DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Resolved Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly Lensed z = 2.26 Galaxy SDSS J0901+1814

Journal Article · · The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

We present ~1'' resolution (~2 kpc in the source plane) observations of the CO (1–0), CO (3–2), Hα, and [N II] lines in the strongly lensed z = 2.26 star-forming galaxy SDSS J0901+1814. We use these observations to constrain the lensing potential of a foreground group of galaxies, and our source-plane reconstructions indicate that SDSS J0901+1814 is a nearly face-on (i ≈ 30°) massive disk with r1/2 ≳ 4 kpc for its molecular gas. Using our new magnification factors (μtot ≈ 30), we find that SDSS J0901+1814 has a star formation rate (SFR) of $${268}_{-61}^{+63}\,{M}_{\odot }\,{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$$, $${M}_{\mathrm{gas}}=({1.6}_{-0.2}^{+0.3})\times {10}^{11}({\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}}/4.6)\,{M}_{\odot }$$, and $${M}_{\star }=({9.5}_{-2.8}^{+3.8})\times {10}^{10}\,{M}_{\odot }$$, which places it on the star-forming galaxy "main sequence." We use our matched high angular resolution gas and SFR tracers (CO and Hα, respectively) to perform a spatially resolved (pixel-by-pixel) analysis of SDSS J0901+1814 in terms of the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation. After correcting for the large fraction of obscured star formation ($${\mathrm{SFR}}_{{\rm{H}}\alpha }/{\mathrm{SFR}}_{\mathrm{TIR}}={0.054}_{-0.014}^{+0.015}$$), we find that SDSS J0901+1814 is offset from "normal" star-forming galaxies to higher star formation efficiencies independent of assumptions for the CO-to-H2 conversion factor. Our mean best-fit index for the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation for SDSS J0901+1814, evaluated with different CO lines and smoothing levels, is $$\bar{n}=1.54\pm 0.13;$$ however, the index may be affected by gravitational lensing, and we find $$\bar{n}=1.24\pm 0.02$$ when analyzing the source-plane reconstructions. While the Schmidt–Kennicutt index largely appears unaffected by which of the two CO transitions we use to trace the molecular gas, the source-plane reconstructions and dynamical modeling suggest that the CO (1–0) emission is more spatially extended than the CO (3–2) emission.

Research Organization:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-07CH11359
OSTI ID:
1557214
Report Number(s):
arXiv:1905.09845; FERMILAB-PUB-19-366-AE; 1743056
Journal Information:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online), Vol. 879, Issue 1; ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 14 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (170)

The Second Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey journal July 2004
Line formation in solar granulation: V. Missing UV-opacity and the photospheric Be abundance journal March 2004
Dust emission from the lensed Lyman break galaxy cB58 journal June 2001
Molecular Gas in the Lensed Lyman Break Galaxy cB58 journal March 2004
Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects journal February 1981
Are 12 CO lines good indicators of the star formation rate in galaxies? journal October 2009
The star Formation law in Nearby Galaxies on Sub-Kpc Scales journal November 2008
Extremely Inefficient star Formation in the Outer Disks of Nearby Galaxies journal October 2010
A Constant Molecular gas Depletion time in Nearby disk Galaxies journal March 2011
The differential magnification of high-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies journal April 1999
Submillimeter galaxies journal October 2002
The Spatially Resolved star Formation law from Integral Field Spectroscopy: Virus-P Observations of ngc 5194 journal September 2009
GalPaK 3D : A BAYESIAN PARAMETRIC TOOL FOR EXTRACTING MORPHOKINEMATICS OF GALAXIES FROM 3D DATA journal August 2015
Dynamical Properties of z ∼ 2 Star‐forming Galaxies and a Universal Star Formation Relation journal December 2007
A DETAILED GRAVITATIONAL LENS MODEL BASED ON SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY AND KECK ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING OF A HERSCHEL -ATLAS SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY AT z = 4.243 , , journal August 2012
The Star Formation Rate-Dense Gas Relation in Galaxies as Measured by HCN(3-2) Emission journal June 2008
