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Title: Applicability of available Li-ion battery degradation models for system and control algorithm design

Abstract

Within electrified vehicle powertrains, lithium-ion battery performance degrades with aging and usage, resulting in a loss in both energy and power capacity. As a result, models used for system design and control algorithm development would ideally capture the impact of those efforts on battery capacity degradation, be computationally efficient, and simple enough to be used for algorithm development. This paper provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art in lithium-ion battery degradation models, including accuracy, computational complexity, and amenability to control algorithm development. Various aging and degradation models have been studied in the literature, including physics-based electrochemical models, semi-empirical models, and empirical models. Some of these models have been validated with experimental data; however, comparisons of pre-existing degradation models across multiple experimental data sets have not been previously published. Three representative models, a 1-d electrochemical model (a combination of performance model and degradation model), a semi-empirical degradation model (the performance is predicted by an equivalent circuit model) and an empirical degradation model (the performance is predicted by an equivalent circuit model), are compared against four published experimental data sets for a 2.3-Ah commercial graphite/LiFePO4 cell. Based on simulation results and comparisons to experimental data, the key differences in the aging factors capturedmore » by each of the models are summarized. Here the results show that the physics-based model is best able to capture results across all four representative data sets with an error less than 10%, but is 20x slower than the empirical model, and 134x slower than the semi-empirical model, making it unsuitable for powertrain system design and model-based algorithm development. Despite being computationally efficient, the semi-empirical and empirical models, when used under conditions that lie outside the calibration data set, exhibit up to 71% error in capacity loss prediction. Such models require expensive experimental data collection to recalibrate for every new application. Thus, in the author’s opinion, there exists a need for a physically-based model that generalizes well across operating conditions, is computationally efficient for model-based design, and simple enough for control algorithm development.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2]
  1. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (United States)
  2. Cummins Inc., Columbus, IN (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
OSTI Identifier:
1538186
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1549443
Grant/Contract Number:  
EE0005568
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Control Engineering Practice
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 71; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0967-0661
Publisher:
Elsevier
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
25 ENERGY STORAGE; battery degradation models; electrochemical model; semi-empirical model; empirical model; system design; control design; commercial A123 2.3 Ah graphite/LiFePO; cell

Citation Formats

Jin, Xing, Vora, Ashish, Hoshing, Vaidehi, Saha, Tridib, Shaver, Gregory, Wasynczuk, Oleg, and Varigonda, Subbarao. Applicability of available Li-ion battery degradation models for system and control algorithm design. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2017.10.002.
Jin, Xing, Vora, Ashish, Hoshing, Vaidehi, Saha, Tridib, Shaver, Gregory, Wasynczuk, Oleg, & Varigonda, Subbarao. Applicability of available Li-ion battery degradation models for system and control algorithm design. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2017.10.002
Jin, Xing, Vora, Ashish, Hoshing, Vaidehi, Saha, Tridib, Shaver, Gregory, Wasynczuk, Oleg, and Varigonda, Subbarao. Sat . "Applicability of available Li-ion battery degradation models for system and control algorithm design". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2017.10.002. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1538186.
@article{osti_1538186,
title = {Applicability of available Li-ion battery degradation models for system and control algorithm design},
author = {Jin, Xing and Vora, Ashish and Hoshing, Vaidehi and Saha, Tridib and Shaver, Gregory and Wasynczuk, Oleg and Varigonda, Subbarao},
abstractNote = {Within electrified vehicle powertrains, lithium-ion battery performance degrades with aging and usage, resulting in a loss in both energy and power capacity. As a result, models used for system design and control algorithm development would ideally capture the impact of those efforts on battery capacity degradation, be computationally efficient, and simple enough to be used for algorithm development. This paper provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art in lithium-ion battery degradation models, including accuracy, computational complexity, and amenability to control algorithm development. Various aging and degradation models have been studied in the literature, including physics-based electrochemical models, semi-empirical models, and empirical models. Some of these models have been validated with experimental data; however, comparisons of pre-existing degradation models across multiple experimental data sets have not been previously published. Three representative models, a 1-d electrochemical model (a combination of performance model and degradation model), a semi-empirical degradation model (the performance is predicted by an equivalent circuit model) and an empirical degradation model (the performance is predicted by an equivalent circuit model), are compared against four published experimental data sets for a 2.3-Ah commercial graphite/LiFePO4 cell. Based on simulation results and comparisons to experimental data, the key differences in the aging factors captured by each of the models are summarized. Here the results show that the physics-based model is best able to capture results across all four representative data sets with an error less than 10%, but is 20x slower than the empirical model, and 134x slower than the semi-empirical model, making it unsuitable for powertrain system design and model-based algorithm development. Despite being computationally efficient, the semi-empirical and empirical models, when used under conditions that lie outside the calibration data set, exhibit up to 71% error in capacity loss prediction. Such models require expensive experimental data collection to recalibrate for every new application. Thus, in the author’s opinion, there exists a need for a physically-based model that generalizes well across operating conditions, is computationally efficient for model-based design, and simple enough for control algorithm development.},
doi = {10.1016/j.conengprac.2017.10.002},
journal = {Control Engineering Practice},
number = C,
volume = 71,
place = {United States},
year = {Sat Nov 04 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Sat Nov 04 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}

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