Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions

Ziatdinov, Maxim A.; Nelson, Christopher; Vasudevan, Rama K.; Chen, Deyang; Kalinin, Sergei V.

doi:10.1063/1.5109520

Title: Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions

Abstract

Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have enabled direct visualization of the atomic structure of ferroic materials, enabling the determination of atomic column positions with approximately picometer precision. This, in turn, enabled direct mapping of ferroelectric and ferroelastic order parameter fields via the top-down approach, where the atomic coordinates are directly mapped on the mesoscopic order parameters. In this paper, we explore the alternative bottom-up approach, where the atomic coordinates derived from the STEM image are used to explore the extant atomic displacement patterns in the material and build the collection of the building blocks for the distorted lattice. Lastly, this approach is illustrated for the La-doped BiFeO₃ system.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]; Chen, Deyang ^[2];

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
South China Normal University, Guangzhou (China)

Publication Date:: Fri Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division

OSTI Identifier:: 1550749

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1546099

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Applied Physics Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 115; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 0003-6951

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Ziatdinov, Maxim A., Nelson, Christopher, Vasudevan, Rama K., Chen, Deyang, and Kalinin, Sergei V. Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5109520.

Copy to clipboard


                    Ziatdinov, Maxim A., Nelson, Christopher, Vasudevan, Rama K., Chen, Deyang, & Kalinin, Sergei V. Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109520

Copy to clipboard


                    Ziatdinov, Maxim A., Nelson, Christopher, Vasudevan, Rama K., Chen, Deyang, and Kalinin, Sergei V. Fri .  
"Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109520.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1550749.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1550749,

  title        = {Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions},

  author       = {Ziatdinov, Maxim A. and Nelson, Christopher and Vasudevan, Rama K. and Chen, Deyang and Kalinin, Sergei V.},

  abstractNote = {Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have enabled direct visualization of the atomic structure of ferroic materials, enabling the determination of atomic column positions with approximately picometer precision. This, in turn, enabled direct mapping of ferroelectric and ferroelastic order parameter fields via the top-down approach, where the atomic coordinates are directly mapped on the mesoscopic order parameters. In this paper, we explore the alternative bottom-up approach, where the atomic coordinates derived from the STEM image are used to explore the extant atomic displacement patterns in the material and build the collection of the building blocks for the distorted lattice. Lastly, this approach is illustrated for the La-doped BiFeO3 system.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5109520},

  journal      = {Applied Physics Letters},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 115,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Fri Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109520

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 18 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Figures / Tables:

Figure 1: (a) Experimental image of La-doped BiFeO₃ system LBFO. (b, c) Neural network output consisting of two channels corresponding to different atomic sublattices. (d) Principal component analysis (PCA) scree plot showing the explained variance as a function of the number of PCA components for different cell size d, thatmore »

All figures and tables (4 total)

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Mapping Octahedral Tilts and Polarization Across a Domain Wall in BiFeO ₃ from Z-Contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Image Atomic Column Shape Analysis
journal, October 2010

Borisevich, AlbinaY.; Ovchinnikov, Oleg S.; Chang, Hye Jung
ACS Nano, Vol. 4, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1021/nn1011539

Spontaneous Vortex Nanodomain Arrays at Ferroelectric Heterointerfaces
journal, February 2011

Nelson, Christopher T.; Winchester, Benjamin; Zhang, Yi
Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1021/nl1041808

A Strain-Driven Antiferroelectric-to-Ferroelectric Phase Transition in La-Doped BiFeO ₃ Thin Films on Si
journal, August 2017

Chen, Deyang; Nelson, Christopher T.; Zhu, Xiaohong
Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03030

Quantification of flexoelectricity in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice polar vortices using machine learning and phase-field modeling
journal, November 2017

Li, Q.; Nelson, C. T.; Hsu, S. -L.
Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01733-8

Deep data analysis via physically constrained linear unmixing: universal framework, domain examples, and a community-wide platform
journal, April 2018

