paolo Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 105, Issue C9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900067	journal	September 2000
Modeled response of the Australian monsoon to changes in land surface temperatures Wardle, Richard Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020157	journal	January 2004
Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variability and winter rainfall: Eastern Australia: INDIAN OCEAN SST VARIABILITY Verdon, Danielle C.; Franks, Stewart W. Water Resources Research, Vol. 41, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003845	journal	September 2005
El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection Ashok, Karumuri; Behera, Swadhin K.; Rao, Suryachandra A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue C11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003798	journal	January 2007
Have Australian rainfall and cloudiness increased due to the remote effects of Asian anthropogenic aerosols? Rotstayn, Leon D.; Cai, Wenju; Dix, Martin R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007712	journal	January 2007
Weakening of the Walker Circulation and apparent dominance of El Niño both reach record levels, but has ENSO really changed? Power, Scott B.; Smith, Ian N. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030854	journal	January 2007
Recent apparent changes in relationships between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Australian rainfall and temperature Nicholls, Neville; Lavery, Beth; Frederiksen, Carsten Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 23, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL03166	journal	November 1996
A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean Saji, N. H.; Goswami, B. N.; Vinayachandran, P. N. Nature, Vol. 401, Issue 6751 https://doi.org/10.1038/43854	journal	September 1999
The importance of low atmospheric CO2 and fire in promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas Bond, W. J.; Midgley, G. F.; Woodward, F. I. Global Change Biology, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00577.x	journal	July 2003
Big fires and their ecological impacts in Australian savannas: size and frequency matters Yates, Cameron P.; Edwards, Andrew C.; Russell-Smith, Jeremy International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF07150	journal	January 2008
Biomass Burning and Resulting Emissions in the Northern Territory, Australia Beringer, J.; Packham, D.; Tapper, N. International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9950229	journal	January 1995
Climate dynamics Kotter, Richard International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 70, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.841038	journal	December 2013
Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents Yi, Chuixiang; Ricciuto, Daniel; Li, Runze Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034007	journal	July 2010
Impacts of an extreme cyclone event on landscape-scale savanna fire, productivity and greenhouse gas emissions Hutley, L. B.; Evans, B. J.; Beringer, J. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045023	journal	November 2013
Daily and seasonal patterns of carbon and water fluxes above a north Australian savanna Eamus, D.; Hutley, L. B.; O'Grady, A. P. Tree Physiology, Vol. 21, Issue 12-13 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.977	journal	August 2001
Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B.; Abramson, David Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12686	journal	September 2014
Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B.; Tapper, Nigel J. Global Change Biology, Vol. 0, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01334.x	journal	March 2007
Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B.; Tapper, Nigel J. Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01334.x	journal	May 2007
On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO Kumar, K. K. Science, Vol. 284, Issue 5423 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156	journal	June 1999
Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years [Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years] Brönnimann, Stefan; Stickler, Alexander; Griesser, Thomas Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0389	journal	August 2009
On Predicting the Onset of the Australian Wet Season at Darwin Nicholls, N.; McBride, J. L.; Ormerod, R. J. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 110, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0014:OPTOOT>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 1982
Improvements to NOAA’s Historical Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880–2006) Smith, Thomas M.; Reynolds, Richard W.; Peterson, Thomas C. Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1	journal	May 2008
Characteristics of the Northern Australian Rainy Season Smith, I. N.; Wilson, L.; Suppiah, R. Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2109.1	journal	September 2008
On the Remote Drivers of Rainfall Variability in Australia Risbey, James S.; Pook, Michael J.; McIntosh, Peter C. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 137, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2861.1	journal	October 2009
SPECIAL—Savanna Patterns of Energy and Carbon Integrated across the Landscape Beringer, Jason; Hacker, Jorg; Hutley, Lindsay B. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 92, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS2948.1	journal	November 2011
Remote Influence of the Tropical Atlantic on the Variability and Trend in North West Australia Summer Rainfall Lin, Zhongda; Li, Yun Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00020.1	journal	April 2012
The Role of Air–Sea Interaction for Prediction of Australian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Hendon, Harry H.; Lim, Eun-Pa; Liu, Guo Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00125.1	journal	February 2012
Evidence for Using Lagged Climate Indices to Forecast Australian Seasonal Rainfall Schepen, Andrew; Wang, Q. J.; Robertson, David Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00156.1	journal	February 2012
Global Warming and the Weakening of the Tropical Circulation Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Soden, Brian J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4258.1	journal	September 2007
The comparative role of key environmental factors in determining savanna productivity and carbon fluxes: A review, with special reference to northern Australia Devi Kanniah, Kasturi; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310364933	journal	April 2010
Response of savanna gross primary productivity to interannual variability in rainfall: Results of a remote sensing based light use efficiency model Kanniah, Kasturi Devi; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, Vol. 37, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313490006	journal	June 2013
Disturbance and Climatic Drivers of Carbon Dynamics of a North Australian Tropical Savanna Hutley, Lindsay B.; Beringer, JAson Ecosystem Function in Savannas https://doi.org/10.1201/b10275-12	book	November 2010
Disturbance and Climatic Drivers of Carbon Dynamics of a North Australian Tropical Savanna Hutley, Lindsay; Beringer, Jason Ecosystem Function in Savannas https://doi.org/10.1201/b10275-6	book	November 2010
The contribution of trees and grasses to productivity of an Australian tropical savanna Moore, Caitlin E.; Beringer, Jason; Evans, Bradley Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2387-2016	journal	January 2016
An introduction to the Australian and New Zealand flux tower network – OzFlux Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B.; McHugh, Ian Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016	journal	January 2016
Coupling carbon allocation with leaf and root phenology predicts tree–grass partitioning along a savanna rainfall gradient Haverd, V.; Smith, B.; Raupach, M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-761-2016	journal	January 2016
Coupling carbon allocation with leaf and root phenology predicts tree-grass partitioning along a savanna rainfall gradient Haverd, V.; Smith, B.; Raupach, M. Biogeosciences Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-16313-2015	journal	October 2015
The contribution of trees and grasses to productivity of an Australian tropical savanna Moore, C. E.; Beringer, J.; Evans, B. Biogeosciences Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-19307-2015	journal	December 2015

