Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering

Omair, Zunaid; Scranton, Gregg; Pazos-Outón, Luis M.; Xiao, T. Patrick; Steiner, Myles A.; Ganapati, Vidya; Peterson, Per F.; Holzrichter, John; Atwater, Harry; Yablonovitch, Eli

doi:10.1073/pnas.1903001116

Title: Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering

Abstract

Thermophotovoltaic power conversion utilizes thermal radiation from a local heat source to generate electricity in a photovoltaic cell. It was shown in recent years that the addition of a highly reflective rear mirror to a solar cell maximizes the extraction of luminescence. This, in turn, boosts the voltage, enabling the creation of record-breaking solar efficiency. Now we report that the rear mirror can be used to create thermophotovoltaic systems with unprecedented high thermophotovoltaic efficiency. This mirror reflects low-energy infrared photons back into the heat source, recovering their energy. Therefore, the rear mirror serves a dual function; boosting the voltage and reusing infrared thermal photons. This allows the possibility of a practical >50% efficient thermophotovoltaic system. Based on this reflective rear mirror concept, we report a thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 29.1 ± 0.4% at an emitter temperature of 1,207 °C.

Authors:

^[1]; Scranton, Gregg ^[1]; Pazos-Outón, Luis M. ^[2]; Xiao, T. Patrick ^[1]; Steiner, Myles A. ^[3]; Ganapati, Vidya ^[4]; Peterson, Per F. ^[5]; Holzrichter, John ^[6]; Atwater, Harry ^[7];

^[1]

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA (United States). Dept. of Engineering
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Nuclear Engineering
Physical Insights Associates, Berkeley, CA (United States)
California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Applied Physics

Publication Date:: Tue Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Photonics at Thermodynamic Limits (PTL); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:: 1561936

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1545259

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5900-73229
Journal ID: ISSN 0027-8424; ark:/13030/qt2kh465km

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC36-08GO28308

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 116; Journal Issue: 31; Journal ID: ISSN 0027-8424

Publisher:: National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (United States)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION; energy; photovoltaics; thermophotovoltaics; TPV; solar; 14 SOLAR ENERGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; thermophotovoltaic; back mirror; high efficiency

Citation Formats


                    Omair, Zunaid, Scranton, Gregg, Pazos-Outón, Luis M., Xiao, T. Patrick, Steiner, Myles A., Ganapati, Vidya, Peterson, Per F., Holzrichter, John, Atwater, Harry, and Yablonovitch, Eli. Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1073/pnas.1903001116.

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                    Omair, Zunaid, Scranton, Gregg, Pazos-Outón, Luis M., Xiao, T. Patrick, Steiner, Myles A., Ganapati, Vidya, Peterson, Per F., Holzrichter, John, Atwater, Harry, & Yablonovitch, Eli. Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903001116

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                    Omair, Zunaid, Scranton, Gregg, Pazos-Outón, Luis M., Xiao, T. Patrick, Steiner, Myles A., Ganapati, Vidya, Peterson, Per F., Holzrichter, John, Atwater, Harry, and Yablonovitch, Eli. Tue .  
"Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903001116.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1561936.

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@article{osti_1561936,

  title        = {Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering},

  author       = {Omair, Zunaid and Scranton, Gregg and Pazos-Outón, Luis M. and Xiao, T. Patrick and Steiner, Myles A. and Ganapati, Vidya and Peterson, Per F. and Holzrichter, John and Atwater, Harry and Yablonovitch, Eli},

  abstractNote = {Thermophotovoltaic power conversion utilizes thermal radiation from a local heat source to generate electricity in a photovoltaic cell. It was shown in recent years that the addition of a highly reflective rear mirror to a solar cell maximizes the extraction of luminescence. This, in turn, boosts the voltage, enabling the creation of record-breaking solar efficiency. Now we report that the rear mirror can be used to create thermophotovoltaic systems with unprecedented high thermophotovoltaic efficiency. This mirror reflects low-energy infrared photons back into the heat source, recovering their energy. Therefore, the rear mirror serves a dual function; boosting the voltage and reusing infrared thermal photons. This allows the possibility of a practical >50% efficient thermophotovoltaic system. Based on this reflective rear mirror concept, we report a thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 29.1 ± 0.4% at an emitter temperature of 1,207 °C.},

  doi          = {10.1073/pnas.1903001116},

  journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},

  number       = 31,

  volume       = 116,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Tue Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903001116

