VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056

Abeysekara, A. U.; Archer, A.; Benbow, W.; Bird, R.; Brill, A.; Brose, R.; Buckley, J. H.; Christiansen, J. L.; Chromey, A. J.; Daniel, M. K.; Falcone, A.; Feng, Q.; Finley, J. P.; Fortson, L.; Furniss, A.; Gillanders, G. H.; Gueta, O.; Hanna, D.; Hervet, O.; Holder, J.; Hughes, G.; Humensky, T. B.; Johnson, C. A.; Kaaret, P.; Kar, P.; Kelley-Hoskins, N.; Kertzman, M.; Kieda, D.; Krause, M.; Krennrich, F.; Lang, M. J.; Moriarty, P.; Mukherjee, R.; O’Brien, S.; Ong, R. A.; Otte, A. N.; Park, N.; Petrashyk, A.; Pohl, M.; Pueschel, E.; Quinn, J.; Ragan, K.; Reynolds, P. T.; Richards, G. T.; Roache, E.; Rulten, C.; Sadeh, I.; Santander, M.; Scott, S. S.; Sembroski, G. H.; Shahinyan, K.; Tyler, J.; Wakely, S. P.; Weinstein, A.; Wells, R. M.; Wilcox, P.; Wilhelm, A.; Williams, D. A.; Williamson, T. J.; Zitzer, B.; Kaur, A.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad053

Title: VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056

Abstract

On 2017 September 22, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory reported the detection of the high-energy neutrino event IC 170922A, of potential astrophysical origin. It was soon determined that the neutrino direction was consistent with the location of the gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 (3FGL J0509.4+0541), which was in an elevated gamma-ray emission state as measured by the Fermi satellite. Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observations of the neutrino/blazar region started on 2017 September 23 in response to the neutrino alert and continued through 2018 February 6. While no significant very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) emission was observed from the blazar by VERITAS in the two-week period immediately following the IceCube alert, TXS 0506+056 was detected by VERITAS with a significance of 5.8 standard deviations (σ) in the full 35 hr data set. The average photon flux of the source during this period was (8.9 ± 1.6) × 10^–12 cm^–2 s^–1, or 1.6% of the Crab Nebula flux, above an energy threshold of 110 GeV, with a soft spectral index of 4.8 ± 1.3.

Authors:

Abeysekara, A. U.; Archer, A.;

;

; Brill, A.; Brose, R.; Buckley, J. H.;

; Chromey, A. J.; Daniel, M. K.; Falcone, A.;

;

; Fortson, L.;

;

; Gueta, O.;

; Hervet, O.; Holder, J. more »

Publication Date:: Tue Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Contributing Org.:: The VERITAS Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1544096

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online); Journal Volume: 861; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8213

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy & Astrophysics; astroparticle physics; BL Lacertae objects: individual; (TXS 0506+056, VER J0509+057); gamma rays: galaxies; quasars: general; neutrinos

Citation Formats


                    Abeysekara, A. U., Archer, A., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Brill, A., Brose, R., Buckley, J. H., Christiansen, J. L., Chromey, A. J., Daniel, M. K., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gillanders, G. H., Gueta, O., Hanna, D., Hervet, O., Holder, J., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kar, P., Kelley-Hoskins, N., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Krause, M., Krennrich, F., Lang, M. J., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., O’Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Petrashyk, A., Pohl, M., Pueschel, E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Sadeh, I., Santander, M., Scott, S. S., Sembroski, G. H., Shahinyan, K., Tyler, J., Wakely, S. P., Weinstein, A., Wells, R. M., Wilcox, P., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Williamson, T. J., Zitzer, B., and Kaur, A. VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad053.

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                    Abeysekara, A. U., Archer, A., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Brill, A., Brose, R., Buckley, J. H., Christiansen, J. L., Chromey, A. J., Daniel, M. K., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gillanders, G. H., Gueta, O., Hanna, D., Hervet, O., Holder, J., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kar, P., Kelley-Hoskins, N., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Krause, M., Krennrich, F., Lang, M. J., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., O’Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Petrashyk, A., Pohl, M., Pueschel, E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Sadeh, I., Santander, M., Scott, S. S., Sembroski, G. H., Shahinyan, K., Tyler, J., Wakely, S. P., Weinstein, A., Wells, R. M., Wilcox, P., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Williamson, T. J., Zitzer, B., & Kaur, A. VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad053

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                    Abeysekara, A. U., Archer, A., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Brill, A., Brose, R., Buckley, J. H., Christiansen, J. L., Chromey, A. J., Daniel, M. K., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gillanders, G. H., Gueta, O., Hanna, D., Hervet, O., Holder, J., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kar, P., Kelley-Hoskins, N., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Krause, M., Krennrich, F., Lang, M. J., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., O’Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Petrashyk, A., Pohl, M., Pueschel, E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Sadeh, I., Santander, M., Scott, S. S., Sembroski, G. H., Shahinyan, K., Tyler, J., Wakely, S. P., Weinstein, A., Wells, R. M., Wilcox, P., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Williamson, T. J., Zitzer, B., and Kaur, A. Tue .  
"VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad053.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1544096.

