Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

Lee, S.; Corliss, R.; Friscic, I.; Alarcon, R.; Aulenbacher, S.; Balewski, J.; Benson, Stephen V.; Bernauer, J. C.; Bessuille, J.; Boyce, Jim; Coleman, James; Douglas, David; Epstein, C. S.; Fisher, P.; Frierson, Shawn L.; Garcon, Michel; Grames, Joseph M.; Hasell, D.; Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos; Ihloff, E.; Johnston, R.; Jordan, Kevin; Kazimi, Reza; Kelsey, J.; Kohl, M.; Liyanage, A.; McCaughan, Michael; Milner, R. G.; Moran, P.; Nazeer, J.; Palumbo, D.; Poelker, Matt; Randall, G.; Steadman, S. G.; Tennant, Christopher; Tschalar, C.; Vidal, C.; Vogel, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Shukui

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

Title: Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

Abstract

A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness 10¹⁹ cm^-2 is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab’s Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight’s experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.

Authors:

Lee, S. ^[1]; Corliss, R. ^[1]; Friscic, I. ^[1]; Alarcon, R. ^[2]; Aulenbacher, S. ^[3]; Balewski, J. ^[1]; Benson, Stephen V. ^[4]; Bernauer, J. C. ^[1]; Bessuille, J. ^[5]; Boyce, Jim ^[4]; Coleman, James ^[4]; Douglas, David ^[4]; Epstein, C. S. ^[1]; Fisher, P. ^[1]; Frierson, Shawn L. ^[4]; Garcon, Michel ^[6];

^[4]; Hasell, D. ^[1]; Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos ^[4]; Ihloff, E. ^[5] more »

Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
Johannes Gutenberg Univ., Mainz (Germany)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
MIT Bates Research and Engineering Center, Middleton, MA (United States)
Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA-Saclay), Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
Hampton Univ., Hampton, VA (United States)

Publication Date:: Fri May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1557208

Report Number(s):: JLAB-ACC-19-3014; DOE/OR-/23177-4762; arXiv:1903.02648
Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Grant/Contract Number:: 1437402; FG02- 94ER40818; AC05-06OR23177; SC0011970

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 939; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats


                    Lee, S., Corliss, R., Friscic, I., Alarcon, R., Aulenbacher, S., Balewski, J., Benson, Stephen V., Bernauer, J. C., Bessuille, J., Boyce, Jim, Coleman, James, Douglas, David, Epstein, C. S., Fisher, P., Frierson, Shawn L., Garcon, Michel, Grames, Joseph M., Hasell, D., Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos, Ihloff, E., Johnston, R., Jordan, Kevin, Kazimi, Reza, Kelsey, J., Kohl, M., Liyanage, A., McCaughan, Michael, Milner, R. G., Moran, P., Nazeer, J., Palumbo, D., Poelker, Matt, Randall, G., Steadman, S. G., Tennant, Christopher, Tschalar, C., Vidal, C., Vogel, C., Wang, Y., and Zhang, Shukui. Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071.

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                    Lee, S., Corliss, R., Friscic, I., Alarcon, R., Aulenbacher, S., Balewski, J., Benson, Stephen V., Bernauer, J. C., Bessuille, J., Boyce, Jim, Coleman, James, Douglas, David, Epstein, C. S., Fisher, P., Frierson, Shawn L., Garcon, Michel, Grames, Joseph M., Hasell, D., Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos, Ihloff, E., Johnston, R., Jordan, Kevin, Kazimi, Reza, Kelsey, J., Kohl, M., Liyanage, A., McCaughan, Michael, Milner, R. G., Moran, P., Nazeer, J., Palumbo, D., Poelker, Matt, Randall, G., Steadman, S. G., Tennant, Christopher, Tschalar, C., Vidal, C., Vogel, C., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Shukui. Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

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                    Lee, S., Corliss, R., Friscic, I., Alarcon, R., Aulenbacher, S., Balewski, J., Benson, Stephen V., Bernauer, J. C., Bessuille, J., Boyce, Jim, Coleman, James, Douglas, David, Epstein, C. S., Fisher, P., Frierson, Shawn L., Garcon, Michel, Grames, Joseph M., Hasell, D., Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos, Ihloff, E., Johnston, R., Jordan, Kevin, Kazimi, Reza, Kelsey, J., Kohl, M., Liyanage, A., McCaughan, Michael, Milner, R. G., Moran, P., Nazeer, J., Palumbo, D., Poelker, Matt, Randall, G., Steadman, S. G., Tennant, Christopher, Tschalar, C., Vidal, C., Vogel, C., Wang, Y., and Zhang, Shukui. Fri .  
"Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1557208.