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Fig. 1: Increasing the efficiency of thermophotovoltaics by managing the low-energy thermal photons that cannot be absorbed by the semiconductor. There are two approaches for doing this. (A) Use a spectrally selective coating that will ideally emit high-energy photons or (B) exploit the semiconductor band edge itself as the spectralmore »

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The Voltage Boost Enabled by Luminescence Extraction in Solar Cells

Journal Article Ganapati, Vidya ; Steiner, Myles A. ; Yablonovitch, Eli - IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics

Over the past few years, the application of the physical principle, i.e., 'luminescence extraction,' has produced record voltages and efficiencies in photovoltaic cells. Luminescence extraction is the use of optical design, such as a back mirror or textured surfaces, to help internal photons escape out of the front surface of a solar cell. The principle of luminescence extraction is exemplified by the mantra 'a good solar cell should also be a good LED.' Basic thermodynamics says that the voltage boost should be related to concentration ratio C of a resource by ΔV = (kT/q) ln{C}. In light trapping (i.e., when the solar cell is textured and has a perfect back mirror), the concentration ratio of photons C = {4n²}; therefore, one would expect a voltage boost of ΔV = (kT/q) ln{4n²} over a solar cell with no texture and zero back reflectivity, where n is the refractive index. Nevertheless, there has been ambiguity over the voltage benefit to be expected from perfect luminescence extraction. Do we gain an open-circuit voltage boost of ΔV = (kT/q) ln{n²}, ΔV = (kT/q) ln{2 n²}, or ΔV = (kT/q) ln{4 n²}? What is responsible for this voltage ambiguity ΔV = (kT/q) ln{4}more »« less
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https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2547580
Photonic Crystals for Enhancing Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion

Technical Report LIN, SHAWN-YU ; FLEMING, JAMES G ; MORENO, JOSEPH A

Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) converts the radiant energy of a thermal source into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells. TPV has a number of attractive features, including: fuel versatility (nuclear, fossil, solar, etc.), quiet operation, low maintenance, low emissions, light weight, high power density, modularity, and possibility for cogeneration of heat and electricity. Some of these features are highly attractive for military applications (Navy and Army). TPV could also be used for distributed power and automotive applications wherever fuel cells, microturbines, or cogeneration are presently being considered if the efficiencies could be raised to around 30%. This proposal primarily examine approaches to improvingmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/809620

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Title: Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering

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TPV Systems with Solar Powered Tungsten Emitters conference, January 2007

Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit journal, July 2012

Optical properties of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices journal, January 1998

Thermophotovoltaics: Fundamentals, challenges and prospects journal, December 2015

Thin-film ‘Thermal Well’ Emitters and Absorbers for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaics journal, June 2015

‘Squeezing’ near-field thermal emission for ultra-efficient high-power thermophotovoltaic conversion journal, July 2016

Economic potential for thermophotovoltaic electric power generation in the steel industry conference, June 2014

Enabling efficient heat-to-electricity generation at the mesoscale journal, January 2017

Heat transfer and thermophotovoltaic power generation in oil-fired heating systems journal, May 2011

Three-dimensional self-assembled photonic crystals with high temperature stability for thermal emission modification journal, October 2013

Greater Than 20% Radiant Heat Conversion Efficiency of a Thermophotovoltaic Radiator/Module System Using Reflective Spectral Control journal, March 2004

Thermal energy grid storage using multi-junction photovoltaics journal, January 2019

Silicon photovoltaic cells in thermophotovoltaic energy conversion conference, January 1978

GRI research on thermophotovoltaics conference, January 1995

Roadmap on optical energy conversion journal, June 2016

Ultrahigh spontaneous emission quantum efficiency, 99.7% internally and 72% externally, from AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructures journal, January 1993

Radiative performance of rare earth garnet thin film selective emitters conference, January 1995

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces For Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting conference, January 2019

Feasibility study of a Thermo-Photo-Voltaic system for CHP application in residential buildings journal, September 2012

Steady state analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system journal, October 2013

A nanophotonic solar thermophotovoltaic device journal, January 2014

Solar Thermophotovoltaics: Combining Solar Thermal and Photovoltaics conference, January 2007

High-efficiency thermophotovoltaic energy conversion enabled by a metamaterial selective emitter journal, January 2018

