Electrode manufacturing for lithium-ion batteries—Analysis of current and next generation processing

Hawley, William; Li, Jianlin

doi:10.1016/j.est.2019.100862

Title: Electrode manufacturing for lithium-ion batteries—Analysis of current and next generation processing

Journal Article · 31 July 2019 · Journal of Energy Storage

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100862 · OSTI ID:1546514

Hawley, William ^[1];

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

As modern energy storage needs become more demanding, the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represents a sizable area of growth of the technology. Specifically, wet processing of electrodes has matured such that it is a commonly employed industrial technique. Despite its widespread acceptance, wet processing of electrodes faces a number of problems, including expensive and dangerous solvent recovery, cut-off waste, coating inconsistencies, and microstructural defects due to the solvent drying process. This review considers each of these issues and discusses which electrode slurry properties should be considered when optimizing wet slurry fabrication. Simultaneously, methods to replace traditional wet processing of electrodes are being extensively researched. Some of these novel electrode manufacturing techniques prioritize solvent minimization, while others emphasize boosting energy and power density by thickening the electrode and, subsequently, creating an organized pore structure to permit faster ion diffusion. This review contemplates the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches and provides a comprehensive outlook on the future of electrode manufacturing.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1546514

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1781129

Journal Information:: Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 25, Issue C; ISSN 2352-152X

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 164 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (159)

Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries Li, Jianlin; Du, Zhijia; Ruther, Rose E. JOM, Vol. 69, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2404-9	journal	June 2017
Cooperation between Active Material, Polymeric Binder and Conductive Carbon Additive in Lithium Ion Battery Cathode Zheng, Honghe; Yang, Ruizhi; Liu, Gao The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp208428w	journal	February 2012
Slot-die processing of lithium-ion battery electrodes—Coating window characterization Schmitt, Marcel; Baunach, Michael; Wengeler, Lukas Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2012.10.011	journal	June 2013
Slot die coating of lithium-ion battery electrodes: investigations on edge effect issues for stripe and pattern coatings Schmitt, Marcel; Scharfer, Philip; Schabel, Wilhelm Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-013-9498-y	journal	June 2013
Cost savings for manufacturing lithium batteries in a flexible plant Nelson, Paul A.; Ahmed, Shabbir; Gallagher, Kevin G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.142	journal	June 2015
Energy impact of cathode drying and solvent recovery during lithium-ion battery manufacturing Ahmed, Shabbir; Nelson, Paul A.; Gallagher, Kevin G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 322 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.102	journal	August 2016
Cost of automotive lithium-ion batteries operating at high upper cutoff voltages Ahmed, Shabbir; Trask, Stephen E.; Dees, Dennis W. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 403 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.037	journal	November 2018
Smart Electrode Processing for Battery Cost Reduction Schunemann, J. -H.; Dreger, H.; Bockholt, H. ECS Transactions, Vol. 73, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/07301.0153ecst	journal	August 2016
Current status and challenges for automotive battery production technologies Kwade, Arno; Haselrieder, Wolfgang; Leithoff, Ruben Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0130-3	journal	April 2018
Modeling and analysis of solvent removal during Li-ion battery electrode drying Susarla, Naresh; Ahmed, Shabbir; Dees, Dennis W. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 378 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.007	journal	February 2018
Soft- and Hard-Agglomerate Aerosols Made at High Temperatures Tsantilis, Stavros; Pratsinis, Sotiris E. Langmuir, Vol. 20, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/la036389w	journal	May 2004
Materials processing for lithium-ion batteries Li, Jianlin; Daniel, Claus; Wood, David Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 5, p. 2452-2460 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.001	journal	March 2011
Enabling aqueous processing for crack-free thick electrodes Du, Zhijia; Rollag, K. M.; Li, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 354 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.030	journal	June 2017
Enabling aqueous binders for lithium battery cathodes – Carbon coating of aluminum current collector Doberdò, Italo; Löffler, Nicholas; Laszczynski, Nina Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.039	journal	February 2014
