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Title: The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

Journal Article · · The Astronomical Journal (Online)
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  1. Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
  2. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  3. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  4. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  5. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  6. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  7. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  8. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  9. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  10. National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  11. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Hilo, HI (United States)
  12. Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
  13. Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States)
  14. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
  15. Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  16. Univ. of Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
  17. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble Alpes (France)
  18. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
  19. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
  20. Amherst College, MA (United States)
  21. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  22. National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada); Univ. of Victoria, BC (Canada)
  23. Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI (United States)
  24. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
  25. European Southern Observatory, Santiago (Chile)
  26. Univ. of Exeter (United Kingdom)
  27. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
  28. National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO (United States)
  29. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
  30. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  31. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  32. Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
  33. Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  34. Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
  35. American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY (United States)
  36. Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  37. Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom)
  38. Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  39. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  40. Leiden Univ. (Netherlands)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Here, we introduce a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M * > 1.5 M⊙ more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13$$M$$ Jup and semimajor axes of 3–100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass ($$m$$) and semimajor axis ($$a$$) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M * > 1.5 M⊙) of the form $${d}^{2}N/({dm}\,{da})\propto {m}^{\alpha }\,{a}^{\beta }$$, finding α = –2.4 ± 0.8 and β = –2.0 ± 0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of $${9}_{-4}^{+5}$$% between 5–13M Jup and 10–100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with $${0.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.8}$$% of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13–80$$M$$ Jup and 10–100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ~1 and 10 au. These trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability, according to this work.

Research Organization:
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); NASA; National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Scientific User Facilities Division
Grant/Contract Number:
89233218CNA000001; AC02-05CH11231; AC52-07NA27344
OSTI ID:
1544731
Report Number(s):
LA-UR--18-30923
Journal Information:
The Astronomical Journal (Online), Journal Name: The Astronomical Journal (Online) Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 158; ISSN 1538-3881
Publisher:
IOP Publishing - AAASCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Integral Field Spectroscopy of the Low-mass Companion HD 984 B with the Gemini Planet Imager journal March 2017
Characterizing 51 Eri b from 1 to 5 μ m: A Partly Cloudy Exoplanet journal June 2017
New Precision Orbits of Bright Double-lined Spectroscopic Binaries. X. HD 96511, HR 7578, and KZ Andromedae journal August 2017
Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star journal November 2017
ALMA 1.3 mm Map of the HD 95086 System journal November 2017
The California- Kepler Survey. IV. Metal-rich Stars Host a Greater Diversity of Planets journal January 2018
GPI Spectra of HR 8799 c, d, and e from 1.5 to 2.4 μ m with KLIP Forward Modeling journal May 2018
Dynamical Constraints on the HR 8799 Planets with GPI journal October 2018
The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Limits on Planet Occurrence Rates under Conservative Assumptions journal November 2018
The Evolution of gas Giant Entropy During Formation by Runaway Accretion journal January 2017
Improving and Assessing Planet Sensitivity of the GPI Exoplanet Survey with a Forward Model Matched Filter journal June 2017
Evidence of an Upper Bound on the Masses of Planets and Its Implications for Giant Planet Formation journal January 2018
Dynamical Formation of Close Binaries during the Pre-main-sequence Phase journal February 2018
Resolved Millimeter Observations of the HR 8799 Debris Disk journal March 2018
Inner Super-Earths, Outer Gas Giants: How Pebble Isolation and Migration Feedback Keep Jupiters Cold journal May 2018
Retired A Stars Revisited: An Updated Giant Planet Occurrence Rate as a Function of Stellar Metallicity and Mass journal June 2018
Scaling Relations Associated with Millimeter Continuum Sizes in Protoplanetary Disks journal October 2018
Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate journal March 2019
Disk-Fed Giant Planet Formation journal February 2016
Constraints on the Architecture of the hd 95086 Planetary System with the Gemini Planet Imager journal May 2016
Discovery of a Substellar Companion to the Nearby Debris disk host hr 2562 journal September 2016
The Young L Dwarf 2MASS J11193254−1137466 Is a Planetary-mass Binary journal June 2017
A Model-independent Mass and Moderate Eccentricity for β Pic b journal January 2019
Discovery of a low-mass companion to the F7V star HD 984 text January 2015
Mapping the Shores of the Brown Dwarf Desert I.: Upper Scorpius text January 2008
Scaled solar tracks and isochrones in a large region of the Z-Y plane I. From the ZAMS to the TP-AGB end for 0.15 - 2.5 Mo stars text January 2008
The Palomar/Keck Adaptive Optics Survey of Young Solar Analogs: Evidence for a Universal Companion Mass Function text January 2008
The Runts of the Litter: Why planets formed through gravitational instability can only be failed binary stars text January 2009
The Debris Disk Around HR 8799 text January 2009
Solar Chemical Abundances Determined with a CO5BOLD 3D Model Atmosphere text January 2010
The Ages of Stars text January 2010
A giant planet imaged in the disk of the young star Beta Pictoris text January 2010
The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: Discovery of a Close Substellar Companion to the Young Debris Disk Star PZ Tel text January 2010
A brown dwarf companion to the intermediate-mass star HR6037 text January 2010
New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and Galactic disc(s). Improved astrophysical parameters for the Geneva-Copenhagen Survey text January 2011
The Tucana/Horologium, Columba, AB Doradus, and Argus Associations: New Members and Dusty Debris Disks text January 2011
Gravity darkening in rotating stars text January 2011
Rotational velocities of A-type stars IV. Evolution of rotational velocities text January 2012
Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets and Disks using Projections on Karhunen-Loeve Eigenimages text January 2012
Bayesian analysis to identify new star candidates in nearby young stellar kinematic groups text January 2012
Towards a Population Synthesis Model of Objects formed by Self-Gravitating Disc Fragmentation and Tidal Downsizing text January 2013
Discovery of a probable 4-5 Jupiter-mass exoplanet to HD 95086 by direct-imaging text January 2013
The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Frequency of Giant Planets around Young B and A Stars text January 2013
A Statistical Analysis of SEEDS and Other High-Contrast Exoplanet Surveys: Massive Planets or Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs? text January 2014
Synthesizing Exoplanet Demographics from Radial Velocity and Microlensing Surveys, II: The Frequency of Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs text January 2014
On-sky performance during verification and commissioning of the Gemini Planet Imager's adaptive optics system text January 2014
Gemini Planet Imager Observational Calibrations I: Overview of the GPI Data Reduction Pipeline text January 2014
The Ages of Early-Type Stars: Strömgren Photometric Methods Calibrated, Validated, Tested, and Applied to Hosts and Prospective Hosts of Directly Imaged Exoplanets text January 2015
Estimating distances from parallaxes text January 2015
Spectroscopic characterization of HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager text January 2016
The International Deep Planet Survey II: The frequency of directly imaged giant exoplanets with stellar mass text January 2016
Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Young Spectroscopic Binary V343 Normae AaAb Resolved With the Gemini Planet Imager text January 2016
LACEwING: A New Moving Group Analysis Code text January 2017
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLI. A dozen planets around the M dwarfs GJ 3138, GJ 3323, GJ 273, GJ 628, and GJ 3293 text January 2017
SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars. III. Complete Sample and Statistical Analysis text January 2018
Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate text January 2018
Maximum likelihood method for estimating the mass and period distributions of extra-solar planets text January 2001
Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE text January 2017
The evolution of gas giant entropy during formation by runaway accretion text January 2017
Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate text January 2019