The voltage boost enabled by luminescence extraction in solar cells conference, June 2017

Thermophotovoltaics for Space Power Applications conference, January 2007

Thin-Film Architectures with High Spectral Selectivity for Thermophotovoltaic Cells journal, December 2017

TPV power source development for an unmanned undersea vehicle conference, January 1995

Wavelength-selective thermal extraction for higher efficiency and power density thermophotovoltaics journal, November 2018

Metamaterial-based integrated plasmonic absorber/emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems journal, January 2012

Absorber and emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems to achieve efficiency exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit journal, January 2009

Spectral and total emissivity measurements of highly emitting materials journal, January 1995

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting journal, November 2018

Design and global optimization of high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic systems journal, January 2010

A brief history of thermophotovoltaic development journal, April 2003

Thermophotovoltaics on the move to applications journal, May 2013

Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion for Space journal, April 2008

Development of Front Surface, Spectral Control Filters with Greater Temperature Stability for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion conference, January 2007

27.6% Conversion efficiency, a new record for single-junction solar cells under 1 sun illumination conference, June 2011

Radioisotope thermophotovoltaic system design and its application to an illustrative space mission conference, January 1995

Measurement of conversion efficiency of thermophotovoltaic devices conference, January 1996

High temperature epsilon-near-zero and epsilon-near-pole metamaterial emitters for thermophotovoltaics journal, December 2012

Use of a thermophotovoltaic generator in a hybrid electric vehicle conference, January 1999

Overview and Status of Thermophotovoltaic Systems journal, January 2014

Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells journal, March 1961

The Voltage Boost Enabled by Luminescence Extraction in Solar Cells journal, July 2016

Recombination lifetime of In0.53Ga0.47As as a function of doping density journal, June 1998

Economic Potential for Thermophotovoltaic Electric Power Generation in the Steel Industry text, January 2014

Optical enhancement of the open-circuit voltage in high quality GaAs solar cells journal, March 2013

Selective emitters using photonic crystals for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion conference, January 2002

The voltage boost enabled by luminescence extraction in solar cells conference, June 2016

Thin-film 'Thermal Well' Emitters and Absorbers for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaics preprint, January 2015

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting text, January 2018

Thermophotovoltaics: Fundamentals, challenges and prospects journal, December 2015

Steady state analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system journal, October 2013

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting journal, November 2018

Thin-film ‘Thermal Well’ Emitters and Absorbers for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaics journal, June 2015

‘Squeezing’ near-field thermal emission for ultra-efficient high-power thermophotovoltaic conversion journal, July 2016

Upper limit of thermophotovoltaic solar-energy conversion journal, April 1980

Economic Potential for Thermophotovoltaic Electric Power Generation in the Steel Industry text, January 2014

Nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer between two planar bodies conference, January 2020

Optimum selective emitters for efficient thermophotovoltaic conversion journal, January 2020

New insights into the thermal behavior and management of thermophotovoltaic systems journal, January 2019

Nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer between two planar bodies journal, February 2020

Nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer between two planar bodies text, January 2019

New insights into the thermal behavior and management of thermophotovoltaic systems journal, January 2019

Thermal stability of tungsten based metamaterial emitter under medium vacuum and inert gas conditions text, January 2020

Deep subwavelength thermal switch via resonant coupling in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride text, January 2020

TPV Systems with Solar Powered Tungsten Emitters
conference, January 2007

Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit
journal, July 2012

Optical properties of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices
journal, January 1998

Thermophotovoltaics: Fundamentals, challenges and prospects
journal, December 2015

Thin-film ‘Thermal Well’ Emitters and Absorbers for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaics
journal, June 2015

‘Squeezing’ near-field thermal emission for ultra-efficient high-power thermophotovoltaic conversion
journal, July 2016

Economic potential for thermophotovoltaic electric power generation in the steel industry
conference, June 2014

Enabling efficient heat-to-electricity generation at the mesoscale
journal, January 2017

Heat transfer and thermophotovoltaic power generation in oil-fired heating systems
journal, May 2011

Three-dimensional self-assembled photonic crystals with high temperature stability for thermal emission modification
journal, October 2013

Greater Than 20% Radiant Heat Conversion Efficiency of a Thermophotovoltaic Radiator/Module System Using Reflective Spectral Control
journal, March 2004

Thermal energy grid storage using multi-junction photovoltaics
journal, January 2019