GRAVITATIONAL LENS MODELS BASED ON SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY IMAGING OF HERSCHEL -SELECTED STRONGLY LENSED SUB-MILLIMETER GALAXIES AT z > 1.5 journal November 2013
Planck ’s dusty GEMS: IV. Star formation and feedback in a maximum starburst at z = 3 seen at 60-pc resolution⋆ journal August 2017
Cool Gas in High-Redshift Galaxies journal August 2013
Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift journal August 2014
The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey: statistical strong lensing, cosmological parameters, and global properties of galaxy populations journal December 2003
Radio Emission from Normal Galaxies journal September 1992
A Detailed Study of Gas and Star Formation in a Highly Magnified Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 3.07 journal August 2007
VERY HIGH GAS FRACTIONS AND EXTENDED GAS RESERVOIRS IN z = 1.5 DISK GALAXIES journal March 2010
CO excitation of normal star-forming galaxies out to z = 1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium journal April 2015
Multiwavelength Study of Massive Galaxies at z ∼2. I. Star Formation and Galaxy Growth journal November 2007
Different star Formation laws for Disks Versus Starbursts at low and high Redshifts journal April 2010
LOW MILKY-WAY-LIKE MOLECULAR GAS EXCITATION OF MASSIVE DISK GALAXIES AT z ∼ 1.5 journal June 2009
AN ALMA SURVEY OF SUB-MILLIMETER GALAXIES IN THE EXTENDED CHANDRA DEEP FIELD SOUTH: SUB-MILLIMETER PROPERTIES OF COLOR-SELECTED GALAXIES journal December 2013
Molecular gas content in strongly lensed z ~ 1.5−3 star-forming galaxies with low infrared luminosities journal April 2015
THE SLOAN BRIGHT ARCS SURVEY: FOUR STRONGLY LENSED GALAXIES WITH REDSHIFT > 2 journal November 2009
Dust Masses, PAH Abundances, and Starlight Intensities in the SINGS Galaxy Sample journal July 2007
Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate‐Graphite‐PAH Model in the Post‐ Spitzer Era journal March 2007
Modelling high-resolution ALMA observations of strongly lensed highly star-forming galaxies detected by Herschel★ journal February 2018
SINFONI - Integral field spectroscopy at 50 milli-arcsecond resolution with the ESO VLT conference March 2003
The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe journal April 2007
Velocity dispersions and mass-to-light ratios for elliptical galaxies journal February 1976
Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of two Lensed Star-Forming Galaxies journal October 2010
COBE Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer Observations of Galactic Lines journal November 1999
THE SINS SURVEY: SINFONI INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY OF z ∼ 2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal November 2009
SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ∼ 2 UV‐selected Galaxies: Rotation Curves and Dynamical Evolution journal July 2006
PHIBSS2: survey design and z = 0.5 – 0.8 results: Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation journal February 2019
Towards a resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt law at high redshift journal May 2013
Ages and metallicities of early-type galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: new insight into the physical origin of the colour-magnitude and the Mg2-σV relations: Ages and metallicities of early-type galaxies journal June 2006
The Star Formation Rate and Dense Molecular Gas in Galaxies journal May 2004
From Rings to Bulges: Evidence for Rapid Secular Galaxy Evolution at z ∼ 2 from Integral Field Spectroscopy in the SINS Survey journal November 2008
EVIDENCE FOR WIDE-SPREAD ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS-DRIVEN OUTFLOWS IN THE MOST MASSIVE z ∼ 1-2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal October 2014
THE METALLICITY DEPENDENCE OF THE CO → H 2 CONVERSION FACTOR IN z ⩾ 1 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal January 2012
The rapid formation of a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang journal August 2006
A study of the gas-star formation relation over cosmic time★: Gas-star formation relation over cosmic time journal September 2010
PHIBSS: MOLECULAR GAS, EXTINCTION, STAR FORMATION, AND KINEMATICS IN THE z = 1.5 STAR-FORMING GALAXY EGS13011166 journal July 2013
Combined co and dust Scaling Relations of Depletion time and Molecular gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star-Formation Rate, and Stellar mass journal February 2015
