Level Densities of 74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions

Voinov, A. V.; Renstrom, T.; Bleuel, D. L.; Grimes, S. M.; Guttormsen, M.; Larsen, A. C.; Liddick, S. N.; Perdikakis, G.; Spyrou, A; Akhtar, S.; Alanazi, N.; Brandenburg, K.; Brune, C. R.; Danley, T. W.; Dhakal, S.; Gastis, P; Giri, R.; Massey, T. N.; Meisel, Z.; Nikas, S; Paneru, S. N.; Parker, C. E.; Richard, A. L.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.99.054609

Title: Level Densities of ^74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions

Abstract

The level densities of ^74,76Ge nuclei are studied with ^68,70Zn(⁷Li , Xp ) reactions. Proton evaporation spectra are measured at backward angles in a wide energy region, from about 2 to 25 MeV. The analysis of spectra allows for the testing of level density models used in modern reaction codes for practical cross-section calculations. Our results show that at excitation energies above the discrete level region, all level density models tested in this work overestimate the level densities that are needed to reproduce proton spectra from these reactions. The Gilbert and Cameron model, which includes the constant-temperature energy dependence of the level density, shows the best agreement with experiment, however, its parameters need to be adjusted to reflect the observed reduction of the level density at higher excitation energies.

Authors:

Voinov, A. V. ^[1]; Renstrom, T. ^[2]; Bleuel, D. L. ^[3]; Grimes, S. M. ^[1]; Guttormsen, M. ^[2]; Larsen, A. C. ^[2]; Liddick, S. N. ^[4]; Perdikakis, G. ^[5]; Spyrou, A ^[6]; Akhtar, S. ^[1]; Alanazi, N. ^[7]; Brandenburg, K. ^[1]; Brune, C. R. ^[1]; Danley, T. W. ^[1]; Dhakal, S. ^[8]; Gastis, P ^[9]; Giri, R. ^[1]; Massey, T. N. ^[1]; Meisel, Z. ^[1]; Nikas, S ^[10] more »

Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics
Univ. of Oslo, Olso (Norway). Dept. of Physics
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). Dept. of Chemistry; Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab; Central Michigan Univ., Mount Pleasant, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab; Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics; King Saud Univ., Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Physics and Astronomy Dept.
Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics; Barry Univ., Miami Shores, FL (United States). Dept. of Physical Sciences
Central Michigan Univ., Mount Pleasant, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics
Central Michigan Univ., Mount Pleasant, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics; Darmstadt Univ. of Technology, Darmstadt (Germany). Inst. of Nuclear Physics
Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics; Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Cyclotron Inst.
Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab.

Publication Date:: Wed May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1561455

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1511508; OSTI ID: 1834621

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-766439
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9993; 951464; TRN: US2000616

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; NA0002905; SC0019042; FG02-88ER40387; NA-0003221; NA-0003180; NA0003909

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 99; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9993

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; Compound reactions, level density

Citation Formats


                    Voinov, A. V., Renstrom, T., Bleuel, D. L., Grimes, S. M., Guttormsen, M., Larsen, A. C., Liddick, S. N., Perdikakis, G., Spyrou, A, Akhtar, S., Alanazi, N., Brandenburg, K., Brune, C. R., Danley, T. W., Dhakal, S., Gastis, P, Giri, R., Massey, T. N., Meisel, Z., Nikas, S, Paneru, S. N., Parker, C. E., and Richard, A. L. Level Densities of 74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.99.054609.

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                    Voinov, A. V., Renstrom, T., Bleuel, D. L., Grimes, S. M., Guttormsen, M., Larsen, A. C., Liddick, S. N., Perdikakis, G., Spyrou, A, Akhtar, S., Alanazi, N., Brandenburg, K., Brune, C. R., Danley, T. W., Dhakal, S., Gastis, P, Giri, R., Massey, T. N., Meisel, Z., Nikas, S, Paneru, S. N., Parker, C. E., & Richard, A. L. Level Densities of 74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.054609

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                    Voinov, A. V., Renstrom, T., Bleuel, D. L., Grimes, S. M., Guttormsen, M., Larsen, A. C., Liddick, S. N., Perdikakis, G., Spyrou, A, Akhtar, S., Alanazi, N., Brandenburg, K., Brune, C. R., Danley, T. W., Dhakal, S., Gastis, P, Giri, R., Massey, T. N., Meisel, Z., Nikas, S, Paneru, S. N., Parker, C. E., and Richard, A. L. Wed .  
"Level Densities of 74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.054609.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1561455.