Complementary Strategies Toward the Aqueous Processing of High-Voltage LiNi _0.5 Mn _1.5 O ₄ Lithium-Ion Cathodes Kuenzel, Matthias; Bresser, Dominic; Diemant, Thomas ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201702021	journal	January 2018
Corrosion of aluminum electrodes in aqueous slurries for lithium-ion batteries Church, Benjamin C.; Kaminski, Daniel T.; Jiang, Junwei Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 49, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8028-3	journal	January 2014
Investigation of different binding agents for nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 anodes and its application in a novel, green lithium-ion battery Moretti, Arianna; Kim, Guk-Tae; Bresser, Dominic Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.142	journal	January 2013
Study of Water-Based Lithium Titanate Electrode Processing: The Role of pH and Binder Molecular Structure Carvalho, Diogo; Loeffler, Nicholas; Kim, Guk-Tae Polymers, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8080276	journal	August 2016
In Situ Coating of Li[Ni _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 ]O ₂ Particles to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing Loeffler, Nicholas; Kim, Guk-Tae; Mueller, Franziska ChemSusChem, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201600353	journal	April 2016
Effects of pH control by acid addition at the aqueous processing of cathodes for lithium ion batteries Bauer, Werner; Çetinel, Fatih A.; Müller, Marcus Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.141	journal	September 2019
Study of Immersion of LiNi _0.5 Mn _0.3 Co _0.2 O ₂ Material in Water for Aqueous Processing of Positive Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries Bichon, Marie; Sotta, Dane; Dupré, Nicolas ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00999	journal	April 2019
The application of a water-based hybrid polymer binder to a high-voltage and high-capacity Li-rich solid-solution cathode and its performance in Li-ion batteries Notake, Kouhei; Gunji, Takao; Kokubun, Hayato Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-016-0930-8	journal	January 2016
Preparation of Water-Resistant Surface Coated High-Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode and Its Cathode Performance to Apply a Water-Based Hybrid Polymer Binder to Li-Ion Batteries Tanabe, Toyokazu; Gunji, Takao; Honma, Youhei Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.064	journal	January 2017
Technical and economic analysis of solvent-based lithium-ion electrode drying with water and NMP Wood, David L.; Quass, Jeffrey D.; Li, Jianlin Drying Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1319855	journal	August 2017
Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – Critical issues Zackrisson, Mats; Avellán, Lars; Orlenius, Jessica Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 18, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.06.004	journal	November 2010
Aqueous processing of natural graphite particulates for lithium-ion battery anodes and their electrochemical performance Lee, Jin-Hyon; Lee, Sangkyu; Paik, Ungyu Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 147, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.022	journal	September 2005
Design of Aqueous Processed Thick LiFePO[sub 4] Composite Electrodes for High-Energy Lithium Battery Porcher, W.; Lestriez, B.; Jouanneau, S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3046129	journal	January 2009
Dispersion properties of aqueous-based LiFePO₄ pastes and their electrochemical performance for lithium batteries Lee, Jin-Hyon; Kim, Jeom-Soo; Kim, Yoon Chang Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 108, Issue 10, p. 1256-1259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.04.027	journal	September 2008
Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Aqueous Processing of Natural Graphite Negative Electrodes and their Electrochemical Performance for Lithium Batteries Lee, Jin-Hyon; Paik, Ungyu; Hackley, Vincent A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1979214	journal	January 2005
Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Aqueous Processing of LiFePO[sub 4] Cathodes and Their Electrochemical Performance Lee, Jin-Hyon; Kim, Jeom-Soo; Kim, Yoon Chang Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2966286	journal	January 2008
Effects of PAA-NH[sub 4] Addition on the Dispersion Property of Aqueous LiCoO[sub 2] Slurries and the Cell Performance of As-Prepared LiCoO[sub 2] Cathodes Li, Chia-Chen; Lee, Jyh-Tsung; Lo, Chen-Yu Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2012287	journal	January 2005
Effect of poly(acrylic acid) on adhesion strength and electrochemical performance of natural graphite negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries Lee, Jin-Hyon; Paik, Ungyu; Hackley, Vincent A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.087	journal	October 2006
Improvements of Dispersion Homogeneity and Cell Performance of Aqueous-Processed LiCoO[sub 2] Cathodes by Using Dispersant of PAA–NH[sub 4] Li, Chia-Chen; Lee, Jyh-Tsung; Peng, Xing-Wei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2177071	journal	January 2006