Silicon photovoltaic cells in thermophotovoltaic energy conversion
conference, January 1978

GRI research on thermophotovoltaics
conference, January 1995

Roadmap on optical energy conversion
journal, June 2016

Ultrahigh spontaneous emission quantum efficiency, 99.7% internally and 72% externally, from AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructures
journal, January 1993

Radiative performance of rare earth garnet thin film selective emitters
conference, January 1995

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces For Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting
conference, January 2019

Feasibility study of a Thermo-Photo-Voltaic system for CHP application in residential buildings
journal, September 2012

Steady state analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system
journal, October 2013

A nanophotonic solar thermophotovoltaic device
journal, January 2014

Solar Thermophotovoltaics: Combining Solar Thermal and Photovoltaics
conference, January 2007

High-efficiency thermophotovoltaic energy conversion enabled by a metamaterial selective emitter
journal, January 2018

The voltage boost enabled by luminescence extraction in solar cells
conference, June 2017

Thermophotovoltaics for Space Power Applications
conference, January 2007

Thin-Film Architectures with High Spectral Selectivity for Thermophotovoltaic Cells
journal, December 2017

TPV power source development for an unmanned undersea vehicle
conference, January 1995

Wavelength-selective thermal extraction for higher efficiency and power density thermophotovoltaics
journal, November 2018

Metamaterial-based integrated plasmonic absorber/emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems
journal, January 2012

Absorber and emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems to achieve efficiency exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit
journal, January 2009

Spectral and total emissivity measurements of highly emitting materials
journal, January 1995

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting
journal, November 2018

Design and global optimization of high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic systems
journal, January 2010

A brief history of thermophotovoltaic development
journal, April 2003

Thermophotovoltaics on the move to applications
journal, May 2013

Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion for Space
journal, April 2008

Development of Front Surface, Spectral Control Filters with Greater Temperature Stability for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion
conference, January 2007

27.6% Conversion efficiency, a new record for single-junction solar cells under 1 sun illumination
conference, June 2011

Radioisotope thermophotovoltaic system design and its application to an illustrative space mission
conference, January 1995

Measurement of conversion efficiency of thermophotovoltaic devices
conference, January 1996

High temperature epsilon-near-zero and epsilon-near-pole metamaterial emitters for thermophotovoltaics
journal, December 2012

Use of a thermophotovoltaic generator in a hybrid electric vehicle
conference, January 1999

Overview and Status of Thermophotovoltaic Systems
journal, January 2014

Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells
journal, March 1961

The Voltage Boost Enabled by Luminescence Extraction in Solar Cells
journal, July 2016

Recombination lifetime of In0.53Ga0.47As as a function of doping density
journal, June 1998

Economic Potential for Thermophotovoltaic Electric Power Generation in the Steel Industry
text, January 2014

Optical enhancement of the open-circuit voltage in high quality GaAs solar cells
journal, March 2013

Selective emitters using photonic crystals for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion
conference, January 2002

The voltage boost enabled by luminescence extraction in solar cells
conference, June 2016

Thin-film 'Thermal Well' Emitters and Absorbers for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaics
preprint, January 2015

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting
text, January 2018

Thermophotovoltaics: Fundamentals, challenges and prospects
journal, December 2015

Steady state analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system
journal, October 2013

High-Temperature Refractory Metasurfaces for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Harvesting
journal, November 2018

Thin-film ‘Thermal Well’ Emitters and Absorbers for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaics
journal, June 2015

‘Squeezing’ near-field thermal emission for ultra-efficient high-power thermophotovoltaic conversion
journal, July 2016

Upper limit of thermophotovoltaic solar-energy conversion
journal, April 1980

Economic Potential for Thermophotovoltaic Electric Power Generation in the Steel Industry
text, January 2014

Nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer between two planar bodies
conference, January 2020

Optimum selective emitters for efficient thermophotovoltaic conversion
journal, January 2020

New insights into the thermal behavior and management of thermophotovoltaic systems
journal, January 2019

Nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer between two planar bodies
journal, February 2020

Nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer between two planar bodies
text, January 2019

New insights into the thermal behavior and management of thermophotovoltaic systems
journal, January 2019

Thermal stability of tungsten based metamaterial emitter under medium vacuum and inert gas conditions
text, January 2020

Deep subwavelength thermal switch via resonant coupling in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride
text, January 2020