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@article{osti_1561455,

  title        = {Level Densities of 74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions},

  author       = {Voinov, A. V. and Renstrom, T. and Bleuel, D. L. and Grimes, S. M. and Guttormsen, M. and Larsen, A. C. and Liddick, S. N. and Perdikakis, G. and Spyrou, A and Akhtar, S. and Alanazi, N. and Brandenburg, K. and Brune, C. R. and Danley, T. W. and Dhakal, S. and Gastis, P and Giri, R. and Massey, T. N. and Meisel, Z. and Nikas, S and Paneru, S. N. and Parker, C. E. and Richard, A. L.},

  abstractNote = {The level densities of 74,76Ge nuclei are studied with 68,70Zn(7Li , Xp ) reactions. Proton evaporation spectra are measured at backward angles in a wide energy region, from about 2 to 25 MeV. The analysis of spectra allows for the testing of level density models used in modern reaction codes for practical cross-section calculations. Our results show that at excitation energies above the discrete level region, all level density models tested in this work overestimate the level densities that are needed to reproduce proton spectra from these reactions. The Gilbert and Cameron model, which includes the constant-temperature energy dependence of the level density, shows the best agreement with experiment, however, its parameters need to be adjusted to reflect the observed reduction of the level density at higher excitation energies.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevC.99.054609},

  journal      = {Physical Review C},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 99,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Wed May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Title: Level Densities of 74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions

Abstract

Citation Formats

Databases and tools for nuclear astrophysics applications: BRUSsels Nuclear LIBrary (BRUSLIB), Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of REactions II (NACRE II) and Nuclear NETwork GENerator (NETGEN) journal, January 2013

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Theoretical study of the capture of stable K 39 and neutron-rich radioactive K 46 by Ta 181 journal, July 2018

Test of nuclear level density inputs for Hauser-Feshbach model calculations journal, October 2007

6,7Li optical-model parameters journal, January 1981

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RIPL – Reference Input Parameter Library for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Data Evaluations journal, December 2009

Sensitivity of p ‐Process Nucleosynthesis to Nuclear Reaction Rates in a 25 M ⊙ Supernova Model journal, December 2006

Nucleon-Nucleus Optical-Model Parameters, A > 40 , E < 50 MeV journal, June 1969

The impact of (n, γ ) reaction rate uncertainties of unstable isotopes near N = 50 on the i-process nucleosynthesis in He-shell flash white dwarfs journal, April 2018

Level Densities in Lighter Nuclei journal, July 1965

Local and global nucleon optical models from 1 keV to 200 MeV journal, January 2003

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The jina Reaclib Database: its Recent Updates and Impact on Type-I X-Ray Bursts journal, June 2010

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Improved microscopic nuclear level densities within the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov plus combinatorial method journal, December 2008

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Phenomenological statistical analysis of level densities, decay widths and lifetimes of excited nuclei journal, July 1992

Experimental energy-dependent nuclear spin distributions journal, November 2009

Nuclear level densities of 64 , 66 Zn from neutron evaporation journal, December 2013

Comparison of statistical model calculations for stable isotope neutron capture journal, September 2014

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The Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons journal, July 1952

A global nucleon optical model potential journal, March 1991

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Databases and tools for nuclear astrophysics applications BRUSsels Nuclear LIBrary (BRUSLIB), Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of REactions II (NACRE II) and Nuclear NETwork GENerator (NETGEN) text, January 2012

The Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University text, January 2017

Sensitivity of p-Process Nucleosynthesis to Nuclear Reaction Rates in a 25 Solar Mass Supernova Model text, January 2006

Gamma-ray strength function and pygmy resonance in rare earth nuclei text, January 2000

Extraction of level density and gamma strength function from primary gamma spectra text, January 1999

Title: Level Densities of ^74,76Ge from compound nuclear reactions

Databases and tools for nuclear astrophysics applications: BRUSsels Nuclear LIBrary (BRUSLIB), Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of REactions II (NACRE II) and Nuclear NETwork GENerator (NETGEN)
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Temperature-dependent combinatorial level densities with the D1M Gogny force
journal, December 2012