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Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor: III. On-sky validation in VLT/SPHERE journal August 2019
The origin of R CrA variability: A complex triple system hosting a disk journal October 2019
Planet formation around M dwarfs via disc instability: Fragmentation conditions and protoplanet properties journal January 2020
Fragmentation favoured in discs around higher mass stars journal January 2020
The likelihood of detecting young giant planets with high-contrast imaging and interferometry journal September 2019
An unusually large gaseous transit in a debris disc journal October 2019
The Young Suns Exoplanet Survey: Detection of a wide-orbit planetary-mass companion to a solar-type Sco-Cen member journal December 2019
Performance and early science with the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics project conference September 2019
Radial Velocity Discovery of an Eccentric Jovian World Orbiting at 18 au journal October 2019
An Updated Visual Orbit of the Directly Imaged Exoplanet 51 Eridani b and Prospects for a Dynamical Mass Measurement with Gaia journal December 2019
Detection of a Low-mass Stellar Companion to the Accelerating A2IV Star HR 1645 journal November 2019
ACCESS: A Visual toNear-infrared Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b with Evidence of H 2 O, but No Evidence of Na or K journal December 2019
Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of κ Andromeda b journal January 2020
3.8 μ m Imaging of 400–600 K Brown Dwarfs and Orbital Constraints for WISEP J045853.90+643452.6AB journal September 2019
Circumplanetary Disk Dynamics in the Isothermal and Adiabatic Limits journal December 2019
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME): A Planet in the 45 Myr Tucana–Horologium Association journal July 2019
Hidden Planets: Implications from ’Oumuamua and DSHARP journal October 2019
Signatures of a Planet–Planet Impacts Phase in Exoplanetary Systems Hosting Giant Planets journal October 2019
Signatures of a planet-planet impacts phase in exoplanetary systems hosting giant planets text January 2019
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME): A planet in the 45 Myr Tucana-Horologium association text January 2019
Performance and Early Science with the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics Project preprint January 2019
Constraining the initial planetary population in the gravitational instability model text January 2019

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79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
instrumentation: adaptive optics
planetary systems
planets and satellites: detection