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@article{osti_1544096,

  title        = {VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056},

  author       = {Abeysekara, A. U. and Archer, A. and Benbow, W. and Bird, R. and Brill, A. and Brose, R. and Buckley, J. H. and Christiansen, J. L. and Chromey, A. J. and Daniel, M. K. and Falcone, A. and Feng, Q. and Finley, J. P. and Fortson, L. and Furniss, A. and Gillanders, G. H. and Gueta, O. and Hanna, D. and Hervet, O. and Holder, J. and Hughes, G. and Humensky, T. B. and Johnson, C. A. and Kaaret, P. and Kar, P. and Kelley-Hoskins, N. and Kertzman, M. and Kieda, D. and Krause, M. and Krennrich, F. and Lang, M. J. and Moriarty, P. and Mukherjee, R. and O’Brien, S. and Ong, R. A. and Otte, A. N. and Park, N. and Petrashyk, A. and Pohl, M. and Pueschel, E. and Quinn, J. and Ragan, K. and Reynolds, P. T. and Richards, G. T. and Roache, E. and Rulten, C. and Sadeh, I. and Santander, M. and Scott, S. S. and Sembroski, G. H. and Shahinyan, K. and Tyler, J. and Wakely, S. P. and Weinstein, A. and Wells, R. M. and Wilcox, P. and Wilhelm, A. and Williams, D. A. and Williamson, T. J. and Zitzer, B. and Kaur, A.},

  abstractNote = {On 2017 September 22, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory reported the detection of the high-energy neutrino event IC 170922A, of potential astrophysical origin. It was soon determined that the neutrino direction was consistent with the location of the gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 (3FGL J0509.4+0541), which was in an elevated gamma-ray emission state as measured by the Fermi satellite. Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observations of the neutrino/blazar region started on 2017 September 23 in response to the neutrino alert and continued through 2018 February 6. While no significant very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) emission was observed from the blazar by VERITAS in the two-week period immediately following the IceCube alert, TXS 0506+056 was detected by VERITAS with a significance of 5.8 standard deviations (σ) in the full 35 hr data set. The average photon flux of the source during this period was (8.9 ± 1.6) × 10–12 cm–2 s–1, or 1.6% of the Crab Nebula flux, above an energy threshold of 110 GeV, with a soft spectral index of 4.8 ± 1.3.},

  doi          = {10.3847/2041-8213/aad053},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 861,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Tue Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Follow-up observations for IceCube-170922A: Detection of rapid near-infrared variability and intensive monitoring of TXS 0506+056

Journal Article Morokuma, Tomoki ; Utsumi, Yousuke ; Ohta, Kouji ; ... - Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

Abstract We present our follow-up observations to search for an electromagnetic counterpart of the IceCube high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Monitoring observations of a likely counterpart, TXS 0506+056, are also described. First, we quickly took optical and near-infrared images of seven flat-spectrum radio sources within the IceCube error region right after the neutrino detection and found a rapid flux decline of TXS 0506+056 in Kanata/HONIR J-band data. Motivated by this discovery, intensive follow-up observations of TXS 0506+056 were continuously performed, including our monitoring imaging observations, spectroscopic observations, and polarimetric observations in optical and near-infrared wavelengths. TXS 0506+056 showed a large-amplitude (∼1.0 mag) variability in a time scalemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psaa110
A Search for Ultra-high-energy Neutrinos from TXS 0506+056 Using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article Aab, A. ; Abreu, P. ; Aglietta, M. ; ... - The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

Results of a search for ultra-high-energy neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 are presented. They were obtained as part of the follow-up that stemmed from the detection of high-energy neutrinos and gamma rays with IceCube, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and other detectors of electromagnetic radiation in several bands. The Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to neutrinos in the energy range from 100 PeV to 100 EeV and in the zenith-angle range from θ = 60° to θ = 95°, where the zenith angle is measured from the vertical direction. No neutrinos from the direction of TXS 0506+056 havemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb476

Full Text Available
Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A

Journal Article Aartsen, Mark ; Ackermann, Markus ; Adams, Jenni ; ... - Science

Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera–electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known γ-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to γ-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy γ-rays.more »« less
Cited by 96
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1378