Cited By (12)

Investigating observed northwest Australian rainfall trends in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 detection and attribution experiments Dey, Raktima; Lewis, Sophie C.; Abram, Nerilie J. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 39, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5788	journal	September 2018
Identifying Sustained Drought Anomalies in Hydrological Records: A Wavelet Approach Rashid, Md. Mamunur; Johnson, Fiona; Sharma, Ashish Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028455	journal	July 2018
Phenology Dynamics of Dryland Ecosystems Along the North Australian Tropical Transect Revealed by Satellite Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Wang, Cong; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082716	journal	May 2019
TERN, Australia’s land observatory: addressing the global challenge of forecasting ecosystem responses to climate variability and change Cleverly, James; Eamus, Derek; Edwards, Will Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab33cb	journal	August 2019
Seasonal, interannual and decadal drivers of tree and grass productivity in an Australian tropical savanna Moore, Caitlin E.; Beringer, Jason; Donohue, Randall J. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14072	journal	February 2018
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly correlated with terrestrial photosynthesis for a wide variety of biomes: First global analysis based on OCO-2 and flux tower observations Li, Xing; Xiao, Jingfeng; He, Binbin Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14297	journal	June 2018
Defining the north Australian monsoon onset: A systematic review Lisonbee, Joel; Ribbe, Joachim; Wheeler, Matthew Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, Vol. 44, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133319881107	journal	October 2019
Challenges and opportunities in land surface modelling of savanna ecosystems Whitley, Rhys; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000204521	text	January 2017
Tree–grass phenology information improves light use efficiency modelling of gross primary productivity for an Australian tropical savanna Moore, Caitlin E.; Beringer, Jason; Evans, Bradley Biogeosciences, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-111-2017	journal	January 2017
Challenges and opportunities in land surface modelling of savanna ecosystems Whitley, Rhys; Beringer, Jason; Hutley, Lindsay B. Biogeosciences, Vol. 14, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4711-2017	journal	January 2017
Preface: OzFlux: a network for the study of ecosystem carbon and water dynamics across Australia and New Zealand van Gorsel, Eva; Cleverly, James; Beringer, Jason Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-349-2018	journal	January 2018
Identifying El Niño–Southern Oscillation influences on rainfall with classification models: implications for water resource management of Sri Lanka De Silva M., Thushara; Hornberger, George M. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 23, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1905-2019	journal	January 2019

Similar Records

On the drivers of inter-annual and decadal rainfall variability in Queensland, Australia

Journal Article · 2012 · International Journal of Climatology · OSTI ID:1564940

Klingaman, N. P.; Woolnough, S. J.; Syktus, J.

Climatic regimes of tropical convection and rainfall

Journal Article · 1994 · Journal of Climate; (United States) · OSTI ID:6710330

Wang, Bin

Mechanisms causing east Australian spring rainfall differences between three strong El Niño events

Journal Article · 2019 · Climate Dynamics · OSTI ID:1532618

van Rensch, Peter; Arblaster, Julie; Gallant, Ailie J. E.; +3 more

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
Geology

Title: Describing rainfall in northern Australia using multiple climate indices

Citation Formats

References (67)

Cited By (12)

Similar Records

Related Subjects