Heavy residue excitation functions for the collisions $^{6, 7}$ Li+ $^{64}$ Zn near the Coulomb barrier
journal, June 2013

EMPIRE: Nuclear Reaction Model Code System for Data Evaluation
journal, December 2007

Novel technique for Constraining $r$ -Process ( $n$ , $γ$ ) Reaction Rates
journal, December 2014

Bound single-particle states and scattering of nucleons on spherical nuclei with a global optical model
journal, October 2007

Theoretical study of the capture of stable ${}^{39}K$ and neutron-rich radioactive ${}^{46}K$ by ${}^{181}{Ta}$
journal, July 2018

Test of nuclear level density inputs for Hauser-Feshbach model calculations
journal, October 2007

6,7Li optical-model parameters
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Global dispersive optical model potential for proton as projectile in the energy region up to 200 MeV
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RIPL – Reference Input Parameter Library for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Data Evaluations
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Sensitivity of p ‐Process Nucleosynthesis to Nuclear Reaction Rates in a 25 M _⊙ Supernova Model
journal, December 2006

Nucleon-Nucleus Optical-Model Parameters, $A > 40$ , $E < 50$ MeV
journal, June 1969

The impact of (n, γ ) reaction rate uncertainties of unstable isotopes near N = 50 on the i-process nucleosynthesis in He-shell flash white dwarfs
journal, April 2018

Level Densities in Lighter Nuclei
journal, July 1965

Local and global nucleon optical models from 1 keV to 200 MeV
journal, January 2003

Dependence of X-Ray Burst Models on Nuclear Reaction Rates
journal, October 2016

Statistical Model of Intermediate Structure
journal, August 1966

The Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University
journal, January 2017

Extraction of level density and γ strength function from primary γ spectra
journal, June 2000

The jina Reaclib Database: its Recent Updates and Impact on Type-I X-Ray Bursts
journal, June 2010

Deuteron-induced reactions on ${}^{89}Y$ and nuclear level density of $^{90} Zr$
journal, October 2014

The impact of individual nuclear properties on $r$ -process nucleosynthesis
journal, January 2016

Impact of ( α , n ) reactions on weak r-process in neutrino-driven winds
journal, March 2017

Low-energy enhancement in the $γ$ -ray strength functions of ${}^{73, 74}{Ge}$
journal, June 2016

Improved microscopic nuclear level densities within the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov plus combinatorial method
journal, December 2008

Systematics of nuclear level density parameters
journal, October 2005

An Attempt to Calculate the Number of Energy Levels of a Heavy Nucleus
journal, August 1936

Direct microscopic calculation of nuclear level densities in the shell model Monte Carlo approach
journal, August 2015

Theoretical uncertainty of $(α, n)$ reactions relevant for the nucleosynthesis of light $r -process$ nuclei in neutrino-driven winds
journal, March 2016

$γ$ -ray strength function and pygmy resonance in rare earth nuclei
journal, March 2001

Optical-Model Analysis of Proton Elastic Scattering in the Range of 9 to 22 MeV
journal, July 1963

Phenomenological statistical analysis of level densities, decay widths and lifetimes of excited nuclei
journal, July 1992

Experimental energy-dependent nuclear spin distributions
journal, November 2009

Nuclear level densities of $^{64, 66}$ Zn from neutron evaporation
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Comparison of statistical model calculations for stable isotope neutron capture
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Neutron cross sections and strength functions for germanium isotopes
journal, February 1968

The Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons
journal, July 1952

A global nucleon optical model potential
journal, March 1991

Systematics of nuclear level density parameters
journal, September 2005

Statistical Model of Intermediate Structure.
journal, July 1967

Systematics of Nuclear Level Density Parameters
conference, November 2011

Databases and tools for nuclear astrophysics applications BRUSsels Nuclear LIBrary (BRUSLIB), Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of REactions II (NACRE II) and Nuclear NETwork GENerator (NETGEN)
text, January 2012

The Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University
text, January 2017

Sensitivity of p-Process Nucleosynthesis to Nuclear Reaction Rates in a 25 Solar Mass Supernova Model
text, January 2006

Gamma-ray strength function and pygmy resonance in rare earth nuclei
text, January 2000

Extraction of level density and gamma strength function from primary gamma spectra
text, January 1999