Optimization of LiFePO ₄ Nanoparticle Suspensions with Polyethyleneimine for Aqueous Processing Li, Jianlin; Armstrong, Beth L.; Kiggans, Jim Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/la205157d	journal	February 2012
Optimization of multicomponent aqueous suspensions of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) nanoparticles and carbon black for lithium-ion battery cathodes Li, Jianlin; Armstrong, Beth L.; Daniel, Claus Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 405, p. 118-124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.030	journal	September 2013
Optimizing the surfactant for the aqueous processing of LiFePO₄ composite electrodes Porcher, W.; Lestriez, B.; Jouanneau, S. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 9, p. 2835-2843 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.088	journal	May 2010
The effect of binders on the rheological properties and the microstructure formation of lithium-ion battery anode slurries Lim, Sanghyuk; Kim, Sunhyung; Ahn, Kyung Hyun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.009	journal	December 2015
Using Poly(4-Styrene Sulfonic Acid) to Improve the Dispersion Homogeneity of Aqueous-Processed LiFePO[sub 4] Cathodes Li, Chia-Chen; Peng, Xing-Wei; Lee, Jyh-Tsung Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3308595	journal	January 2010
Particles and Polymer Binder Interaction: A Controlling Factor in Lithium-Ion Electrode Performance Liu, G.; Zheng, H.; Song, X. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.024203jes	journal	January 2012
Rheological properties and stability of NMP based cathode slurries for lithium ion batteries Bauer, Werner; Nötzel, Dorit Ceramics International, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.137	journal	April 2014
Mixing Hydrodynamics in a Double Planetary Mixer Tanguy, P. A.; Thibault, F.; Dubois, C. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 77, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1205/026387699526241	journal	June 1999
Rheological properties of slurries prepared using a planetary mixer Adachi, Naoki; Hashiba, Minoru; Sakurada, Osamu Ceramics International, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2003.11.008	journal	January 2004
Towards high durable lithium ion batteries with waterborne LiFePO 4 electrodes Kvasha, Andriy; Urdampilleta, Idoia; de Meatza, Iratxe Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.021	journal	October 2016
Revisiting and improving the preparation of silicon-based electrodes for lithium-ion batteries: ball milling impact on poly(acrylic acid) polymer binders Chartrel, Thibaut; Ndour, Mariama; Bonnet, Véronique Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8QM00660A	journal	January 2019
Efficiency of different dispersing devices for dispersing nanosized silica and alumina Schilde, Carsten; Mages-Sauter, Caroline; Kwade, Arno Powder Technology, Vol. 207, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.11.019	journal	February 2011
Influence of hydrostatic pressure and sound amplitude on the ultrasound induced dispersion and de-agglomeration of nanoparticles Sauter, C.; Emin, M. A.; Schuchmann, H. P. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.08.010	journal	April 2008
Debundling and Dissolution of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Amide Solvents Furtado, C. A.; Kim, U. J.; Gutierrez, H. R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 126, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja039588a	journal	May 2004
Dispersions of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes of High Length Paredes, J. I.; Burghard, M. Langmuir, Vol. 20, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/la049831z	journal	June 2004
Intensive Dry and Wet Mixing Influencing the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Secondary Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes Bockholt, H.; Haselrieder, W.; Kwade, A. ECS Transactions, Vol. 50, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1149/05026.0025ecst	journal	April 2013
Influence of Mixing Technology and the Potential to Modify the Morphological Properties of Materials used in the Manufacture of Lithium-Ion Batteries Wenzel, Valentin; Moeller, Richard Sebastian; Nirschl, Hermann Energy Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201300091	journal	February 2014
Intensive powder mixing for dry dispersing of carbon black and its relevance for lithium-ion battery cathodes Bockholt, Henrike; Haselrieder, Wolfgang; Kwade, Arno Powder Technology, Vol. 297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.04.011	journal	September 2016
Effect of mixing sequences on the electrode characteristics of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries Kim, Kwang Man; Jeon, Woo Sung; Chung, In Jae Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 83, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00281-5	journal	October 1999
Effect of slurry preparation process on electrochemical performances of LiCoO2 composite electrode Lee, Gil-Won; Ryu, Ji Heon; Han, Woojoo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.101	journal	September 2010