Lyman-Break Galaxies journal September 2002
Evidence of enhanced star formation efficiency in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies journal December 2007
REST-FRAME OPTICAL SPECTRA OF THREE STRONGLY LENSED GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2 journal July 2009
Dust-Corrected star Formation Rates of Galaxies. ii. Combinations of Ultraviolet and Infrared Tracers journal October 2011
Detection of Lensing Substructure Using alma Observations of the Dusty Galaxy Sdp.81 journal May 2016
EVIDENCE FOR A CLUMPY, ROTATING GAS DISK IN A SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY AT z = 4 journal October 2012
The Kiloparsec-Scale star Formation law at Redshift 4: Widespread, Highly Efficient star Formation in the Dust-Obscured Starburst Galaxy gn20 journal December 2014
Effects of Ellipticity and Shear on Gravitational Lens Statistics journal May 2005
Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array. ii. Comparing the co (3-2) Sizes and Luminosities of Local and High-Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies journal April 2009
Tracing the molecular gas in distant submillimetre galaxies via CO(1-0) imaging with the Expanded Very Large Array: EVLA imaging of CO(1-0) in submm galaxies journal January 2011
Star Formation at z = 2.481 in the Lensed Galaxy SDSS J1110+6459: Star Formation Down to 30 pc Scales journal July 2017
Enhanced Dense gas Fraction in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies journal December 2009
${L}_{\mathrm{CO}}^{\prime }/{L}_{\mathrm{FIR}}$ RELATIONS WITH CO ROTATIONAL LADDERS OF GALAXIES ACROSS THE HERSCHEL SPIRE ARCHIVE journal September 2016
The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei journal December 2003
Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies journal September 2012
The star formation law in galactic disks journal September 1989
The Global Schmidt Law in Star‐forming Galaxies journal May 1998
Star Formation in NGC 5194 (M51a). II. The Spatially Resolved Star Formation Law journal December 2007
Dust-Corrected star Formation Rates of Galaxies. i. Combinations of hα and Infrared Tracers journal September 2009
Theoretical Evolution of Optical Strong Lines Across Cosmic time journal August 2013
The Cosmic bpt Diagram: Confronting Theory with Observations journal August 2013
SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION journal January 2011
Bolometer array development at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Radioastronomie conference July 1998
On the variation of the initial mass function journal April 2001
A General Theory of Turbulence‐regulated Star Formation, from Spirals to Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies journal September 2005
The Relationship between Molecular Gas Tracers and Kennicutt‐Schmidt Laws journal November 2007
Molecular gas and star Formation in Nearby disk Galaxies journal June 2013
Detection of iron kα Emission from a Complete Sample of Submillimeter Galaxies journal August 2012
The far-infrared/radio correlation and radio spectral index of galaxies in the SFR– M plane up to z ~2 journal December 2014
CALIBRATING EXTINCTION-FREE STAR FORMATION RATE DIAGNOSTICS WITH 33 GHz FREE-FREE EMISSION IN NGC 6946 journal August 2011
The Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation relation at z∼ 2: The KS law at high redshift journal December 2010
Molecular Star Formation Rate Indicators in Galaxies journal September 2008
Warm, Dense Molecular Gas in the ISM of Starbursts, LIRGs, and ULIRGs journal September 2005
A theory for the excitation of CO in star-forming galaxies journal June 2014
Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z  = 1.1: The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-forming Galaxies journal April 2007
Maximally Star-Forming Galactic Disks. i. Starburst Regulation via Feedback-Driven Turbulence journal March 2011
Detailed Decomposition of Galaxy Images. ii. Beyond Axisymmetric Models journal April 2010
[O iii]/[N ii] as an abundance indicator at high redshift journal March 2004
[C II] AND 12 CO(1-0) EMISSION MAPS IN HLSJ091828.6+514223: A STRONGLY LENSED INTERACTING SYSTEM AT z = 5.24 journal February 2014
HERSCHEL EXTREME LENSING LINE OBSERVATIONS: DYNAMICS OF TWO STRONGLY LENSED STAR-FORMING GALAXIES NEAR REDSHIFT z = 2 journal April 2014
TOTAL MOLECULAR GAS MASSES OF z ∼ 3 LYMAN- BREAK GALAXIES: CO( J = 1 → 0) EMISSION IN MS 1512–cB58 AND THE COSMIC EYE journal November 2010
