Heterogeneous damage in Li-ion batteries: Experimental analysis and theoretical modeling
Abstract
We assess the heterogeneous electrochemistry and mechanics in a composite electrode of commercial batteries using synchrotron X-ray tomography analysis and microstructure-resolved computational modeling. We visualize the morphological defects at multi-scales ranging from the macroscopic composite, particle ensembles, to individual single particles. Particle fracture and interfacial debonding are identified in a large set of tomographic data of active particles. Mechanical failure in the regime near the separator is more severe than toward the current collector. The active particles close to the separator experience deeper charge and discharge over cycles and thus are more mechanically loaded. The difference in the Li activity originates from the polarization of the electrolyte potential and the non-uniform distribution of the activation energy for the charge transfer reaction. We model the kinetics of intergranular fracture and interfacial degradation to confirm that the various Li activities are the major cause of the heterogeneous damage. The interfacial failure may reconstruct the conductive network and redistribute the electrochemical activities that render a dynamic nature of electrochemistry and mechanics evolving over time in the composite electrode. We further quantify the influence of the mechanical damage on the metrics of battery performance. We simulate the electrochemical impedance profile to build a relationshipmore »
- Authors:
-
- Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble (France)
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL)
- Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE; National Science Foundation (NSF)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1546791
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1701809
- Grant/Contract Number:
- CMMI-1726392; DMR-1832707; DMR-1832613; AC02-76SF00515
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 129; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-5096
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 25 ENERGY STORAGE; Heterogeneous degradation; Fracture; Interfacial debonding; NMC; Batteries
Citation Formats
Xu, Rong, Yang, Yang, Yin, Fei, Liu, Pengfei, Cloetens, Peter, Liu, Yijin, Lin, Feng, and Zhao, Kejie. Heterogeneous damage in Li-ion batteries: Experimental analysis and theoretical modeling. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2019.05.003.
Xu, Rong, Yang, Yang, Yin, Fei, Liu, Pengfei, Cloetens, Peter, Liu, Yijin, Lin, Feng, & Zhao, Kejie. Heterogeneous damage in Li-ion batteries: Experimental analysis and theoretical modeling. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2019.05.003
Xu, Rong, Yang, Yang, Yin, Fei, Liu, Pengfei, Cloetens, Peter, Liu, Yijin, Lin, Feng, and Zhao, Kejie. Sat .
"Heterogeneous damage in Li-ion batteries: Experimental analysis and theoretical modeling". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2019.05.003. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1546791.
@article{osti_1546791,
title = {Heterogeneous damage in Li-ion batteries: Experimental analysis and theoretical modeling},
author = {Xu, Rong and Yang, Yang and Yin, Fei and Liu, Pengfei and Cloetens, Peter and Liu, Yijin and Lin, Feng and Zhao, Kejie},
abstractNote = {We assess the heterogeneous electrochemistry and mechanics in a composite electrode of commercial batteries using synchrotron X-ray tomography analysis and microstructure-resolved computational modeling. We visualize the morphological defects at multi-scales ranging from the macroscopic composite, particle ensembles, to individual single particles. Particle fracture and interfacial debonding are identified in a large set of tomographic data of active particles. Mechanical failure in the regime near the separator is more severe than toward the current collector. The active particles close to the separator experience deeper charge and discharge over cycles and thus are more mechanically loaded. The difference in the Li activity originates from the polarization of the electrolyte potential and the non-uniform distribution of the activation energy for the charge transfer reaction. We model the kinetics of intergranular fracture and interfacial degradation to confirm that the various Li activities are the major cause of the heterogeneous damage. The interfacial failure may reconstruct the conductive network and redistribute the electrochemical activities that render a dynamic nature of electrochemistry and mechanics evolving over time in the composite electrode. We further quantify the influence of the mechanical damage on the metrics of battery performance. We simulate the electrochemical impedance profile to build a relationship between the interfacial debonding and the impedance of electron transport and surface charge transfer. Lastly, the mechanical failure disrupts the conduction path of electrons and results in significant polarization and capacity loss in batteries.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmps.2019.05.003},
journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids},
number = C,
volume = 129,
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {5}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 125 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
A Cahn–Hilliard-type theory for species diffusion coupled with large elastic–plastic deformations
journal, December 2012
- Anand, Lallit
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 60, Issue 12
Building better batteries
journal, February 2008
- Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.-M.
- Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7179, p. 652-657
In situ/operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques for lithium-ion battery research
journal, July 2018
- Bak, Seong-Min; Shadike, Zulipiya; Lin, Ruoqian
- NPG Asia Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 7
A finite strain model of stress, diffusion, plastic flow, and electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion half-cell
journal, April 2011
- Bower, A. F.; Guduru, P. R.; Sethuraman, V. A.
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 59, Issue 4
Reactive flow in solids
journal, January 2013
- Brassart, Laurence; Suo, Zhigang
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 61, Issue 1
Impedance as a Tool for Investigating Aging in Lithium-Ion Porous Electrodes
journal, January 2008
- Brown, Shelley; Mellgren, Niklas; Vynnycky, Michael
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 4
Efficient concentration of high-energy x-rays for diffraction-limited imaging resolution
journal, January 2017
- Cesar da Silva, Julio; Pacureanu, Alexandra; Yang, Yang
- Optica, Vol. 4, Issue 5
Stress generation and fracture in lithium insertion materials
journal, March 2006
- Christensen, John; Newman, John
- Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 5
Implementing Realistic Geometry and Measured Diffusion Coefficients into Single Particle Electrode Modeling Based on Experiments with Single LiMn2O4 Spinel Particles
journal, January 2011
- Chung, M. D.; Seo, J. H.; Zhang, X. C.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 4
Holotomography: Quantitative phase tomography with micrometer resolution using hard synchrotron radiation x rays
journal, November 1999
- Cloetens, P.; Ludwig, W.; Baruchel, J.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 75, Issue 19
Optimized Temperature Effect of Li-Ion Diffusion with Layer Distance in Li(Ni x Mn y Co z )O 2 Cathode Materials for High Performance Li-Ion Battery
journal, December 2015
- Cui, Suihan; Wei, Yi; Liu, Tongchao
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4
Understanding structural changes in NMC Li-ion cells by in situ neutron diffraction
journal, June 2014
- Dolotko, O.; Senyshyn, A.; Mühlbauer, M. J.
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 255
Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell
journal, January 1993
- Doyle, Marc
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 6
X-Ray Tomography of Porous, Transition Metal Oxide Based Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
journal, March 2013
- Ebner, Martin; Geldmacher, Felix; Marone, Federica
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 7
Visualization and Quantification of Electrochemical and Mechanical Degradation in Li Ion Batteries
journal, October 2013
- Ebner, M.; Marone, F.; Stampanoni, M.
- Science, Vol. 342, Issue 6159
The cohesive zone model: advantages, limitations and challenges
journal, January 2002
- Elices, M.; Guinea, G. V.; Gómez, J.
- Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 69, Issue 2
Simulation and Optimization of the Dual Lithium Ion Insertion Cell
journal, January 1994
- Fuller, Thomas F.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 1
Oxygen Vacancies Lead to Loss of Domain Order, Particle Fracture, and Rapid Capacity Fade in Lithium Manganospinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ) Batteries
journal, May 2014
- Hao, Xiaoguang; Lin, Xianke; Lu, Wei
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 14
Decrepitation model for capacity loss during cycling of alloys in rechargeable electrochemical systems
journal, January 2000
- Huggins, R. A.; Nix, W. D.
- Ionics, Vol. 6, Issue 1-2, p. 57-63
Generation of Realistic Particle Structures and Simulations of Internal Stress: A Numerical/AFM Study of LiMn2O4 Particles
journal, January 2011
- Hun, Jeong; Chung, Myoungdo; Park, Myounggu
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 4
Three-dimensional electrochemical Li-ion battery modelling featuring a focused ion-beam/scanning electron microscopy based three-phase reconstruction of a LiCoO2 cathode
journal, January 2014
- Hutzenlaub, T.; Thiele, S.; Paust, N.
- Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 115
Modeling crack growth during Li insertion in storage particles using a fracture phase field approach
journal, July 2016
- Klinsmann, Markus; Rosato, Daniele; Kamlah, Marc
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 92
Capacity Fade in Solid-State Batteries: Interphase Formation and Chemomechanical Processes in Nickel-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes and Lithium Thiophosphate Solid Electrolytes
journal, June 2017
- Koerver, Raimund; Aygün, Isabel; Leichtweiß, Thomas
- Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 13
Anisotropic Lattice Strain and Mechanical Degradation of High- and Low-Nickel NCM Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
journal, February 2017
- Kondrakov, Aleksandr O.; Schmidt, Alexander; Xu, Jin
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 6
Modeling mechanical degradation in lithium ion batteries during cycling: Solid electrolyte interphase fracture
journal, December 2015
- Laresgoiti, Izaro; Käbitz, Stefan; Ecker, Madeleine
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 300
An electrochemistry-based impedance model for lithium-ion batteries
journal, July 2014
- Li, Shengbo Eben; Wang, Baojin; Peng, Huei
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 258
Synchrotron-Based X-ray Absorption Fine Structures, X-ray Diffraction, and X-ray Microscopy Techniques Applied in the Study of Lithium Secondary Batteries
journal, April 2018
- Li, Weihan; Li, Minsi; Hu, Yongfeng
- Small Methods, Vol. 2, Issue 8
Simulation of diffusion-induced stress using reconstructed electrodes particle structures generated by micro/nano-CT
journal, July 2012
- Lim, Cheolwoong; Yan, Bo; Yin, Leilei
- Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 75
Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries
journal, September 2017
- Lin, Feng; Liu, Yijin; Yu, Xiqian
- Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 21
Surface reconstruction and chemical evolution of stoichiometric layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, March 2014
- Lin, Feng; Markus, Isaac M.; Nordlund, Dennis
- Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Materials for lithium-ion battery safety
journal, June 2018
- Liu, Kai; Liu, Yayuan; Lin, Dingchang
- Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6
Anisotropic Swelling and Fracture of Silicon Nanowires during Lithiation
journal, August 2011
- Liu, Xiao Hua; Zheng, He; Zhong, Li
- Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 8, p. 3312-3318
Size-Dependent Fracture of Silicon Nanoparticles During Lithiation
journal, January 2012
- Liu, Xiao Hua; Zhong, Li; Huang, Shan
- ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 2
Reaction-diffusion-stress coupling model for Li-ion batteries: The role of surface effects on electrochemical performance
journal, June 2018
- Lu, Yongjun; Zhang, Panlong; Wang, Fenghui
- Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 274
Interfacial Stability of Li Metal–Solid Electrolyte Elucidated via in Situ Electron Microscopy
journal, October 2016
- Ma, Cheng; Cheng, Yongqiang; Yin, Kuibo
- Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 11
A particle-resolved 3D finite element model to study the effect of cathode microstructure on the behavior of lithium ion batteries
journal, January 2019
- Mai, Weijie; Yang, Ming; Soghrati, Soheil
- Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 294
Studying the Kinetics of Crystalline Silicon Nanoparticle Lithiation with In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
journal, September 2012
- McDowell, Matthew T.; Ryu, Ill; Lee, Seok Woo
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 45
The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials
journal, December 2016
- McDowell, Matthew T.; Xia, Shuman; Zhu, Ting
- Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 9
Mechanical and Electrochemical Response of a LiCoO2 Cathode using Reconstructed Microstructures
journal, February 2016
- Mendoza, Hector; Roberts, Scott A.; Brunini, Victor E.
- Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 190
The PyHST2 hybrid distributed code for high speed tomographic reconstruction with iterative reconstruction and a priori knowledge capabilities
journal, April 2014
- Mirone, Alessandro; Brun, Emmanuel; Gouillart, Emmanuelle
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 324
Quantification and modeling of mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries based on nanoscale imaging
journal, June 2018
- Müller, Simon; Pietsch, Patrick; Brandt, Ben-Elias
- Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Effect of prestress on the stability of electrode–electrolyte interfaces during charging in lithium batteries
journal, October 2016
- Natsiavas, P. P.; Weinberg, K.; Rosato, D.
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 95
Capacity fade study of lithium-ion batteries cycled at high discharge rates
journal, May 2003
- Ning, Gang; Haran, Bala; Popov, Branko N.
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 117, Issue 1-2
Why do batteries fail?
journal, February 2016
- Palacin, M. R.; de Guibert, A.
- Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6273
Generation and Distribution of Dislocations by Solute Diffusion
journal, October 1961
- Prussin, S.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 10
Computing oriented texture fields
journal, March 1991
- Rao, A. Ravishankar; Schunck, Brian G.
- CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing, Vol. 53, Issue 2
A Framework for Three-Dimensional Mesoscale Modeling of Anisotropic Swelling and Mechanical Deformation in Lithium-Ion Electrodes
journal, January 2014
- Roberts, Scott A.; Brunini, Victor E.; Long, Kevin N.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 11
ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data
journal, November 2017
- Rueden, Curtis T.; Schindelin, Johannes; Hiner, Mark C.
- BMC Bioinformatics, Vol. 18, Issue 1
Capacity Fading of Ni-Rich Li[Ni x Co y Mn 1– x – y ]O 2 (0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.95) Cathodes for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries: Bulk or Surface Degradation?
journal, January 2018
- Ryu, Hoon-Hee; Park, Kang-Joon; Yoon, Chong S.
- Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 3
Size-dependent fracture of Si nanowire battery anodes
journal, September 2011
- Ryu, Ill; Choi, Jang Wook; Cui, Yi
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 59, Issue 9
In situ measurement of biaxial modulus of Si anode for Li-ion batteries
journal, November 2010
- Sethuraman, V. A.; Chon, M. J.; Shimshak, M.
- Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 11
Failure mechanisms of single-crystal silicon electrodes in lithium-ion batteries
journal, June 2016
- Shi, Feifei; Song, Zhichao; Ross, Philip N.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Solid-state diffusion limitations on pulse operation of a lithium ion cell for hybrid electric vehicles
journal, October 2006
- Smith, Kandler; Wang, Chao-Yang
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, Issue 1
Nano-structural changes in Li-ion battery cathodes during cycling revealed by FIB-SEM serial sectioning tomography
journal, January 2015
- Song, Bohang; Sui, Tan; Ying, Siqi
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 35
Effects of surface tension and electrochemical reactions in Li-ion battery electrode nanoparticles
journal, November 2016
- Stein, Peter; Zhao, Ying; Xu, Bai-Xiang
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 332
On the origin and application of the Bruggeman correlation for analysing transport phenomena in electrochemical systems
journal, May 2016
- Tjaden, Bernhard; Cooper, Samuel J.; Brett, Daniel JL
- Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 12
Transport Properties of LiPF[sub 6]-Based Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes
journal, January 2005
- Valo̸en, Lars Ole; Reimers, Jan N.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 5
Operando Nanoindentation: A New Platform to Measure the Mechanical Properties of Electrodes during Electrochemical Reactions
journal, January 2017
- de Vasconcelos, Luize Scalco; Xu, Rong; Zhao, Kejie
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 14
Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries
journal, March 2018
- Wang, Aiping; Kadam, Sanket; Li, Hong
- npj Computational Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1
TEM Study of Electrochemical Cycling-Induced Damage and Disorder in LiCoO[sub 2] Cathodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