Kannan, R.; Ievlev, A. V.; Laanait, N.
Advanced Structural and Chemical Imaging, Vol. 4, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1186/s40679-018-0055-8

Principal component and spatial correlation analysis of spectroscopic-imaging data in scanning probe microscopy
journal, February 2009

Jesse, Stephen; Kalinin, Sergei V.
Nanotechnology, Vol. 20, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/8/085714

Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics
journal, September 1998

Damjanovic, Dragan
Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 61, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/61/9/002

Interface dipole between two metallic oxides caused by localized oxygen vacancies
journal, October 2012

Borisevich, Albina Y.; Lupini, Andrew R.; He, Jun
Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 14
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.140102

Compositional disorder, polar nanoregions and dipole dynamics in Pb(Mg _1/3 Nb _2/3 )O ₃ -based relaxor ferroelectrics
journal, February 2011

Bokov, Alexei A.; Rodriguez, Brian J.; Zhao, Xiaohui
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Vol. 226, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2011.1299

Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations
journal, October 2016

Ziatdinov, Maxim; Dyck, Ondrej; Maksov, Artem
ACS Nano, Vol. 11, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07504

Domains in Ferroic Crystals and Thin Films
book, January 2010

Tagantsev, Alexander K.; Cross, L. Eric; Fousek, Jan
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1417-0

Atomic-scale evolution of modulated phases at the ferroelectric–antiferroelectric morphotropic phase boundary controlled by flexoelectric interaction
journal, January 2012

Borisevich, A. Y.; Eliseev, E. A.; Morozovska, A. N.
Nature Communications, Vol. 3, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1778

Switching properties of self-assembled ferroelectric memory cells
journal, August 1999

Alexe, M.; Gruverman, A.; Harnagea, C.
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 75, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.124628

Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectric Capacitors: Local Perspective on Emergent Collective Behavior and Memory Effects
journal, April 2013

K. Vasudevan, Rama; Marincel, Daniel; Jesse, Stephen
Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201203422

Mixed electrochemical–ferroelectric states in nanoscale ferroelectrics
journal, May 2017

Yang, Sang Mo; Morozovska, Anna N.; Kumar, Rajeev
Nature Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1038/nphys4103

Unraveling Deterministic Mesoscopic Polarization Switching Mechanisms: Spatially Resolved Studies of a Tilt Grain Boundary in Bismuth Ferrite
journal, July 2009

Rodriguez, Brian J.; Choudhury, Samrat; Chu, Y. H.
Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200900100

Electromechanical Coupling among Edge Dislocations, Domain Walls, and Nanodomains in BiFeO ₃ Revealed by Unit-Cell-Wise Strain and Polarization Maps
journal, March 2013

Lubk, A.; Rossell, M. D.; Seidel, J.
Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1021/nl304229k

Ferroelectric thin films: Review of materials, properties, and applications
journal, September 2006

Setter, N.; Damjanovic, D.; Eng, L.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 100, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.2336999

Direct effect of illumination on ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate thin films
journal, September 2001

Kholkin, A. L.; Iakovlev, S. O.; Baptista, J. L.
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 79, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1063/1.1402639

A hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline for nanoscale microscopy
journal, September 2012

Winarski, Robert P.; Holt, Martin V.; Rose, Volker
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 19, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1107/S0909049512036783

Deep data mining in a real space: separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly doped BaFe ₂ As ₂
journal, October 2016

Ziatdinov, Maxim; Maksov, Artem; Li, Li
Nanotechnology, Vol. 27, Issue 47
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/47/475706

Functional electronic inversion layers at ferroelectric domain walls
journal, March 2017

Mundy, J. A.; Schaab, J.; Kumagai, Y.
Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1038/nmat4878

Atomic-Scale Compensation Phenomena at Polar Interfaces
journal, November 2010

Chisholm, Matthew F.; Luo, Weidong; Oxley, Mark P.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 19
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.197602

Exploring Mesoscopic Physics of Vacancy-Ordered Systems through Atomic Scale Observations of Topological Defects
journal, August 2012

