Revisiting the Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
Abstract
Abstract The relative positions of the high and low surface brightness regions of radio-loud active galaxies in the 3CR sample were found by Fanaroff and Riley to be correlated with their luminosity. We revisit this canonical relationship with a sample of 5805 extended radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), compiling the most complete data set of radio-galaxy morphological information obtained to date. We demonstrate that, for this sample, radio luminosity does not reliably predict whether a source is edge-brightened (FRII) or centre-brightened (FRI). We highlight a large population of low-luminosity FRIIs, extending three orders of magnitude below the traditional FR break, and demonstrate that their host galaxies are on average systematically fainter than those of high-luminosity FRIIs and of FRIs matched in luminosity. This result supports the jet power/environment paradigm for the FR break: low-power jets may remain undisrupted and form hotspots in lower mass hosts. We also find substantial populations that appear physically distinct from the traditional FR classes, including candidate restarting sources and ‘hybrids’. We identify 459 bent-tailed sources, which we find to have a significantly higher SDSS cluster association fraction (at z < 0.4) than the general radio-galaxy population, similar tomore »
- Authors:
-
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
- SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
- ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands, ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands
- INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science (CASS), PO Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, Perth, Australia
- Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Publication Date:
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1544921
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Volume: 488 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- Country of Publication:
- United Kingdom
- Language:
- English
Citation Formats
Mingo, B., Croston, J. H., Hardcastle, M. J., Best, P. N., Duncan, K. J., Morganti, R., Rottgering, H. J. A., Sabater, J., Shimwell, T. W., Williams, W. L., Brienza, M., Gurkan, G., Mahatma, V. H., Morabito, L. K., Prandoni, I., Bondi, M., Ineson, J., and Mooney, S.. Revisiting the Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). United Kingdom: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1901.
Mingo, B., Croston, J. H., Hardcastle, M. J., Best, P. N., Duncan, K. J., Morganti, R., Rottgering, H. J. A., Sabater, J., Shimwell, T. W., Williams, W. L., Brienza, M., Gurkan, G., Mahatma, V. H., Morabito, L. K., Prandoni, I., Bondi, M., Ineson, J., & Mooney, S.. Revisiting the Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1901
Mingo, B., Croston, J. H., Hardcastle, M. J., Best, P. N., Duncan, K. J., Morganti, R., Rottgering, H. J. A., Sabater, J., Shimwell, T. W., Williams, W. L., Brienza, M., Gurkan, G., Mahatma, V. H., Morabito, L. K., Prandoni, I., Bondi, M., Ineson, J., and Mooney, S.. Wed .
"Revisiting the Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)". United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1901.
@article{osti_1544921,
title = {Revisiting the Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)},
author = {Mingo, B. and Croston, J. H. and Hardcastle, M. J. and Best, P. N. and Duncan, K. J. and Morganti, R. and Rottgering, H. J. A. and Sabater, J. and Shimwell, T. W. and Williams, W. L. and Brienza, M. and Gurkan, G. and Mahatma, V. H. and Morabito, L. K. and Prandoni, I. and Bondi, M. and Ineson, J. and Mooney, S.},
abstractNote = {Abstract The relative positions of the high and low surface brightness regions of radio-loud active galaxies in the 3CR sample were found by Fanaroff and Riley to be correlated with their luminosity. We revisit this canonical relationship with a sample of 5805 extended radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), compiling the most complete data set of radio-galaxy morphological information obtained to date. We demonstrate that, for this sample, radio luminosity does not reliably predict whether a source is edge-brightened (FRII) or centre-brightened (FRI). We highlight a large population of low-luminosity FRIIs, extending three orders of magnitude below the traditional FR break, and demonstrate that their host galaxies are on average systematically fainter than those of high-luminosity FRIIs and of FRIs matched in luminosity. This result supports the jet power/environment paradigm