Mesoscale Elucidation of the Influence of Mixing Sequence in Electrode Processing Liu, Zhixiao; Battaglia, Vincent; Mukherjee, Partha P. Langmuir, Vol. 30, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/la5038469	journal	December 2014
Conveying Advanced Li-ion Battery Materials into Practice The Impact of Electrode Slurry Preparation Skills Kraytsberg, Alexander; Ein-Eli, Yair Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600655	journal	July 2016
A review of the operating limits in slot die coating processes Ding, Xiaoyu; Liu, Jianhua; Harris, Tequila A. L. AIChE Journal, Vol. 62, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.15268	journal	May 2016
Effect of electrode manufacturing defects on electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries: Cognizance of the battery failure sources Mohanty, D.; Hockaday, E.; Li, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.007	journal	April 2016
Non-destructive evaluation of slot-die-coated lithium secondary battery electrodes by in-line laser caliper and IR thermography methods Mohanty, Debasish; Li, Jianlin; Born, Rachael Anal. Methods, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41140K	journal	January 2014
Quality control tool of electrode coating for lithium-ion batteries based on X-ray radiography Etiemble, A.; Besnard, N.; Adrien, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 298 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.08.030	journal	December 2015
Dispersion kinetics of nano-sized particles for different dispersing machines Schilde, Carsten; Kampen, Ingo; Kwade, Arno Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 65, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.02.043	journal	June 2010
Manufacturing of LiNi _0.5 Mn _1.5 O ₄ Positive Composite Electrodes with Industry-Relevant Surface Capacities for Lithium Ion-Cells Nguyen, B. P. N.; Mariage, N.; Fredon, R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0261508jes	journal	January 2015
An experimental study of air entrainment at a solid/liquid/gas interface Burley, R.; Kennedy, B. S. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(76)87040-6	journal	January 1976
Dynamic contact angles Gutoff, E. B.; Kendrick, C. E. AIChE Journal, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280314	journal	May 1982
Air entrainment in angled dip coating Cohu, Olivier; Benkreira, Hadj Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 53, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00323-0	journal	February 1998
Minimum wet thickness in extrusion slot coating Lee, Kwong-Yang; Liu, Li-Dah; Ta-Jo, Liu Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 47, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)85018-7	journal	May 1992
Prospects for reducing the processing cost of lithium ion batteries Wood, David L.; Li, Jianlin; Daniel, Claus Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 275 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.019	journal	February 2015
A novel slurry concept for the fabrication of lithium-ion battery electrodes with beneficial properties Bitsch, Boris; Dittmann, Jens; Schmitt, Marcel Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.115	journal	November 2014
Relationships between processing, morphology and discharge capacity of the composite electrode Ligneel, E.; Lestriez, B.; Guyomard, D. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 174, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.158	journal	December 2007
Agitation Effect on the Rheological Behavior of Lithium-Ion Battery Slurries Kwon, Young Il; Kim, Jong Dae; Song, Young Seok Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3349-1	journal	September 2014
Effect of solid loading on the processing and behavior of PEDOT:PSS binder based composite cathodes for lithium ion batteries Das, Pratik R.; Komsiyska, Lidiya; Osters, Oliver Synthetic Metals, Vol. 215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.02.011	journal	May 2016
Effects of the Solvent Concentration (Solid Loading) on the Processing and Properties of the Composite Electrode Ligneel, E.; Lestriez, B.; Hudhomme, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2431316	journal	January 2007
Gelation or dispersion of LiFePO4 in water-based slurry? Tsai, Jyh-Cheng; Tsai, Feng-Yen; Tung, Chih-An Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.102	journal	November 2013
Dispersion, agglomeration, and gelation of LiFePO4 in water-based slurry Tsai, Feng-Yen; Jhang, Jia-Hao; Hsieh, Han-Wei Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 310 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.003	journal	April 2016
Gelation mechanism of organic additives with LiFePO4 in the water-based cathode slurries Li, Chia-Chen; Chen, Chi-An; Chen, Meng-Fu Ceramics International, Vol. 43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.05.315	journal	August 2017
Slot coating of mildly viscoelastic liquids Romero, O. J.; Scriven, L. E.; Carvalho, M. S. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 138, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.11.010	journal	October 2006
The effect of polymer additives on extrusion slot coating Ning, Cheng-Yu; Tsai, Chin-Chin; Liu, Ta-Jo Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)00396-7	journal	June 1996