Borisevich, A. Y.; Morozovska, A. N.; Kim, Young-Min
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.065702

Evidence for domain-type dynamics in the ergodic phase of the ${PbMg}_{1 / 3}$ ${Nb}_{2 / 3}$ $O_{3}$ relaxor ferroelectric
journal, May 1996

Glazounov, A. E.; Tagantsev, A. K.; Bell, A. J.
Physical Review B, Vol. 53, Issue 17
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.11281

Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm
journal, January 1979

Hartigan, J. A.; Wong, M. A.
Applied Statistics, Vol. 28, Issue 1
DOI: 10.2307/2346830

Piezoresponse Force Microscopy: A Window into Electromechanical Behavior at the Nanoscale
journal, September 2009

Bonnell, D. A.; Kalinin, S. V.; Kholkin, A. L.
MRS Bulletin, Vol. 34, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1557/mrs2009.176

Local polarization dynamics in ferroelectric materials
journal, April 2010

Kalinin, Sergei V.; Morozovska, Anna N.; Chen, Long Qing
Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 73, Issue 5, Article No. 056502
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/73/5/056502

Polarization Control of Electron Tunneling into Ferroelectric Surfaces
journal, June 2009

Maksymovych, P.; Jesse, S.; Yu, P.
Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5933
DOI: 10.1126/science.1171200

Nanoscale ferroelectrics: processing, characterization and future trends
journal, July 2006

Gruverman, A.; Kholkin, A.
Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 69, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/69/8/R04

Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications
journal, June 2000

Hyvärinen, A.; Oja, E.
Neural Networks, Vol. 13, Issue 4-5
DOI: 10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00026-5

Unit-cell scale mapping of ferroelectricity and tetragonality in epitaxial ultrathin ferroelectric films
journal, December 2006

Jia, Chun-Lin; Nagarajan, Valanoor; He, Jia-Qing
Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1808

Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization
journal, October 1999

Lee, Daniel D.; Seung, H. Sebastian
Nature, Vol. 401, Issue 6755
DOI: 10.1038/44565

Robust text-independent speaker identification using Gaussian mixture speaker models
journal, January 1995

Reynolds, D. A.; Rose, R. C.
IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, Vol. 3, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1109/89.365379

The Physics of Ferroelectric Memories
journal, July 1998

Auciello, Orlando; Scott, James F.; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy
Physics Today, Vol. 51, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.882324

Ferroelectric domain wall pinning at a bicrystal grain boundary in bismuth ferrite
journal, October 2008

Rodriguez, Brian J.; Chu, Y. H.; Ramesh, R.
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 14
DOI: 10.1063/1.2993327

Universal emergence of spatially modulated structures induced by flexoantiferrodistortive coupling in multiferroics
journal, December 2013

Eliseev, Eugene A.; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Gu, Yijia
Physical Review B, Vol. 88, Issue 22
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.224105

Probing oxygen vacancy concentration and homogeneity in solid-oxide fuel-cell cathode materials on the subunit-cell level
journal, August 2012

Kim, Young-Min; He, Jun; Biegalski, Michael D.
Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3393

Atomic-scale compensation phenomena at polar interfaces
text, January 2010

Chisholm, Matthew F.; Luo, Weidong; Oxley, Mark P.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1010.5517

Deep data mining in a real space: Separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly-doped BaFe2As2
text, January 2016

Ziatdinov, Maxim; Maksov, Artem; Li, Li
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1609.00846

Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations
text, January 2018

Ziatdinov, Maxim; Dyck, Ondrej; Maksov, Artem
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1801.05860

Figures / Tables found in this record:

Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Building a free-energy functional from atomically resolved imaging: Atomic-scale phenomena in La-doped $BiFe O_{3}$

Journal Article Morozovska, Anna N. ; Eliseev, Eugene A. ; Chen, Deyang ; ... - Physical Review B