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@article{osti_1557208,

  title        = {Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam},

  author       = {Lee, S. and Corliss, R. and Friscic, I. and Alarcon, R. and Aulenbacher, S. and Balewski, J. and Benson, Stephen V. and Bernauer, J. C. and Bessuille, J. and Boyce, Jim and Coleman, James and Douglas, David and Epstein, C. S. and Fisher, P. and Frierson, Shawn L. and Garcon, Michel and Grames, Joseph M. and Hasell, D. and Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos and Ihloff, E. and Johnston, R. and Jordan, Kevin and Kazimi, Reza and Kelsey, J. and Kohl, M. and Liyanage, A. and McCaughan, Michael and Milner, R. G. and Moran, P. and Nazeer, J. and Palumbo, D. and Poelker, Matt and Randall, G. and Steadman, S. G. and Tennant, Christopher and Tschalar, C. and Vidal, C. and Vogel, C. and Wang, Y. and Zhang, Shukui},

  abstractNote = {A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness 1019 cm-2 is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab’s Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight’s experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071},

  journal      = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 939,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Fri May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Works referenced in this record:

Searching for an invisible $A^{'}$ vector boson with DarkLight
journal, December 2012

Kahn, Yonatan; Thaler, Jesse
Physical Review D, Vol. 86, Issue 11
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Dark force detection in low energy e-p collisions
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Searching a dark photon with HADES
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Serendipity in dark photon searches
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Observation of Anomalous Internal Pair Creation in ${}^{8}{Be}$ : A Possible Indication of a Light, Neutral Boson
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Krasznahorkay, A. J.; Csatlós, M.; Csige, L.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.042501

Transmission of Megawatt Relativistic Electron Beams through Millimeter Apertures
journal, October 2013

Alarcon, R.; Balascuta, S.; Benson, S. V.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 16
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.164801

Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures
journal, November 2013

Alarcon, R.; Balascuta, S.; Benson, S. V.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 729
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042

Transmission of high-power electron beams through small apertures
journal, November 2013

Tschalär, C.; Alarcon, R.; Balascuta, S.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 729
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The PRad experiment and the proton radius puzzle
journal, January 2014

Gasparian, Ashot
EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 73
DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20147307006

The OLYMPUS internal hydrogen target
journal, August 2014

Bernauer, J. C.; Carassiti, V.; Ciullo, G.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 755
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.04.029

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Title: Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

Abstract

Citation Formats

Searching for an invisible A ′ vector boson with DarkLight journal, December 2012

Dark force detection in low energy e-p collisions journal, January 2010

Search for a Dark Photon in e + e − Collisions at BaBar journal, November 2014

Searching a dark photon with HADES journal, April 2014

Serendipity in dark photon searches journal, June 2018

Final report of the E821 muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement at BNL journal, April 2006

Observation of Anomalous Internal Pair Creation in Be 8 : A Possible Indication of a Light, Neutral Boson journal, January 2016

Transmission of Megawatt Relativistic Electron Beams through Millimeter Apertures journal, October 2013

Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures journal, November 2013

Transmission of high-power electron beams through small apertures journal, November 2013

The PRad experiment and the proton radius puzzle journal, January 2014

The OLYMPUS internal hydrogen target journal, August 2014

Searching for an invisible $A^{'}$ vector boson with DarkLight
journal, December 2012

Dark force detection in low energy e-p collisions
journal, January 2010

Search for a Dark Photon in $e^{+} e^{-}$ Collisions at BaBar
journal, November 2014

Searching a dark photon with HADES
journal, April 2014

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journal, June 2018

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journal, April 2006

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journal, January 2016

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journal, October 2013

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journal, November 2013

Transmission of high-power electron beams through small apertures
journal, November 2013

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journal, January 2014

The OLYMPUS internal hydrogen target
journal, August 2014