A Molecular Einstein Ring at z = 4.12: Imaging the Dynamics of a Quasar Host Galaxy Through a Cosmic Lens journal October 2008
THE LESSER ROLE OF STARBURSTS IN STAR FORMATION AT z = 2 journal September 2011
Gas-Phase Oxygen Gradients in Strongly Interacting Galaxies. i. Early-Stage Interactions journal October 2010
ALMA imaging of SDP.81 – I. A pixelated reconstruction of the far-infrared continuum emission journal May 2015
VALIDATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FOR GALAXY EVOLUTION TO z ∼ 3 THROUGH MOLECULAR GAS AND DUST OBSERVATIONS OF LENSED STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal October 2013
Molecular gas in luminous infrared galaxies journal March 1991
The MOSDEF Survey: A Stellar Mass–SFR–Metallicity Relation Exists at z ∼ 2.3 journal May 2018
The dust content of high- z submillimeter galaxies revealed by Herschel journal July 2010
THE CONTRIBUTION OF STARBURSTS AND NORMAL GALAXIES TO INFRARED LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS AT z < 2 journal February 2012
The Rate of Star Formation. journal January 1959
A Molecular star Formation law in the Atomic-Gas-Dominated Regime in Nearby Galaxies journal June 2011
THE EVOLUTION OF INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM MASS PROBED BY DUST EMISSION: ALMA OBSERVATIONS AT z = 0.3-2 journal February 2014
ISM MASSES AND THE STAR FORMATION LAW AT Z = 1 TO 6: ALMA OBSERVATIONS OF DUST CONTINUUM IN 145 GALAXIES IN THE COSMOS SURVEY FIELD journal March 2016
Strong biases in infrared-selected gravitational lenses: Strong biases in infrared-selected gravitational lenses journal May 2012
Testing star formation laws in a starburst galaxy at redshift 3 resolved with ALMA journal April 2018
Very Large Array Mapping of the Co(1-0) line in smm J14011+0252 journal February 2013
A TOTAL MOLECULAR GAS MASS CENSUS IN Z ∼ 2–3 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES: LOW- J CO EXCITATION PROBES OF GALAXIES’ EVOLUTIONARY STATES journal August 2016
The nature of faint submillimetre-selected galaxies journal March 2002
Star-formation rates, molecular clouds, and the origin of the far-infrared luminosity of isolated and interacting galaxies journal November 1988
A HIGHLY CONSISTENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE STAR-FORMING “MAIN SEQUENCE” FROM z ∼ 0-6 journal September 2014
Alma Imaging and Gravitational lens Models of South pole Telescope—Selected Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies at high Redshifts journal July 2016
Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Population of Normal Star-forming Galaxies at Redshifts z > 3 journal May 1996
A Bayesian analysis of regularized source inversions in gravitational lensing journal September 2006
PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions journal February 2018
PHIBSS: MOLECULAR GAS CONTENT AND SCALING RELATIONS IN z ∼ 1-3 MASSIVE, MAIN-SEQUENCE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal April 2013
The gravitationally unstable gas disk of a starburst galaxy 12 billion years ago journal August 2018
Statistical and systematic uncertainties in pixel-based source reconstruction algorithms for gravitational lensing journal September 2014
Star Formation Rates in Disk Galaxies and Circumnuclear Starbursts from Cloud Collisions journal June 2000
VLA imaging of 12CO J = 1−0 and free-free emission in lensed submillimetre galaxies: Ionized and molecular gas in lensed SMGs journal August 2012
3D-HST+CANDELS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE GALAXY SIZE-MASS DISTRIBUTION SINCE z = 3 journal May 2014
Bayesian strong gravitational-lens modelling on adaptive grids: objective detection of mass substructure in Galaxies journal January 2009
A MOLECULAR LINE SCAN IN THE HUBBLE DEEP FIELD NORTH: CONSTRAINTS ON THE CO LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AND THE COSMIC H 2 DENSITY journal January 2014
The Relationship Between Molecular gas and star Formation in Low-Mass e/s0 Galaxies journal November 2010
THE KMOS 3D SURVEY: DESIGN, FIRST RESULTS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY KINEMATICS FROM 0.7 ⩽ z ⩽ 2.7 journal January 2015
Integral Field Spectroscopy of a Candidate Disk Galaxy at z ∼ 1.5 Using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics journal March 2007
A CONSISTENT STUDY OF METALLICITY EVOLUTION AT 0.8 < z < 2.6 journal June 2014