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has enabled mapping of atomic structures of solids with sub-picometer precision, providing insight to the physics of ferroic phenomena and chemical expansion. Yet, only a subset of information is available, due to projective nature of imaging in the beam direction. Correspondingly, the analysis often relies on the postulated form of macroscopic Landau-Ginzburg energy for the ferroic long-range order parameter, and some predefined relationship between experimentally determined atomic coordinates and the order-parameter field. Here, we propose an approach for exploring the structure of ferroics using reduced order-parameter models constructed based on experimental data only. We developmore »« less
Cited by 9
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.195440

Full Text Available
Deep learning ferroelectric polarization distributions from STEM data via with and without atom finding

Journal Article Nelson, Christopher T. ; Ghosh, Ayana ; Oxley, Mark ; ... - npj Computational Materials

Over the last decade, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has emerged as a powerful tool for probing atomic structures of complex materials with picometer precision, opening the pathway toward exploring ferroelectric, ferroelastic, and chemical phenomena on the atomic scale. Analyses to date extracting a polarization signal from lattice coupled distortions in STEM imaging rely on discovery of atomic positions from intensity maxima/minima and subsequent calculation of polarization and other order parameter fields from the atomic displacements. Here, we explore the feasibility of polarization mapping directly from the analysis of STEM images using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). In this approach,more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-021-00613-6

Full Text Available
Causal analysis of competing atomistic mechanisms in ferroelectric materials from high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy data

Journal Article Ziatdinov, Maxim ; Nelson, Christopher T. ; Zhang, Xiaohang ; ... - npj Computational Materials

Machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of mesoscopic and atomically resolved images and spectroscopy in electron and scanning probe microscopy, with the applications ranging from feature extraction to information compression and elucidation of relevant order parameters to inversion of imaging data to reconstruct structural models. However, the fundamental limitation of machine learning methods is their correlative nature, leading to extreme susceptibility to confounding factors. Here in this paper, we implement the workflow for causal analysis of structural scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data and explore the interplay between physical and chemical effects in a ferroelectricmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-020-00396-2
Intrinsic structural instabilities of domain walls driven by gradient coupling: Meandering antiferrodistortive-ferroelectric domain walls in BiFeO₃

Journal Article Eliseev, E. A. ; Morozovska, A. N. ; Nelson, Christopher T. ; ... - Physical Review B

Using the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire approach, we predict the intrinsic instability of the ferroelectric-ferroelastic domain walls in the multiferroic BiFeO₃ emerging from the interplay between the gradient terms of the antiferrodistortive and ferroelectric order parameters at the walls. These instabilities are the interface analog of the structural instabilities in the vicinity of phase coexistence in the bulk, and so they do not stem from incomplete polarization screening in thin films or its spatial confinement, electrostrictive or flexoelectric coupling. The effect of BiFeO₃ material parameters on the 71°, 109°, and 180° walls is explored, and it is shown that the meandering instability appearsmore »« less
Cited by 19
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.014112

Full Text Available
180° Ferroelectric Stripe Nanodomains in BiFeO₃ Thin Films

Journal Article Chen, Zuhuang ; Liu, Jian ; Qi, Yajun ; ... - Nano Letters

We present that there is growing evidence that domain walls in ferroics can possess emergent properties that are absent in the bulk. For example, 180° ferroelectric domain walls in the ferroelectric-antiferromagnetic BiFeO₃ are particularly interesting because they have been predicted to possess a range of intriguing behaviors, including electronic conduction and enhanced magnetization. To date, however, ordered arrays of such domain structures have not been reported. Here, we report the observation of 180° stripe nanodomains in (110)-oriented BiFeO₃ thin films grown on orthorhombic GdScO₃(010)O substrates and their impact on exchange coupling to metallic ferromagnets. Nanoscale ferroelectric 180° stripe domains with {more »« less
Cited by 54
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02031

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Building ferroelectric from the bottom up: The machine learning analysis of the atomic-scale ferroelectric distortions

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Mapping Octahedral Tilts and Polarization Across a Domain Wall in BiFeO 3 from Z-Contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Image Atomic Column Shape Analysis journal, October 2010