for the FR break: low-power jets may remain undisrupted and form hotspots in lower mass hosts. We also find substantial populations that appear physically distinct from the traditional FR classes, including candidate restarting sources and ‘hybrids’. We identify 459 bent-tailed sources, which we find to have a significantly higher SDSS cluster association fraction (at z < 0.4) than the general radio-galaxy population, similar to the results of previous work. The complexity of the LoTSS faint, extended radio sources not only demonstrates the need for caution in the automated classification and interpretation of extended sources in modern radio surveys, but also reveals the wealth of morphological information such surveys will provide and its value for advancing our physical understanding of radio-loud AGN.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stz1901},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 2,
volume = 488,
place = {United Kingdom},
year = {2019},
month = {7}
}
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1901
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Jet termination in wide-angle tail radio sources
journal, April 2004
- Hardcastle, M. J.; Sakelliou, I.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 349, Issue 2
The FIRST Survey: Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters
journal, September 1995
- Becker, Robert H.; White, Richard L.; Helfand, David J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 450
Search and modelling of remnant radio galaxies in the LOFAR Lockman Hole field
journal, October 2017
- Brienza, M.; Godfrey, L.; Morganti, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 606
Radio-loud AGN in the first LoTSS data release: The lifetimes and environmental impact of jet-driven sources
journal, February 2019
- Hardcastle, M. J.; Williams, W. L.; Best, P. N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
LoTSS/HETDEX: Optical quasars: I. Low-frequency radio properties of optically selected quasars⋆
journal, February 2019
- Gürkan, Gülay; Hardcastle, M. J.; Best, P. N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
The prevalence of Fanaroff-Riley type I radio quasars: The prevalence of FR I radio quasars
journal, September 2007
- Heywood, Ian; Blundell, Katherine M.; Rawlings, Steve
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 381, Issue 3
MID-INFRARED SELECTION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER . I. CHARACTERIZING WISE -SELECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN COSMOS
journal, June 2012
- Stern, Daniel; Assef, Roberto J.; Benford, Dominic J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 753, Issue 1
The relation between morphology, accretion modes and environmental factors in local radio AGN
journal, February 2013
- Gendre, M. A.; Best, P. N.; Wall, J. V.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 430, Issue 4
FRII CAT : A FIRST catalog of FR II radio galaxies
journal, May 2017
- Capetti, A.; Massaro, F.; Baldi, R. D.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 601
ON THE POPULATIONS OF RADIO GALAXIES WITH EXTENDED MORPHOLOGY AT z < 0.3
journal, October 2010
- Lin, Yen-Ting; Shen, Yue; Strauss, Michael A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 723, Issue 2
Fundamental properties of Fanaroff-Riley type II radio galaxies investigated via Monte Carlo simulations: Fundamental properties of FR II radio galaxies
journal, July 2012
- Kapińska, A. D.; Uttley, P.; Kaiser, C. R.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 424, Issue 3
Morphological classification of radio galaxies: capsule networks versus convolutional neural networks
journal, May 2019
- Lukic, V.; Brüggen, M.; Mingo, B.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 2
Hybrid morphology radio sources from the FIRST survey
journal, January 2006
- Gawroński, M. P.; Marecki, A.; Kunert-Bajraszewska, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 447, Issue 1
A Relationship Between agn jet Power and Radio Power
journal, August 2010
- Cavagnolo, K. W.; McNamara, B. R.; Nulsen, P. E. J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 720, Issue 2
The new sample of Giant radio sources: I. Radio imaging, optical identification and spectroscopy of selected
candidates
journal, May 2001
- Machalski, J.; Jamrozy, M.; Zola, S.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 371, Issue 2
A new sample of giant radio galaxies from the WENSS survey: II. A multi-frequency radio study of a complete sample: Properties of the radio lobes and their environment
journal, October 2000
- Schoenmakers, A. P.; Mack, K. -H.; de Bruyn, A. G.
- Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, Vol. 146, Issue 2
LOFAR/H-ATLAS: the low-frequency radio luminosity–star formation rate relation
journal, January 2018
- Gürkan, G.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Smith, D. J. B.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 3
The LoTSS view of radio AGN in the local Universe: The most massive galaxies are always switched on
journal, February 2019
- Sabater, J.; Best, P. N.; Hardcastle, M. J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
J1420−0545: The Radio Galaxy Larger than 3C 236
journal, May 2008
- Machalski, J.; Kozieł‐Wierzbowska, D.; Jamrozy, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 679, Issue 1
MOIRCS Deep Survey. VII. NIR Morphologies of Star-Forming Galaxies at Redshift z 1
journal, March 2011
- Konishi, Masahiro; Akiyama, Masayuki; Kajisawa, Masaru
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 63, Issue sp2
The evolution of Ks-selected galaxies in the GOODS/CDFS deep ISAAC field
journal, August 2005
- Caputi, K. I.; Dunlop, J. S.; McLure, R. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 361, Issue 2
A Robust Derivation of the Tight Relationship of Radio core Dominance to Inclination Angle in high Redshift 3crr Sources
journal, October 2016
- Marin, Frédéric; Antonucci, Robert
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 830, Issue 2
A low-frequency study of recently identified double-double radio galaxies
journal, May 2019
- Nandi, S.; Saikia, D. J.; Roy, R.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4
Remnant radio-loud AGN in the Herschel-ATLAS field
journal, January 2018
- Mahatma, V. H.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Williams, W. L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 4
scikit-image: image processing in Python
journal, January 2014
- van der Walt, Stéfan; Schönberger, Johannes L.; Nunez-Iglesias, Juan
- PeerJ, Vol. 2
LOFAR-Boötes: properties of high- and low-excitation radio galaxies at 0.5 < z < 2.0
journal, January 2018
- Williams, W. L.; Calistro Rivera, G.; Best, P. N.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 3
Radio Emission from Normal Galaxies
journal, September 1992
- Condon, J. J.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 30, Issue 1
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF HIGH-LATITUDE WISE -SELECTED SOURCES
journal, December 2011
- Lake, S. E.; Wright, E. L.; Petty, S.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 143, Issue 1
Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy of radio galaxies and the Malmquist bias
journal, June 2014
- Singal, Ashok K.; Rajpurohit, Kamlesh
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 442, Issue 2
Anomalous radio-loudness of Cygnus A and other powerful radio galaxies
journal, November 1996
- Barthel, P. D.; Arnaud, K. A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 283, Issue 2
Enhanced anti-ablation performance of carbon/carbon composites modified with ZrC-SiC
journal, October 2018
- Zhao, Zhigang; Li, Kezhi; Liu, Qing
- Vacuum, Vol. 156
AGNs and Their Host Galaxies in the Local Universe: Two Mass-independent Eddington Ratio Distribution Functions Characterize Black Hole Growth
journal, August 2017
- Weigel, Anna K.; Schawinski, Kevin; Caplar, Neven
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 845, Issue 2
The Morphology of Extragalactic Radio Sources of High and Low Luminosity
journal, April 1974
- Fanaroff, B. L.; Riley, J. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 1
Energetics and Lifetimes of Local Radio Active Galactic Nuclei
journal, June 2015
- Turner, Ross J.; Shabala, Stanislav S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 806, Issue 1
Particle content, radio-galaxy morphology, and jet power: all radio-loud AGN are not equal
journal, February 2018
- Croston, J. H.; Ineson, J.; Hardcastle, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 2
A Wide‐Angle Tail Radio Galaxy in the COSMOS Field: Evidence for Cluster Formation
journal, September 2007
- Smolčić, V.; Schinnerer, E.; Finoguenov, A.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 172, Issue 1
Discovery of giant radio galaxies from NVSS: radio and infrared properties
journal, May 2017
- Dabhade, Pratik; Gaikwad, Madhuri; Bagchi, Joydeep
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 469, Issue 3
A representative survey of the dynamics and energetics of FRII radio galaxies
journal, January 2017
- Ineson, J.; Croston, J. H.; Hardcastle, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
The Optical and Near‐Infrared Properties of Galaxies. I. Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions
journal, December 2003
- Bell, Eric F.; McIntosh, Daniel H.; Katz, Neal
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 149, Issue 2
The Environments of a Complete Moderate-Redshift Sample of FIRST Bent-Double Radio Sources
journal, June 2001
- Blanton, E. L.; Gregg, M. D.; Helfand, D. J.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 121, Issue 6
On the fundamental dichotomy in the local radio-AGN population: accretion, evolution and host galaxy properties
journal, February 2012
- Best, P. N.; Heckman, T. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 421, Issue 2
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment
journal, January 2007
- Hunter, John D.
- Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Evolution of the radio-loud galaxy population
journal, January 2009
- Donoso, E.; Best, P. N.; Kauffmann, G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 392, Issue 2
Radio AGN in the local universe: unification, triggering and evolution
journal, June 2016
- Tadhunter, Clive
- The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, Vol. 24, Issue 1
The radio luminosity function from the low-frequency 3CRR, 6CE and 7CRS complete samples
journal, April 2001
- Willott, C. J.; Rawlings, S.; Blundell, K. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 322, Issue 3
The triggering probability of radio-loud AGN: A comparison of high and low excitation radio galaxies in hosts of different colors
journal, April 2012
- Janssen, R. M. J.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Best, P. N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 541
20 CM VLA Survey of Abell Clusters of Galaxies. VI. Radio/Optical Luminosity Functions
journal, July 1996
- Ledlow, Michael J.; Owen, Frazer N.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 112
The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation
journal, March 2011
- van der Walt, Stéfan; Colbert, S. Chris; Varoquaux, Gaël
- Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 2
Radio Galaxy Zoo: Claran – a deep learning classifier for radio morphologies
journal, October 2018
- Wu, Chen; Wong, Oiwei Ivy; Rudnick, Lawrence
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1
A Machine Learning Based Morphological Classification of 14,245 Radio AGNs Selected from the Best–Heckman Sample
journal, February 2019
- Ma, Zhixian; Xu, Haiguang; Zhu, Jie
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 240, Issue 2
The link between accretion mode and environment in radio-loud active galaxies
journal, September 2015
- Ineson, J.; Croston, J. H.; Hardcastle, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 453, Issue 3
Radio-AGN feedback: when the little ones were monsters
journal, April 2015
- Williams, W. L.; Röttgering, H. J. A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 2
Giant radio sources
journal, October 1999
- Ishwara-Chandra, C. H.; Saikia, D. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 309, Issue 1
The MIXR sample: AGN activity versus star formation across the cross-correlation of WISE , 3XMM, and FIRST/NVSS
journal, July 2016
- Mingo, B.; Watson, M. G.; Rosen, S. R.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 462, Issue 3
Observed properties of FRII quasars and radio galaxies at z < 1.0
journal, October 2008
- Mullin, L. M.; Riley, J. M.; Hardcastle, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 390, Issue 2
Wide-angle tail galaxies in ATLAS: WATs in ATLAS
journal, June 2010
- Mao, Minnie Y.; Sharp, Rob; Saikia, D. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 406, Issue 4
Dynamical models for jet deceleration in the radio galaxy 3C 31
journal, November 2002
- Laing, R. A.; Bridle, A. H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 336, Issue 4
IDENTIFICATION OF 1.4 MILLION ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE MID-INFRARED USING WISE DATA
journal, October 2015
- Secrest, N. J.; Dudik, R. P.; Dorland, B. N.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 221, Issue 1
LoTSS DR1: Double-double radio galaxies in the HETDEX field
journal, February 2019
- Mahatma, V. H.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Williams, W. L.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
Using the Bright Ultrahard XMM-Newton survey to define an IR selection of luminous AGN based on WISE colours : AGN selection with WISE
journal, October 2012
- Mateos, S.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Carrera, F. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 426, Issue 4
The active nuclei of z < 1.0 3CRR radio sources
journal, July 2009
- Hardcastle, M. J.; Evans, D. A.; Croston, J. H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 396, Issue 4
LOW-RESOLUTION SPECTRAL TEMPLATES FOR ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AND GALAXIES FROM 0.03 TO 30 μm
journal, March 2010
- Assef, R. J.; Kochanek, C. S.; Brodwin, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 713, Issue 2
The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: IV. First Data Release: Photometric redshifts and rest-frame magnitudes⋆⋆⋆
journal, February 2019
- Duncan, K. J.; Sabater, J.; Röttgering, H. J. A.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
The nuclear properties and extended morphologies of powerful radio galaxies: the roles of host galaxy and environment
journal, January 2017
- Miraghaei, H.; Best, P. N.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
The role of environment in the observed Fundamental Plane of radio active galactic nuclei
journal, June 2018
- Shabala, Stanislav S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 4
The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: III. First data release: Optical/infrared identifications and value-added catalogue⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
journal, February 2019
- Williams, W. L.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Best, P. N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe
journal, January 2011
- Norris, Ray P.; Hopkins, A. M.; Afonso, J.
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, Vol. 28, Issue 3
The environments of radio-loud AGN from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
journal, February 2019
- Croston, J. H.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Mingo, B.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
Three-dimensional relativistic MHD simulations of active galactic nuclei jets: magnetic kink instability and Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy
journal, April 2016
- Tchekhovskoy, Alexander; Bromberg, Omer
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 461, Issue 1
Cosmological evolution of the Fanaroff–Riley type II source population
journal, August 2008
- Wang, Yang; Kaiser, Christian R.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 388, Issue 2
The duty cycle of local radio galaxies
journal, August 2008
- Shabala, S. S.; Ash, S.; Alexander, P.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 388, Issue 2
The SWIRE-VVDS-CFHTLS surveys: stellar mass assembly over the last 10 Gyr. Evidence for a major build up of the red sequence between z = 2 and z = 1
journal, September 2007
- Arnouts, S.; Walcher, C. J.; Le Fèvre, O.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 476, Issue 1
A simulation-based analytic model of radio galaxies
journal, January 2018
- Hardcastle, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 2
An X-ray survey of the 2 Jy sample – I. Is there an accretion mode dichotomy in radio-loud AGN?