The effects of polymer additives on the operating windows of slot coating Yang, C. K.; Wong, D. S. H.; Liu, T. J. Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 44, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20200	journal	October 2004
Effects of the molecular weight and concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) on slot die coating Chu, Victoria; Tsai, Ming-Zhi; Chang, Yi-Rong Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 116, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29529	journal	April 2010
Challenges in Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Slurry Preparation and Potential of Modifying Electrode Structures by Different Mixing Processes Wenzel, Valentin; Nirschl, Hermann; Nötzel, Dorit Energy Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201402218	journal	May 2015
Interaction analysis between binder and particles in multiphase slurries Cho, Ki Yeon; Kwon, Young Il; Youn, Jae Ryoun The Analyst, Vol. 138, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3an36720g	journal	January 2013
Interaction of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) with Graphite Particles. 1. Surface Morphology of a Composite Film and Its Relation to Processing Parameters Yoo, Mikyong; Frank, Curtis W.; Mori, Shoichiro Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0209970	journal	February 2003
Interaction of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) with Graphite Particles. 2. Effect of Solvent Evaporation Kinetics and Chemical Properties of PVDF on the Surface Morphology of a Composite Film and Its Relation to Electrochemical Performance Yoo, Mikyong; Frank, Curtis W.; Mori, Shoichiro Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0304593	journal	May 2004
Interactions between organic additives and active powders in water-based lithium iron phosphate electrode slurries Li, Chia-Chen; Lin, Yu-Sheng Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.125	journal	December 2012
Short-range contacts govern the performance of industry-relevant battery cathodes Morelly, Samantha L.; Alvarez, Nicolas J.; Tang, Maureen H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.03.039	journal	May 2018
Influence of surfactants and viscosity in the preparation process of battery electrodes containing nanoparticles Hintennach, A.; Novák, P. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/b911674e	journal	January 2009
Mechanistic Understanding of the Role of Evaporation in Electrode Processing Stein, Malcolm; Mistry, Aashutosh; Mukherjee, Partha P. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1271707jes	journal	January 2017
Ceramic Nanoparticle/Monodisperse Latex Coatings Luo, Hui; Cardinal, Christine M.; Scriven, L. E. Langmuir, Vol. 24, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/la800050u	journal	April 2008
Microstructure development in drying latex coatings Ma, Yue; Davis, H. T.; Scriven, L. E. Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.07.023	journal	January 2005
Effect of soluble polymer binder on particle distribution in a drying particulate coating Buss, Felix; Roberts, Christine C.; Crawford, Kathleen S. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 359, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.03.054	journal	July 2011
Latex Migration in Battery Slurries during Drying Lim, Sanghyuk; Ahn, Kyung Hyun; Yamamura, Masato Langmuir, Vol. 29, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/la4013685	journal	June 2013
The Migration of Styrene Butadiene Latex during the Drying of Coating Suspensions: When and How Does Migration of Colloidal Particles Occur? Zang, Yong-Hua; Du, Juan; Du, Yanfen Langmuir, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/la103675f	journal	December 2010
A Raman spectroscopic method to find binder distribution in electrodes during drying Hagiwara, Hideki; Suszynski, Wieslaw J.; Francis, Lorraine F. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-013-9509-z	journal	August 2013
Investigation of binder distribution in graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries Müller, Marcus; Pfaffmann, Lukas; Jaiser, Stefan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 340 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.051	journal	February 2017
New method for binder and carbon black detection at nanometer scale in carbon electrodes for lithium ion batteries Pfaffmann, Lukas; Jaiser, Stefan; Müller, Marcus Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 363 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.102	journal	September 2017
Experiment and simulation of the fabrication process of lithium-ion battery cathodes for determining microstructure and mechanical properties Forouzan, Mehdi M.; Chao, Chien-Wei; Bustamante, Danilo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.014	journal	April 2016
Binder migration during drying of lithium-ion battery electrodes: Modelling and comparison to experiment Font, F.; Protas, B.; Richardson, G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 393 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.04.097	journal	July 2018
Microstructure Evolution in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Processing Liu, Zhixiao; Mukherjee, Partha P. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.026408jes	journal	January 2014