Spontaneous Vortex Nanodomain Arrays at Ferroelectric Heterointerfaces journal, February 2011

A Strain-Driven Antiferroelectric-to-Ferroelectric Phase Transition in La-Doped BiFeO 3 Thin Films on Si journal, August 2017

Quantification of flexoelectricity in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice polar vortices using machine learning and phase-field modeling journal, November 2017

Deep data analysis via physically constrained linear unmixing: universal framework, domain examples, and a community-wide platform journal, April 2018

Principal component and spatial correlation analysis of spectroscopic-imaging data in scanning probe microscopy journal, February 2009

Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics journal, September 1998

Interface dipole between two metallic oxides caused by localized oxygen vacancies journal, October 2012

Compositional disorder, polar nanoregions and dipole dynamics in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -based relaxor ferroelectrics journal, February 2011

Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations journal, October 2016

Domains in Ferroic Crystals and Thin Films book, January 2010

Atomic-scale evolution of modulated phases at the ferroelectric–antiferroelectric morphotropic phase boundary controlled by flexoelectric interaction journal, January 2012

Switching properties of self-assembled ferroelectric memory cells journal, August 1999

Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectric Capacitors: Local Perspective on Emergent Collective Behavior and Memory Effects journal, April 2013

Mixed electrochemical–ferroelectric states in nanoscale ferroelectrics journal, May 2017

Unraveling Deterministic Mesoscopic Polarization Switching Mechanisms: Spatially Resolved Studies of a Tilt Grain Boundary in Bismuth Ferrite journal, July 2009

Electromechanical Coupling among Edge Dislocations, Domain Walls, and Nanodomains in BiFeO 3 Revealed by Unit-Cell-Wise Strain and Polarization Maps journal, March 2013

Ferroelectric thin films: Review of materials, properties, and applications journal, September 2006

Direct effect of illumination on ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate thin films journal, September 2001

A hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline for nanoscale microscopy journal, September 2012

Deep data mining in a real space: separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly doped BaFe 2 As 2 journal, October 2016

Functional electronic inversion layers at ferroelectric domain walls journal, March 2017

Atomic-Scale Compensation Phenomena at Polar Interfaces journal, November 2010

Exploring Mesoscopic Physics of Vacancy-Ordered Systems through Atomic Scale Observations of Topological Defects journal, August 2012

Evidence for domain-type dynamics in the ergodic phase of the PbMg 1 / 3 Nb 2 / 3 O 3 relaxor ferroelectric journal, May 1996

Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm journal, January 1979

Piezoresponse Force Microscopy: A Window into Electromechanical Behavior at the Nanoscale journal, September 2009

Local polarization dynamics in ferroelectric materials journal, April 2010

Polarization Control of Electron Tunneling into Ferroelectric Surfaces journal, June 2009

Nanoscale ferroelectrics: processing, characterization and future trends journal, July 2006

Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications journal, June 2000

Unit-cell scale mapping of ferroelectricity and tetragonality in epitaxial ultrathin ferroelectric films journal, December 2006

Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization journal, October 1999

Robust text-independent speaker identification using Gaussian mixture speaker models journal, January 1995

The Physics of Ferroelectric Memories journal, July 1998

Ferroelectric domain wall pinning at a bicrystal grain boundary in bismuth ferrite journal, October 2008

Universal emergence of spatially modulated structures induced by flexoantiferrodistortive coupling in multiferroics journal, December 2013

Probing oxygen vacancy concentration and homogeneity in solid-oxide fuel-cell cathode materials on the subunit-cell level journal, August 2012

Atomic-scale compensation phenomena at polar interfaces text, January 2010

Deep data mining in a real space: Separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly-doped BaFe2As2 text, January 2016

Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations text, January 2018

Mapping Octahedral Tilts and Polarization Across a Domain Wall in BiFeO ₃ from Z-Contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Image Atomic Column Shape Analysis
journal, October 2010