journal, January 1999
- Wang, Haifeng
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 146, Issue 2
Capacity fading of LiAlyNi1−x−yCoxO2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries during accelerated calendar and cycle life tests (effect of depth of discharge in charge–discharge cycling on the suppression of the micro-crack generation of LiAlyNi1−x−yCoxO2 particle)
journal, August 2014
- Watanabe, Shoichiro; Kinoshita, Masahiro; Hosokawa, Takashi
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 260
Materials Challenges Facing Electrical Energy Storage
journal, April 2008
- Whittingham, M. Stanley
- MRS Bulletin, Vol. 33, Issue 4
A consistently coupled multiscale mechanical–electrochemical battery model with particle interaction and its validation
journal, April 2019
- Wu, Bin; Lu, Wei
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 125
Visualizing Battery Reactions and Processes by Using In Situ and In Operando Microscopies
journal, March 2018
- Wu, Yutong; Liu, Nian
- Chem, Vol. 4, Issue 3
Chemomechanical interplay of layered cathode materials undergoing fast charging in lithium batteries
journal, November 2018
- Xia, Sihao; Mu, Linqin; Xu, Zhengrui
- Nano Energy, Vol. 53
Mechanical and Structural Degradation of LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 Cathode in Li-Ion Batteries: An Experimental Study
journal, January 2017
- Xu, Rong; Sun, Hong; de Vasconcelos, Luize Scalco
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 13
Disintegration of Meatball Electrodes for LiNi x Mn y Co z O2 Cathode Materials
journal, May 2017
- Xu, R.; de Vasconcelos, L. S.; Shi, J.
- Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 58, Issue 4
Computational analysis of chemomechanical behaviors of composite electrodes in Li-ion batteries
journal, August 2016
- Xu, Rong; Scalco de Vasconcelos, Luize; Zhao, Kejie
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 31, Issue 18
Mechanical interactions regulated kinetics and morphology of composite electrodes in Li-ion batteries
journal, September 2016
- Xu, Rong; Zhao, Kejie
- Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 8
Corrosive fracture of electrodes in Li-ion batteries
journal, December 2018
- Xu, Rong; Zhao, Kejie
- Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 121
Quantification of Heterogeneous Degradation in Li‐Ion Batteries
journal, May 2019
- Yang, Yang; Xu, Rong; Zhang, Kai
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 25
Chemomechanical modeling of lithiation-induced failure in high-volume-change electrode materials for lithium ion batteries
journal, February 2017
- Zhang, Sulin
- npj Computational Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1
Electrochemomechanical degradation of high-capacity battery electrode materials
journal, August 2017
- Zhang, Sulin; Zhao, Kejie; Zhu, Ting
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 89
EIS study on the formation of solid electrolyte interface in Li-ion battery
journal, January 2006
- Zhang, S. S.; Xu, K.; Jow, T. R.
- Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 51, Issue 8-9
Understanding the role of mechanics in energy materials: A perspective
journal, December 2016
- Zhao, Kejie; Cui, Yi
- Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 9
Concurrent Reaction and Plasticity during Initial Lithiation of Crystalline Silicon in Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2012
- Zhao, Kejie; Pharr, Matt; Wan, Qiang
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 3
Reactive Flow in Silicon Electrodes Assisted by the Insertion of Lithium
journal, July 2012
- Zhao, Kejie; Tritsaris, Georgios A.; Pharr, Matt
- Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 8
A review on modeling of electro-chemo-mechanics in lithium-ion batteries
journal, February 2019
- Zhao, Ying; Stein, Peter; Bai, Yang
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 413
Works referencing / citing this record:
Mechanical breathing in organic electrochromics
journal, January 2020
- Wang, Xiaokang; Chen, Ke; de Vasconcelos, Luize Scalco
- Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials
journal, January 2020
- Xu, Zhengrui; Jiang, Zhisen; Kuai, Chunguang
- Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials
journal, January 2020
- Xu, Zhengrui; Jiang, Zhisen; Kuai, Chunguang
- Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
Mechanical breathing in organic electrochromics
journal, January 2020
- Wang, Xiaokang; Chen, Ke; de Vasconcelos, Luize Scalco
- Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1