THE EVOLUTION OF METALLICITY AND METALLICITY GRADIENTS FROM z = 2.7 TO 0.6 WITH KMOS 3D journal August 2016
GALAXY STRUCTURE AND MODE OF STAR FORMATION IN THE SFR-MASS PLANE FROM z ∼ 2.5 TO z ∼ 0.1 journal November 2011
CO Molecular Gas in Infrared‐luminous Galaxies journal May 2003
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary journal September 2000
CO observations of infrared bright galaxies - The efficiency of star formation journal May 1986
The Relationship Between Molecular gas and star Formation in Low-Mass e/s0 Galaxies text January 2010
Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth text January 2007
Dynamical Properties of z~2 Star Forming Galaxies and a Universal Star Formation Relation text January 2007
Bayesian Strong Gravitational-Lens Modeling on Adaptive Grids: Objective Detection of Mass Substructure in Galaxies text January 2008
The Star Formation Rate - Dense Gas Relation in Galaxies as Measured by HCN (3-2) Emission text January 2008
The Spatially Resolved Star Formation Law from Integral Field Spectroscopy: VIRUS-P Observations of NGC 5194 text January 2009
Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies text January 2009
The Relationship Between Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Low-Mass E/S0 Galaxies text January 2010
A Constant Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Nearby Disk Galaxies text January 2011
A Molecular Star Formation Law in the Atomic Gas Dominated Regime in Nearby Galaxies text January 2011
Calibrating Extinction-Free Star Formation Rate Diagnostics with 33GHz Free-Free Emission in NGC6946 text January 2011
Galaxy Structure and Mode of Star Formation in the SFR-Mass Plane from z ~ 2.5 to z ~ 0.1 text January 2011
The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2 text January 2011
A Detailed Gravitational Lens Model Based on Submillimeter Array and Keck Adaptive Optics Imaging of a Herschel-ATLAS Sub-millimeter Galaxy at z=4.243 text January 2012
Evidence for a clumpy, rotating gas disk in a submillimeter galaxy at z=4 text January 2012
Dark Matter Substructure Detection Using Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Lensed Dusty Galaxies text January 2012
Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies text January 2013
Towards a resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt law at high redshift text January 2013
Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies text January 2013
[CII] and 12CO(1-0) Emission Maps in HLSJ091828.6+514223: A Strongly Lensed Interacting System at z=5.24 text January 2013
An ALMA survey of sub-millimeter galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Sub-millimeter properties of color-selected galaxies text January 2013
Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift text January 2014
Herschel Extreme Lensing Line Observations: Dynamics of two strongly lensed star forming galaxies near redshift z = 2 text January 2014
Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass text January 2014
The far-infrared/radio correlation and radio spectral index of galaxies in the SFR-M* plane up to z 2 text January 2014
GalPak3D: A Bayesian parametric tool for extracting morpho-kinematics of galaxies from 3D data text January 2015
ALMA imaging of SDP.81 - I. A pixelated reconstruction of the far-infrared continuum emission preprint January 2015
Detection of lensing substructure using ALMA observations of the dusty galaxy SDP.81 text January 2016
Planck's dusty GEMS. IV. Star formation and feedback in a maximum starburst at z=3 seen at 60-pc resolution text January 2017
Modelling high resolution ALMA observations of strongly lensed highly star forming galaxies detected by Herschel text January 2017
A gravitationally unstable gas disk of a starburst galaxy 12 billion years ago text January 2018
The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey: statistical strong lensing, cosmological parameters, and global properties of galaxy populations text January 2002
The Second Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey text January 2004
Warm-Dense Molecular Gas in the ISM of Starbursts, LIRGs and ULIRGs text January 2005
Integral Field Spectroscopy of a Candidate Disk Galaxy at z~1.5 using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics text January 2006
The differential magnification of high-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies text January 1998

Figures / Tables (32)