Spontaneous Vortex Nanodomain Arrays at Ferroelectric Heterointerfaces
journal, February 2011

A Strain-Driven Antiferroelectric-to-Ferroelectric Phase Transition in La-Doped BiFeO ₃ Thin Films on Si
journal, August 2017

Quantification of flexoelectricity in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice polar vortices using machine learning and phase-field modeling
journal, November 2017

Deep data analysis via physically constrained linear unmixing: universal framework, domain examples, and a community-wide platform
journal, April 2018

Principal component and spatial correlation analysis of spectroscopic-imaging data in scanning probe microscopy
journal, February 2009

Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics
journal, September 1998

Interface dipole between two metallic oxides caused by localized oxygen vacancies
journal, October 2012

Compositional disorder, polar nanoregions and dipole dynamics in Pb(Mg _1/3 Nb _2/3 )O ₃ -based relaxor ferroelectrics
journal, February 2011

Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations
journal, October 2016

Domains in Ferroic Crystals and Thin Films
book, January 2010

Atomic-scale evolution of modulated phases at the ferroelectric–antiferroelectric morphotropic phase boundary controlled by flexoelectric interaction
journal, January 2012

Switching properties of self-assembled ferroelectric memory cells
journal, August 1999

Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectric Capacitors: Local Perspective on Emergent Collective Behavior and Memory Effects
journal, April 2013

Mixed electrochemical–ferroelectric states in nanoscale ferroelectrics
journal, May 2017

Unraveling Deterministic Mesoscopic Polarization Switching Mechanisms: Spatially Resolved Studies of a Tilt Grain Boundary in Bismuth Ferrite
journal, July 2009

Electromechanical Coupling among Edge Dislocations, Domain Walls, and Nanodomains in BiFeO ₃ Revealed by Unit-Cell-Wise Strain and Polarization Maps
journal, March 2013

Ferroelectric thin films: Review of materials, properties, and applications
journal, September 2006

Direct effect of illumination on ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate thin films
journal, September 2001

A hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline for nanoscale microscopy
journal, September 2012

Deep data mining in a real space: separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly doped BaFe ₂ As ₂
journal, October 2016

Functional electronic inversion layers at ferroelectric domain walls
journal, March 2017

Atomic-Scale Compensation Phenomena at Polar Interfaces
journal, November 2010

Exploring Mesoscopic Physics of Vacancy-Ordered Systems through Atomic Scale Observations of Topological Defects
journal, August 2012

Evidence for domain-type dynamics in the ergodic phase of the ${PbMg}_{1 / 3}$ ${Nb}_{2 / 3}$ $O_{3}$ relaxor ferroelectric
journal, May 1996

Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm
journal, January 1979

Piezoresponse Force Microscopy: A Window into Electromechanical Behavior at the Nanoscale
journal, September 2009

Local polarization dynamics in ferroelectric materials
journal, April 2010

Polarization Control of Electron Tunneling into Ferroelectric Surfaces
journal, June 2009

Nanoscale ferroelectrics: processing, characterization and future trends
journal, July 2006

Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications
journal, June 2000

Unit-cell scale mapping of ferroelectricity and tetragonality in epitaxial ultrathin ferroelectric films
journal, December 2006

Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization
journal, October 1999

Robust text-independent speaker identification using Gaussian mixture speaker models
journal, January 1995

The Physics of Ferroelectric Memories
journal, July 1998

Ferroelectric domain wall pinning at a bicrystal grain boundary in bismuth ferrite
journal, October 2008

Universal emergence of spatially modulated structures induced by flexoantiferrodistortive coupling in multiferroics
journal, December 2013

Probing oxygen vacancy concentration and homogeneity in solid-oxide fuel-cell cathode materials on the subunit-cell level
journal, August 2012

Atomic-scale compensation phenomena at polar interfaces
text, January 2010

Deep data mining in a real space: Separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly-doped BaFe2As2
text, January 2016

Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations
text, January 2018