Autostratification in Drying Colloidal Dispersions: Effect of Particle Interactions Atmuri, Anand K.; Bhatia, Surita R.; Routh, Alexander F. Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/la2039762	journal	January 2012
Binder Distributions in Water-Based and Organic-Based LiCoO2 Electrode Sheets and Their Effects on Cell Performance Li, Chia-Chen; Wang, Ya-Whei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.107112jes	journal	January 2011
Influence of Solvent Evaporation Rate in the Preparation of Carbon-Coated Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Films on Battery Performance Gören, Attila; Cíntora-Juárez, Daniel; Martins, Pedro Energy Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500392	journal	December 2015
Experimental investigation into battery electrode surfaces: The distribution of liquid at the surface and the emptying of pores during drying Jaiser, Stefan; Funk, Lena; Baunach, Michael Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 494 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.063	journal	May 2017
Development of a three-stage drying profile based on characteristic drying stages for lithium-ion battery anodes Jaiser, Stefan; Friske, Anatolij; Baunach, Michael Drying Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2016.1248975	journal	November 2016
Influence of Convective Drying Parameters on Electrode Performance and Physical Electrode Properties Westphal, B.; Bockholt, H.; Gunther, T. ECS Transactions, Vol. 64, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1149/06422.0057ecst	journal	April 2015
Microstructure formation of lithium-ion battery electrodes during drying – An ex-situ study using cryogenic broad ion beam slope-cutting and scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-BIB-SEM) Jaiser, Stefan; Kumberg, Jana; Klaver, Jop Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 345 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.117	journal	March 2017
Electrode Slurry Particle Density Mapping Using X-ray Radiography Higa, Kenneth; Zhao, Hui; Parkinson, Dilworth Y. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1171702jes	journal	December 2016
Critical electrode properties and drying conditions causing component segregation in graphitic anodes for lithium-ion batteries Westphal, Bastian G.; Kwade, Arno Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.06.009	journal	August 2018
Delamination behavior of lithium-ion battery anodes: Influence of drying temperature during electrode processing Baunach, M.; Jaiser, S.; Schmelzle, S. Drying Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2015.1060497	journal	July 2015
Investigation of film solidification and binder migration during drying of Li-Ion battery anodes Jaiser, Stefan; Müller, Marcus; Baunach, Michael Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.018	journal	June 2016
Impact of drying conditions and wet film properties on adhesion and film solidification of lithium-ion battery anodes Jaiser, Stefan; Sanchez Salach, Nicolas; Baunach, Michael Drying Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2016.1276584	journal	February 2017
Stress Development of Li-Ion Battery Anode Slurries during the Drying Process Lim, Sanghyuk; Kim, Sunhyung; Ahn, Kyung Hyun Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 54, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00878	journal	June 2015
Processing of water-based LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 pastes for manufacturing lithium ion battery cathodes ÇEtinel, Fatih A.; Bauer, Werner Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 37, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-014-0733-7	journal	December 2014
Impedance as a Tool for Investigating Aging in Lithium-Ion Porous Electrodes Mellgren, Niklas; Brown, Shelley; Vynnycky, Michael Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2840015	journal	January 2008
How the electrolyte limits fast discharge in nanostructured batteries and supercapacitors Johns, Phil A.; Roberts, Matthew R.; Wakizaka, Yasuaki Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.09.001	journal	November 2009
Quantifying tortuosity in porous Li-ion battery materials Thorat, Indrajeet V.; Stephenson, David E.; Zacharias, Nathan A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 188, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.032	journal	March 2009
On the origin and application of the Bruggeman correlation for analysing transport phenomena in electrochemical systems Tjaden, Bernhard; Cooper, Samuel J.; Brett, Daniel JL Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2016.02.006	journal	May 2016
Method to Determine the In-Plane Tortuosity of Porous Electrodes Suthar, Bharatkumar; Landesfeind, Johannes; Eldiven, Askin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0121810jes	journal	January 2018
Tortuosity Determination of Battery Electrodes and Separators by Impedance Spectroscopy Landesfeind, Johannes; Hattendorff, Johannes; Ehrl, Andreas Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1141607jes	journal	January 2016
