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Title: SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation

Abstract

The ocean is key to understanding societal threats including climate change, sea level rise, ocean warming, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Because the ocean is difficult and costly to monitor, we lack fundamental data needed to adequately model, understand, and address these threats. One solution is to integrate sensors into future undersea telecommunications cables. This is the mission of the SMART subsea cables initiative (Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications). SMART sensors would “piggyback” on the power and communications infrastructure of a million kilometers of undersea fiber optic cable and thousands of repeaters, creating the potential for seafloor-based global ocean observing at a modest incremental cost. Initial sensors would measure temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration. The resulting data would address two critical scientific and societal issues: the long-term need for sustained climate-quality data from the under-sampled ocean (e.g., deep ocean temperature, sea level, and circulation), and the near-term need for improvements to global tsunami warning networks. A Joint Task Force (JTF) led by three UN agencies (ITU/WMO/UNESCO-IOC) is working to bring this initiative to fruition. This paper explores the ocean science and early warning improvements available from SMART cable data, and the societal, technological, and financial elements of realizing such a global network.more » Simulations show that deep ocean temperature and pressure measurements can improve estimates of ocean circulation and heat content, and cable-based pressure and seismic-acceleration sensors can improve tsunami warning times and earthquake parameters. The technology of integrating these sensors into fiber optic cables is discussed, addressing sea and land-based elements plus delivery of real-time open data products to end users. The science and business case for SMART cables is evaluated. SMART cables have been endorsed by major ocean science organizations, and JTF is working with cable suppliers and sponsors, multilateral development banks and end users to incorporate SMART capabilities into future cable projects. By investing now, we can build up a global ocean network of long-lived SMART cable sensors, creating a transformative addition to the Global Ocean Observing System.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [1];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [1];  [12];  [13];  [14]; ORCiD logo [15];  [16];  [10];  [17] more »;  [18];  [1];  [19];  [19];  [6];  [20] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. University of Hawaii at Manoa
  2. Michigan State University
  3. LEGOS
  4. University of Victoria
  5. SIN Medida Ltd.
  6. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
  7. Alcatel Submarine Networks
  8. University of Miami
  9. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA
  10. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
  11. Ocean Specialists, Inc.
  12. Norwegian Meteorological Institute
  13. DRG Undersea Consulting, Inc.
  14. GHD Consulting
  15. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  16. International Telecommunication Union
  17. Free University of Berlin
  18. Thomas Strategies
  19. Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
  20. ITU/WMO/UNESCO/IOC
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Contributing Org.:
The Joint Task Force for SMART Cables
OSTI Identifier:
1558213
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-18-31124
Journal ID: ISSN 2296-7745
Grant/Contract Number:  
89233218CNA000001
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Marine Science
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2296-7745
Publisher:
Frontiers Research Foundation
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Geophysical sensors; telecommunications cables; tsunami warning; earthquake observations; trans-oceanic network