Full Text Available
Investigation of Two Fermi-LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube

Journal Article Garrappa, S. ; Buson, S. ; Franckowiak, A. ; ... - The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

After the identification of the gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 as the first compelling IceCube neutrino source candidate, we perform a systematic analysis of all high-energy neutrino events satisfying the IceCube realtime trigger criteria. We find one additional known gamma-ray source, the blazar GB6 J1040+0617, in spatial coincidence with a neutrino in this sample. The chance probability of this coincidence is 30% after trial correction. For the first time, we present a systematic study of the gamma-ray flux, spectral and optical variability, and multi-wavelength behavior of GB6 J1040+0617 and compare it to TXS 0506+056. We find that TXS 0506+056 shows strong flux variability in the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray band, being in an active state around the arrival of IceCube-170922A, but in a low state during the archival IceCube neutrino flare in 2014/15. In both cases the spectral shape is statistically compatible (more »« less
Cited by 43
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2ada

Full Text Available

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Title: VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056

Abstract

Citation Formats

Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy journal, September 2013

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE THIRD SOURCE CATALOG journal, June 2015

THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION journal, May 2009

Confidence intervals and upper bounds for small signals in the presence of background noise journal, February 2001

The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections journal, September 2005

Swift follow-up of IceCube triggers, and implications for the Advanced-LIGO era journal, February 2015

Neutrino Fluxes from Active Galaxies: A Model‐Independent Estimate journal, October 1997

The Spectrum of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula journal, August 1998

AGILE Detection of a Candidate Gamma-Ray Precursor to the ICECUBE-160731 Neutrino Event journal, September 2017

Gamma-Ray Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei journal, September 2016

Coincidence of a high-fluence blazar outburst with a PeV-energy neutrino event journal, April 2016

Improved γ /hadron separation for the detection of faint γ -ray sources using boosted decision trees journal, March 2017

Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos journal, February 2016

Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector journal, November 2013

Analysis methods for results in gamma-ray astronomy journal, September 1983

3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi -LAT Sources journal, September 2017

On the Direct Correlation between Gamma-Rays and PeV Neutrinos from Blazars journal, July 2017

Performance of the VERITAS experiment conference, August 2016

Active galactic nuclei at gamma-ray energies journal, June 2016

LEPTONIC AND HADRONIC MODELING OF FERMI -DETECTED BLAZARS journal, April 2013

Gamma-Rays from the Quasar pks 1441+25: Story of an Escape journal, December 2015

The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission conference, January 2004

Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment journal, January 2007

THE CONTRIBUTION OF FERMI -2LAC BLAZARS TO DIFFUSE TEV–PEV NEUTRINO FLUX journal, January 2017

The first VERITAS telescope journal, July 2006

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation journal, March 2011

Extragalactic optical-infrared background radiation, its time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity journal, June 2008

THE CELESTIAL REFERENCE FRAME AT 24 AND 43 GHz. I. ASTROMETRY journal, March 2010

High-energy neutrinos from extragalactic jets journal, May 1995

New methods of atmospheric Cherenkov imaging for gamma-ray astronomy. I. The false source method journal, May 1994

The Redshift of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056 journal, February 2018

The Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON) journal, May 2013

CASSPER is a semantic segmentation-based particle picking algorithm for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy journal, February 2021

Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector text, January 2013

Swift follow-up of IceCube triggers, and implications for the Advanced-LIGO era text, January 2015

Gamma-Rays from the Quasar PKS 1441+25: Story of an Escape text, January 2015

3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi -LAT Sources text, January 2017

Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars: Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling and High-Energy Polarization Predictions journal, January 2013

On the direct correlation between gamma-rays and PeV neutrinos from blazars text, January 2017

Improved $\gamma$/hadron separation for the detection of faint $\gamma$-ray sources using boosted decision trees text, January 2017

The extragalactic optical-infrared background radiations, their time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity text, January 2008

Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars text, January 2013

Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector text, January 2013

Performance of the VERITAS experiment preprint, January 2015

Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos text, January 2015

The contribution of Fermi-2LAC blazars to the diffuse TeV-PeV neutrino flux text, January 2016

3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi-LAT Sources text, January 2017

The redshift of the BL Lac object TXS 0506+056 text, January 2018

The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission text, January 2004

The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections text, January 2005

Confidence Intervals and Upper Bounds for Small Signals in the Presence of Background Noise text, January 2000

High-energy neutrino flux from individual blazar flares journal, September 2019

TXS 0506+056, the first cosmic neutrino source, is not a BL Lac journal, January 2019

Modelling the coincident observation of a high-energy neutrino and a bright blazar flare text, January 2019

Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multiwavelength Polarization Signatures journal, May 2019

Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube journal, July 2019

Cascading Constraints from Neutrino-emitting Blazars: The Case of TXS 0506+056 journal, August 2019

Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube text, January 2019

Modelling the coincident observation of a high-energy neutrino and a bright blazar flare journal, November 2018

Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multi-Wavelength Polarization Signatures text, January 2019

High energy neutrino flux from individual blazar flares text, January 2019

Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy
journal, September 2013

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE THIRD SOURCE CATALOG
journal, June 2015

THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
journal, May 2009

Confidence intervals and upper bounds for small signals in the presence of background noise
journal, February 2001

The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
journal, September 2005

Swift follow-up of IceCube triggers, and implications for the Advanced-LIGO era
journal, February 2015

Neutrino Fluxes from Active Galaxies: A Model‐Independent Estimate
journal, October 1997

The Spectrum of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula
journal, August 1998

AGILE Detection of a Candidate Gamma-Ray Precursor to the ICECUBE-160731 Neutrino Event
journal, September 2017

Gamma-Ray Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei
journal, September 2016

Coincidence of a high-fluence blazar outburst with a PeV-energy neutrino event
journal, April 2016

Improved γ /hadron separation for the detection of faint γ -ray sources using boosted decision trees
journal, March 2017

Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos
journal, February 2016

Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
journal, November 2013

Analysis methods for results in gamma-ray astronomy
journal, September 1983

3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi -LAT Sources
journal, September 2017

On the Direct Correlation between Gamma-Rays and PeV Neutrinos from Blazars
journal, July 2017

Performance of the VERITAS experiment
conference, August 2016

Active galactic nuclei at gamma-ray energies
journal, June 2016

LEPTONIC AND HADRONIC MODELING OF FERMI -DETECTED BLAZARS
journal, April 2013

Gamma-Rays from the Quasar pks 1441+25: Story of an Escape
journal, December 2015

The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission
conference, January 2004

Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment
journal, January 2007

THE CONTRIBUTION OF FERMI -2LAC BLAZARS TO DIFFUSE TEV–PEV NEUTRINO FLUX
journal, January 2017

The first VERITAS telescope
journal, July 2006

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation
journal, March 2011

Extragalactic optical-infrared background radiation, its time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity
journal, June 2008

THE CELESTIAL REFERENCE FRAME AT 24 AND 43 GHz. I. ASTROMETRY
journal, March 2010

High-energy neutrinos from extragalactic jets
journal, May 1995

New methods of atmospheric Cherenkov imaging for gamma-ray astronomy. I. The false source method
journal, May 1994

The Redshift of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056
journal, February 2018

The Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON)
journal, May 2013

CASSPER is a semantic segmentation-based particle picking algorithm for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy
journal, February 2021

Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
text, January 2013

Swift follow-up of IceCube triggers, and implications for the Advanced-LIGO era
text, January 2015

Gamma-Rays from the Quasar PKS 1441+25: Story of an Escape
text, January 2015

3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi -LAT Sources
text, January 2017

Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars: Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling and High-Energy Polarization Predictions
journal, January 2013

On the direct correlation between gamma-rays and PeV neutrinos from blazars
text, January 2017

Improved $\gamma$/hadron separation for the detection of faint $\gamma$-ray sources using boosted decision trees
text, January 2017

The extragalactic optical-infrared background radiations, their time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity
text, January 2008

Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars
text, January 2013

Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
text, January 2013

Performance of the VERITAS experiment
preprint, January 2015

Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos
text, January 2015

The contribution of Fermi-2LAC blazars to the diffuse TeV-PeV neutrino flux
text, January 2016

3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi-LAT Sources
text, January 2017

The redshift of the BL Lac object TXS 0506+056
text, January 2018

The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission
text, January 2004

The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
text, January 2005

Confidence Intervals and Upper Bounds for Small Signals in the Presence of Background Noise
text, January 2000

High-energy neutrino flux from individual blazar flares
journal, September 2019

TXS 0506+056, the first cosmic neutrino source, is not a BL Lac
journal, January 2019

Modelling the coincident observation of a high-energy neutrino and a bright blazar flare
text, January 2019

Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multiwavelength Polarization Signatures
journal, May 2019

Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube
journal, July 2019

Cascading Constraints from Neutrino-emitting Blazars: The Case of TXS 0506+056
journal, August 2019

Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube
text, January 2019

Modelling the coincident observation of a high-energy neutrino and a bright blazar flare
journal, November 2018

Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multi-Wavelength Polarization Signatures
text, January 2019

High energy neutrino flux from individual blazar flares
text, January 2019