journal, March 2014
- Mingo, B.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Croston, J. H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 440, Issue 1
The global properties of a representative sample of 51 narrow-angle-tail radio sources in the directions of Abell clusters
journal, June 1985
- Odea, C. P.; Owen, F. N.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 90
Radio Galaxy Zoo: The Distortion of Radio Galaxies by Galaxy Clusters
journal, March 2019
- Garon, Avery F.; Rudnick, Lawrence; Wong, O. Ivy
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 3
The Combined NVSS-FIRST Galaxies (CoNFIG) sample - II. Comparison of space densities in the Fanaroff-Riley dichotomy
journal, March 2010
- Gendre, M. A.; Best, P. N.; Wall, J. V.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
A Chandra Study of Particle Acceleration in the Multiple Hot Spots of Nearby Radio Galaxies
journal, November 2007
- Hardcastle, M. J.; Croston, J. H.; Kraft, R. P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 669, Issue 2
Narrow head-tail radio galaxies at very high resolution
journal, December 2017
- Terni de Gregory, B.; Feretti, L.; Giovannini, G.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 608
Tailed radio galaxies as tracers of galaxy clusters. Serendipitous discoveries with the GMRT
journal, July 2009
- Giacintucci, S.; Venturi, T.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 505, Issue 1
LOFAR discovery of a 700-kpc remnant radio galaxy at low redshift
journal, December 2015
- Brienza, M.; Godfrey, L.; Morganti, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 585
Luminosity function, sizes and FR dichotomy of radio-loud AGN
journal, November 2007
- Kaiser, C. R.; Best, P. N.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 381, Issue 4
Relativistic Jets and the Fanaroff-Riley Classification of Radio Galaxies
journal, November 1995
- Bicknell, Geoffrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 101
The FIRST Classifier: compact and extended radio galaxy classification using deep Convolutional Neural Networks
journal, July 2018
- Alhassan, Wathela; Taylor, A. R.; Vaccari, Mattia
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 2
The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: II. First data release⋆⋆⋆
journal, February 2019
- Shimwell, T. W.; Tasse, C.; Hardcastle, M. J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
Classifying Radio Galaxies with the Convolutional Neural Network
journal, June 2017
- Aniyan, A. K.; Thorat, K.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 230, Issue 2
The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: I. Survey description and preliminary data release⋆
journal, February 2017
- Shimwell, T. W.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Best, P. N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 598
Radio galaxies with a 'double-double morphology'- I. Analysis of the radio properties and evidence for interrupted activity in active galactic nuclei
journal, June 2000
- Schoenmakers, A. P.; de Bruyn, A. G.; Rottgering, H. J. A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 315, Issue 2
Radio source populations: Results from SDSS
journal, February 2009
- Best, P. N.
- Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 330, Issue 2-3
The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer properties of complete samples of radio-loud active galactic nucleus
journal, January 2014
- Gürkan, G.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Jarvis, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 438, Issue 2
GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey – I. A low-frequency extragalactic catalogue
journal, September 2016
- Hurley-Walker, N.; Callingham, J. R.; Hancock, P. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 464, Issue 1
The ASKAP/EMU Source Finding Data Challenge
journal, January 2015
- Hopkins, A. M.; Whiting, M. T.; Seymour, N.
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, Vol. 32
Interpreting radiative efficiency in radio-loud AGNs
journal, April 2018
- Hardcastle, Martin
- Nature Astronomy, Vol. 2, Issue 4
MID-INFRARED SELECTION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER . II. PROPERTIES OF WISE -SELECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE NDWFS BOÖTES FIELD
journal, July 2013
- Assef, R. J.; Stern, D.; Kochanek, C. S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 772, Issue 1
Understanding the Fanaroff–Riley Radio Galaxy Classification
journal, August 2012
- Saripalli, L.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 144, Issue 3
The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance
journal, November 2010
- Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Mainzer, Amy K.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 140, Issue 6
Observations of the Structure of Radio sources in the 3C Catalogue --V: The Properties of Sources in a complete Sample
journal, October 1971
- Mackay, C. D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 2
Galaxy Cluster Environments of Radio Sources
journal, February 2011
- Wing, Joshua D.; Blanton, Elizabeth L.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 141, Issue 3
Radio Galaxy Zoo: A Search for Hybrid Morphology Radio Galaxies
journal, November 2017
- Kapińska, A. D.; Terentev, I.; Wong, O. I.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 6