Validity of the Bruggeman relation for porous electrodes Chung, Ding-Wen; Ebner, Martin; Ely, David R. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 21, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074009	journal	October 2013
Impact of Pore Tortuosity on Electrode Kinetics in Lithium Battery Electrodes: Study in Directionally Freeze-Cast LiNi _0.8 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂ (NCA) Delattre, Benjamin; Amin, Ruhul; Sander, Jonathan Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1321802jes	journal	January 2018
Influence of the Binder on Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Tortuosity and Performance Landesfeind, Johannes; Eldiven, Askin; Gasteiger, Hubert A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0971805jes	journal	January 2018
Effect of electrode density on cycle performance and irreversible capacity loss for natural graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries Shim, Joongpyo; Striebel, Kathryn A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 119-121 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00235-0	journal	June 2003
The effect of pressure on the electroanalytical response of graphite anodes and LiCoO2 cathodes for Li-ion batteries Gnanaraj, J. S.; Cohen, Yaron S.; Levi, M. D. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 516, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00663-5	journal	December 2001
On the irreversible capacities of disordered carbons in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries Guerin, Katia; Fevrier-Bouvier, Annie; Flandrois, Serge Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 45, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00321-7	journal	January 2000
On the correlation between surface chemistry and performance of graphite negative electrodes for Li ion batteries Aurbach, D.; Markovsky, B.; Weissman, I. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 45, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00194-2	journal	September 1999
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of a LiCoO2 Li-Ion Battery Cathode Hutzenlaub, Tobias; Thiele, Simon; Zengerle, Roland Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.002203esl	journal	January 2012
Multi Length Scale Microstructural Investigations of a Commercially Available Li-Ion Battery Electrode Shearing, P. R.; Brandon, N. P.; Gelb, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.053207jes	journal	January 2012
Tracking inhomogeneity in high-capacity lithium iron phosphate batteries Paxton, William A.; Zhong, Zhong; Tsakalakos, Thomas Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 275 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.035	journal	February 2015
Electrode microstructure controls localized electronic impedance in Li-ion batteries Vogel, John E.; Forouzan, Mehdi M.; Hardy, Emilee E. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.204	journal	February 2019
Discontinuous and Continuous Processing of Low-Solvent Battery Slurries for Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide Electrodes Dreger, Henning; Bockholt, Henrike; Haselrieder, Wolfgang Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 44, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-3981-4	journal	September 2015
Electron Beam Curing of Composite Positive Electrode for Li-Ion Battery Du, Zhijia; Janke, C. J.; Li, Jianlin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1171613jes	journal	January 2016
Solvent-free dry powder coating process for low-cost manufacturing of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathodes in lithium-ion batteries Al-Shroofy, Mohanad; Zhang, Qinglin; Xu, Jiagang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.131	journal	June 2017
Scalable Dry Processing of Binder-Free Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes Enabled by Holey Graphene Kirsch, Dylan J.; Lacey, Steven D.; Kuang, Yudi ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00066	journal	April 2019
Compressible, Dense, Three-Dimensional Holey Graphene Monolithic Architecture Han, Xiaogang; Yang, Zhi; Zhao, Bin ACS Nano, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00227	journal	February 2017
Holey Graphene Nanomanufacturing: Structure, Composition, and Electrochemical Properties Lin, Yi; Han, Xiaogang; Campbell, Caroline J. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500321	journal	April 2015
Thick Electrodes for High Energy Lithium Ion Batteries Singh, Madhav; Kaiser, Jörg; Hahn, Horst Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0401507jes	journal	January 2015
Cost modeling of lithium-ion battery cells for automotive applications Patry, Gaëtan; Romagny, Alex; Martinet, Sébastien Energy Science & Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.47	journal	October 2014
Facile Micro Templating LiFePO ₄ Electrodes for High Performance Li-Ion Batteries Singh, Deepak P.; Mulder, Fokko M.; Abdelkader, Amr M. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200704	journal	March 2013
Understanding limiting factors in thick electrode performance as applied to high energy density Li-ion batteries Du, Zhijia; Wood, D. L.; Daniel, C. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-017-1047-4	journal	February 2017