Citation Formats

Howe, Bruce M., Arbic, Brian K., Aucan, Jerome, Barnes, Chris, Bayliff, Nigel, Becker, Nathan, Butler, Rhett, Doyle, Laurie, Elipot, Shane, Johnson, Gregory C., Landerer, Felix, Lentz, Stephen, Luther, Douglas S., Muller, Malte, Mariano, John, Panayotou, Kate, Rowe, Charlotte Anne, Scholl, Reinhard, Song, Y. Tony, Thomas, Maik, Thomas, Preston N., Thompson, Philip, Tilmann, Frederik, Weber, Tobias, Weinstein, Stuart, and JTF, SMART Cables. SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00424.
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Howe, Bruce M., Arbic, Brian K., Aucan, Jerome, Barnes, Chris, Bayliff, Nigel, Becker, Nathan, Butler, Rhett, Doyle, Laurie, Elipot, Shane, Johnson, Gregory C., Landerer, Felix, Lentz, Stephen, Luther, Douglas S., Muller, Malte, Mariano, John, Panayotou, Kate, Rowe, Charlotte Anne, Scholl, Reinhard, Song, Y. Tony, Thomas, Maik, Thomas, Preston N., Thompson, Philip, Tilmann, Frederik, Weber, Tobias, Weinstein, Stuart, & JTF, SMART Cables. SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation. United States. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424
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Howe, Bruce M., Arbic, Brian K., Aucan, Jerome, Barnes, Chris, Bayliff, Nigel, Becker, Nathan, Butler, Rhett, Doyle, Laurie, Elipot, Shane, Johnson, Gregory C., Landerer, Felix, Lentz, Stephen, Luther, Douglas S., Muller, Malte, Mariano, John, Panayotou, Kate, Rowe, Charlotte Anne, Scholl, Reinhard, Song, Y. Tony, Thomas, Maik, Thomas, Preston N., Thompson, Philip, Tilmann, Frederik, Weber, Tobias, Weinstein, Stuart, and JTF, SMART Cables. Fri . "SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation". United States. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1558213.
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@article{osti_1558213,
title = {SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation},
author = {Howe, Bruce M. and Arbic, Brian K. and Aucan, Jerome and Barnes, Chris and Bayliff, Nigel and Becker, Nathan and Butler, Rhett and Doyle, Laurie and Elipot, Shane and Johnson, Gregory C. and Landerer, Felix and Lentz, Stephen and Luther, Douglas S. and Muller, Malte and Mariano, John and Panayotou, Kate and Rowe, Charlotte Anne and Scholl, Reinhard and Song, Y. Tony and Thomas, Maik and Thomas, Preston N. and Thompson, Philip and Tilmann, Frederik and Weber, Tobias and Weinstein, Stuart and JTF, SMART Cables},
abstractNote = {The ocean is key to understanding societal threats including climate change, sea level rise, ocean warming, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Because the ocean is difficult and costly to monitor, we lack fundamental data needed to adequately model, understand, and address these threats. One solution is to integrate sensors into future undersea telecommunications cables. This is the mission of the SMART subsea cables initiative (Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications). SMART sensors would “piggyback” on the power and communications infrastructure of a million kilometers of undersea fiber optic cable and thousands of repeaters, creating the potential for seafloor-based global ocean observing at a modest incremental cost. Initial sensors would measure temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration. The resulting data would address two critical scientific and societal issues: the long-term need for sustained climate-quality data from the under-sampled ocean (e.g., deep ocean temperature, sea level, and circulation), and the near-term need for improvements to global tsunami warning networks. A Joint Task Force (JTF) led by three UN agencies (ITU/WMO/UNESCO-IOC) is working to bring this initiative to fruition. This paper explores the ocean science and early warning improvements available from SMART cable data, and the societal, technological, and financial elements of realizing such a global network. Simulations show that deep ocean temperature and pressure measurements can improve estimates of ocean circulation and heat content, and cable-based pressure and seismic-acceleration sensors can improve tsunami warning times and earthquake parameters. The technology of integrating these sensors into fiber optic cables is discussed, addressing sea and land-based elements plus delivery of real-time open data products to end users. The science and business case for SMART cables is evaluated. SMART cables have been endorsed by major ocean science organizations, and JTF is working with cable suppliers and sponsors, multilateral development banks and end users to incorporate SMART capabilities into future cable projects. By investing now, we can build up a global ocean network of long-lived SMART cable sensors, creating a transformative addition to the Global Ocean Observing System.},
doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00424},
journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
number = ,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019},
month = {Fri Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019}
}
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: Current and planned cables span the oceans, enabling the Internet and our society. As they are replaced and expanded over their 10–25 year refresh cycle, environmental sensors (pressure, temperature, acceleration) can be added to the cable repeaters every ~100 km, gradually obtaining real time global coverage (for clarity,more » repeaters are shown only every 300 km. rfs – year ready for service). Cable data: TeleGeography’s Telecom Resources licensed under Creative Commons ShareAlike. Permission obtained for use of figure.« less
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