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The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
Abstract
Here, we introduce a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M * > 1.5 M ⊙ more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13$M$ Jup and semimajor axes of 3–100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass ($m$) and semimajor axis ($a$) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M * > 1.5 M ⊙) of the form $${d}^{2}N/({dm}\,{da})\propto {m}^{\alpha }\,{a}^{\beta }$$, finding α = –2.4 ± 0.8 and β = –2.0 ± 0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of $${9}_{-4}^{+5}$$% between 5–13M Jup and 10–100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with $${0.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.8}$$% of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13–80$M$ Jup and 10–100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ~1 and 10 au. These trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability, according to this work.
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[1];
[1];
[1];
[2];
[1];
[3];
[4];
[5];
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- Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
- California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
- NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States)
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
- Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
- National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Hilo, HI (United States)
- Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States)
- Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Univ. of Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
- Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble Alpes (France)
- Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
- Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
- Amherst College, MA (United States)
- Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
- National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada); Univ. of Victoria, BC (Canada)
- Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI (United States)
- Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago (Chile)
- Univ. of Exeter (United Kingdom)
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
- National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO (United States)
- Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Tucson, AZ (United States)
- Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
- Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States)
- Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
- American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY (United States)
- Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
- Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom)
- Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
- Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
- Leiden Univ. (Netherlands)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Scientific User Facilities Division
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1544731
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1597226
- Report Number(s):
- [LA-UR-18-30923; LLNL-JRNL-804153]
[Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881]
- Grant/Contract Number:
- [89233218CNA000001; AC02-05CH11231; ACI-1548562; AC52-07NA27344]
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Astronomical Journal (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- [Journal Name: Astronomical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 158; Journal Issue: 1]; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881
- Publisher:
- IOP Publishing - AAAS
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; instrumentation: adaptive optics; planetary systems; planets and satellites: detection; Astronomy; Astrophysics
Citation Formats
Nielsen, Eric L., De Rosa, Robert J., Macintosh, Bruce, Wang, Jason J., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Chiang, Eugene, Marley, Mark S., Saumon, Didier, Savransky, Dmitry, Mark Ammons, S., Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis, Blain, Célia, Bulger, Joanna, Burrows, Adam, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, Czekala, Ian, Doyon, Rene, Duchêne, Gaspard, Esposito, Thomas M., Fabrycky, Daniel, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Fortney, Jonathan J., Gerard, Benjamin L., Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hinkley, Sasha, Hirsch, Lea A., Hom, Justin, Hung, Li-Wei, Ilene Dawson, Rebekah, Ingraham, Patrick, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Lee, Eve J., Lin, Jonathan W., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Metchev, Stanimir, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Morzinski, Katie M., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Perrin, Marshall, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rafikov, Roman R., Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ren, Bin, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Tallis, Melisa, Thomas, Sandrine, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, and Wolff, Schuyler. The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9.
Nielsen, Eric L., De Rosa, Robert J., Macintosh, Bruce, Wang, Jason J., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Chiang, Eugene, Marley, Mark S., Saumon, Didier, Savransky, Dmitry, Mark Ammons, S., Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis, Blain, Célia, Bulger, Joanna, Burrows, Adam, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, Czekala, Ian, Doyon, Rene, Duchêne, Gaspard, Esposito, Thomas M., Fabrycky, Daniel, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Fortney, Jonathan J., Gerard, Benjamin L., Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hinkley, Sasha, Hirsch, Lea A., Hom, Justin, Hung, Li-Wei, Ilene Dawson, Rebekah, Ingraham, Patrick, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Lee, Eve J., Lin, Jonathan W., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Metchev, Stanimir, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Morzinski, Katie M., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Perrin, Marshall, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rafikov, Roman R., Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ren, Bin, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Tallis, Melisa, Thomas, Sandrine, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, & Wolff, Schuyler. The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au. United States. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9.
Nielsen, Eric L., De Rosa, Robert J., Macintosh, Bruce, Wang, Jason J., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Chiang, Eugene, Marley, Mark S., Saumon, Didier, Savransky, Dmitry, Mark Ammons, S., Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis, Blain, Célia, Bulger, Joanna, Burrows, Adam, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, Czekala, Ian, Doyon, Rene, Duchêne, Gaspard, Esposito, Thomas M., Fabrycky, Daniel, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Fortney, Jonathan J., Gerard, Benjamin L., Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hinkley, Sasha, Hirsch, Lea A., Hom, Justin, Hung, Li-Wei, Ilene Dawson, Rebekah, Ingraham, Patrick, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Lee, Eve J., Lin, Jonathan W., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Metchev, Stanimir, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Morzinski, Katie M., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Perrin, Marshall, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rafikov, Roman R., Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ren, Bin, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Tallis, Melisa, Thomas, Sandrine, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, and Wolff, Schuyler. Wed .
"The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au". United States. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9.
@article{osti_1544731,
title = {The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au},
author = {Nielsen, Eric L. and De Rosa, Robert J. and Macintosh, Bruce and Wang, Jason J. and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Chiang, Eugene and Marley, Mark S. and Saumon, Didier and Savransky, Dmitry and Mark Ammons, S. and Bailey, Vanessa P. and Barman, Travis and Blain, Célia and Bulger, Joanna and Burrows, Adam and Chilcote, Jeffrey and Cotten, Tara and Czekala, Ian and Doyon, Rene and Duchêne, Gaspard and Esposito, Thomas M. and Fabrycky, Daniel and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Follette, Katherine B. and Fortney, Jonathan J. and Gerard, Benjamin L. and Goodsell, Stephen J. and Graham, James R. and Greenbaum, Alexandra Z. and Hibon, Pascale and Hinkley, Sasha and Hirsch, Lea A. and Hom, Justin and Hung, Li-Wei and Ilene Dawson, Rebekah and Ingraham, Patrick and Kalas, Paul and Konopacky, Quinn and Larkin, James E. and Lee, Eve J. and Lin, Jonathan W. and Maire, Jérôme and Marchis, Franck and Marois, Christian and Metchev, Stanimir and Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A. and Morzinski, Katie M. and Oppenheimer, Rebecca and Palmer, David and Patience, Jennifer and Perrin, Marshall and Poyneer, Lisa and Pueyo, Laurent and Rafikov, Roman R. and Rajan, Abhijith and Rameau, Julien and Rantakyrö, Fredrik T. and Ren, Bin and Schneider, Adam C. and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Song, Inseok and Soummer, Remi and Tallis, Melisa and Thomas, Sandrine and Ward-Duong, Kimberly and Wolff, Schuyler},
abstractNote = {Here, we introduce a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M * > 1.5 M⊙ more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13$M$ Jup and semimajor axes of 3–100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass ($m$) and semimajor axis ($a$) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M * > 1.5 M⊙) of the form ${d}^{2}N/({dm}\,{da})\propto {m}^{\alpha }\,{a}^{\beta }$, finding α = –2.4 ± 0.8 and β = –2.0 ± 0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of ${9}_{-4}^{+5}$% between 5–13M Jup and 10–100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with ${0.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.8}$% of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13–80$M$ Jup and 10–100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ~1 and 10 au. These trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability, according to this work.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9},
journal = {Astronomical Journal (Online)},
number = [1],
volume = [158],
place = {United States},
year = {2019},
month = {6}
}
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Works referencing / citing this record:
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME): A Planet in the 45 Myr Tucana–Horologium Association
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