Modeling mass and density distribution effects on the performance of co-extruded electrodes for high energy density lithium-ion batteries Cobb, Corie L.; Blanco, Mario Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.084	journal	March 2014
Improving Li-ion battery charge rate acceptance through highly ordered hierarchical electrode design Kim, Yunsung; Drews, Andy; Chandrasekaran, Rajeswari Ionics, Vol. 24, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2502-x	journal	March 2018
Analysis of thin-film lithium batteries with cathodes of 50 nm to 4 μm thick LiCoO2 Dudney, Nancy J.; Jang, Young-Il Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 119-121 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00162-9	journal	June 2003
Effects of Inhomogeneities—Nanoscale to Mesoscale—on the Durability of Li-Ion Batteries Harris, Stephen J.; Lu, Peng The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp311431z	journal	February 2013
Ultrahigh-Energy-Density Microbatteries Enabled by New Electrode Architecture and Micropackaging Design Lai, Wei; Erdonmez, Can K.; Marinis, Thomas F. Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903650	journal	May 2010
Designing the 3D-microbattery geometry using the level-set method Zadin, Vahur; Brandell, Daniel; Kasemägi, Heiki Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.004	journal	December 2013
3D Printing of Interdigitated Li-Ion Microbattery Architectures Sun, Ke; Wei, Teng-Sing; Ahn, Bok Yeop Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 33, p. 4539-4543 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301036	journal	June 2013
High-power lithium ion microbatteries from interdigitated three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes Pikul, James H.; Gang Zhang, Hui; Cho, Jiung Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Article No. 1732 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2747	journal	April 2013
Laser-printing and femtosecond-laser structuring of LiMn2O4 composite cathodes for Li-ion microbatteries Pröll, J.; Kim, H.; Piqué, A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.132	journal	June 2014
Design of Battery Electrodes with Dual-Scale Porosity to Minimize Tortuosity and Maximize Performance Bae, Chang-Jun; Erdonmez, Can K.; Halloran, John W. Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204055	journal	December 2012
Communication—Analysis of Thick Co-Extruded Cathodes for Higher-Energy-and-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries Cobb, Corie L.; Solberg, Scott E. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0101707jes	journal	January 2017
Unidirectional Freezing of Ceramic Suspensions: In Situ X-ray Investigation of the Effects of Additives Delattre, Benjamin; Bai, Hao; Ritchie, Robert O. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/am403793x	journal	December 2013
Conical surface structures on model thin-film electrodes and tape-cast electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries Kohler, R.; Proell, J.; Bruns, M. Applied Physics A, Vol. 112, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7205-y	journal	September 2012
A new approach for rapid electrolyte wetting in tape cast electrodes for lithium-ion batteries Pfleging, Wilhelm; Pröll, Johannes J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02353F	journal	January 2014
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Laser-Structured Li(NiMnCo)O ₂ Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Smyrek, P.; Pröll, J.; Seifert, H. J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0981514jes	journal	October 2015
High-performance battery electrodes via magnetic templating Sander, J. S.; Erb, R. M.; Li, L. Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.99	journal	July 2016
Magnetically aligned graphite electrodes for high-rate performance Li-ion batteries Billaud, Juliette; Bouville, Florian; Magrini, Tommaso Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.97	journal	July 2016
An Innovative Process for Ultra‐Thick Electrodes Elaboration: Toward Low‐Cost and High‐Energy Batteries Zolin, Lorenzo; Chandesris, Marion; Porcher, Willy Energy Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900025	journal	April 2019
Flexible nano-paper-based positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries—Preparation process and properties Leijonmarck, Simon; Cornell, Ann; Lindbergh, Göran Nano Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.02.002	journal	September 2013
Cellulose/graphite/carbon fibres composite electrodes for Li-ion batteries Jabbour, Lara; Destro, Matteo; Chaussy, Didier Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.07.029	journal	October 2013
Macro-/Micro-Controlled 3D Lithium-Ion Batteries via Additive Manufacturing and Electric Field Processing Li, Jie; Liang, Xinhua; Liou, Frank Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20329-w	journal	January 2018

Cited By (2)

Hydrogel Leclanché Cell: Construction and Characterization Jenson, Greg; Singh, Gurjap; Bhama, Jay K. Energies, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030594	journal	January 2020
Hydrogel Leclanche Cell: Construction and Characterization Jenson, Greg; Singh, Gurjap; Ratner, Albert arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.09939	text	January 2020