Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4

Swanson, H. E.; Heckel, B. R.; Bass, C. D.; Bass, T. D.; Dawkins, J. M.; Horton, J. C.; Luo, D.; Snow, W. M.; Walbridge, S. B.; Crawford, B. E.; Gan, K.; Micherdzinska, A. M.; Huffer, C.; Markoff, D. M.; Mumm, H. P.; Nico, J. S.; Sarsour, M.; Sharapov, E. I.; Zhumabekova, V.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.015204

Title: Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in ${}^{4}{He}$

Abstract

Neutron spin rotation is expected from quark-quark weak interactions in the standard model, which induce weak interactions among nucleons that violate parity. We present the results from an experiment searching for the effect of parity violation via the spin rotation of polarized neutrons in a liquid 4 He medium. The value for the neutron spin rotation angle per unit length in ⁴He, dφ/dz = [+2.1 ± 8.3 (stat.) ^+2.9 _{– 0.2}(sys.)] × 10^–7 rad/m, is consistent with zero. The result agrees with the best current theoretical estimates of the size of nucleon-nucleon weak amplitudes from other experiments and with the expectations from recent theoretical approaches to weak nucleon-nucleon interactions. In this paper we review the theoretical status of parity violation in the n^→ + ⁴He system and discuss details of the data analysis leading to the quoted result. Analysis tools are presented that quantify systematic uncertainties in this measurement and that are expected to be essential for future measurements.

Authors:: Swanson, H. E.; Heckel, B. R.; Bass, C. D.; Bass, T. D.; Dawkins, J. M.; Horton, J. C.; Luo, D.; Snow, W. M.; Walbridge, S. B.; Crawford, B. E.; Gan, K.; Micherdzinska, A. M.; Huffer, C.; Markoff, D. M.; Mumm, H. P.; Nico, J. S.; Sarsour, M.; Sharapov, E. I.; Zhumabekova, V.

Publication Date:: 2019-07-16

Research Org.:: George Washington Univ., Washington, DC (United States); Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States); Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA (United States); National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1542694

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1610292

Grant/Contract Number:: AI02-93ER40784; FG02-95ER40901; SC0010443; FG02-97ER41020 MOD 0053; FG02-97ER41020

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Physical Review C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Physical Review C Journal Volume: 100 Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; physics; few-body systems; neutron physics; nuclear tests of fundamental interactions; QCD in nuclear reactions; A ≤ 5; parity

Citation Formats


                    Swanson, H. E., Heckel, B. R., Bass, C. D., Bass, T. D., Dawkins, J. M., Horton, J. C., Luo, D., Snow, W. M., Walbridge, S. B., Crawford, B. E., Gan, K., Micherdzinska, A. M., Huffer, C., Markoff, D. M., Mumm, H. P., Nico, J. S., Sarsour, M., Sharapov, E. I., and Zhumabekova, V. Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.015204.

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                    Swanson, H. E., Heckel, B. R., Bass, C. D., Bass, T. D., Dawkins, J. M., Horton, J. C., Luo, D., Snow, W. M., Walbridge, S. B., Crawford, B. E., Gan, K., Micherdzinska, A. M., Huffer, C., Markoff, D. M., Mumm, H. P., Nico, J. S., Sarsour, M., Sharapov, E. I., & Zhumabekova, V. Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.015204

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                    Swanson, H. E., Heckel, B. R., Bass, C. D., Bass, T. D., Dawkins, J. M., Horton, J. C., Luo, D., Snow, W. M., Walbridge, S. B., Crawford, B. E., Gan, K., Micherdzinska, A. M., Huffer, C., Markoff, D. M., Mumm, H. P., Nico, J. S., Sarsour, M., Sharapov, E. I., and Zhumabekova, V. Tue .  
"Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.015204.

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@article{osti_1542694,

  title        = {Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4},

  author       = {Swanson, H. E. and Heckel, B. R. and Bass, C. D. and Bass, T. D. and Dawkins, J. M. and Horton, J. C. and Luo, D. and Snow, W. M. and Walbridge, S. B. and Crawford, B. E. and Gan, K. and Micherdzinska, A. M. and Huffer, C. and Markoff, D. M. and Mumm, H. P. and Nico, J. S. and Sarsour, M. and Sharapov, E. I. and Zhumabekova, V.},

  abstractNote = {Neutron spin rotation is expected from quark-quark weak interactions in the standard model, which induce weak interactions among nucleons that violate parity. We present the results from an experiment searching for the effect of parity violation via the spin rotation of polarized neutrons in a liquid 4 He medium. The value for the neutron spin rotation angle per unit length in 4He, dφ/dz = [+2.1 ± 8.3 (stat.) +2.9 – 0.2(sys.)] × 10–7 rad/m, is consistent with zero. The result agrees with the best current theoretical estimates of the size of nucleon-nucleon weak amplitudes from other experiments and with the expectations from recent theoretical approaches to weak nucleon-nucleon interactions. In this paper we review the theoretical status of parity violation in the n→ + 4He system and discuss details of the data analysis leading to the quoted result. Analysis tools are presented that quantify systematic uncertainties in this measurement and that are expected to be essential for future measurements.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevC.100.015204},

  journal      = {Physical Review C},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 100,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {7}

}

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FIG. 1: Top view of an apparatus to measure PV neutron spin rotation in liquid helium. Typical magnetic field directions and magnitudes are given at the bottom of the figure.

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Yrast and near-yrast levels up to spin values in excess of I = 30h have been delineated in the doubly-magic ²⁰⁸Pb nucleus following deep-inelastic reactions involving ²⁰⁸Pb targets and, mostly, 430-MeV ⁴⁸Ca and 1440-MeV ²⁰⁸Pb beams. The level scheme was established up to an excitation energy of 16.4 MeV, based on multi-fold γ-ray coincidence relationships measured with the Gammasphere array. Below the well-known, 0.5-μs 10⁺ isomer, ten new transitions were added to earlier work. The delineation of the higher parts of the level sequence benefited from analyses involving a number of prompt- and delayed-coincidence conditions. Three new isomeric states weremore »« less
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Title: Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4

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The sample experiment and weak nucleon structure journal, March 2005

Parity violation in proton-proton scattering at 13.6 MeV journal, February 1991

Neutron optics and weak currents journal, June 1974

Parity-violating observables of two-nucleon systems in effective field theory journal, June 2007

Hadronic parity violation on the lattice journal, August 2002

Nuclear parity violation in effective field theory journal, February 2005

LARGE- N c BARYONS journal, December 1998

Hadronic parity violation journal, July 2013

The weak parity-violating pion-nucleon coupling journal, January 1996

Parity Violation in the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction journal, December 1985

P ARITY -V IOLATING E LECTRON S CATTERING AND N UCLEON S TRUCTURE journal, December 2001

Neutron measurements and the weak nucleon-nucleon interaction journal, May 2005

Nature of parity violation in neutron interaction with lead journal, July 2004

Measurement of Parity Nonconservation in pp Scattering at 45 MeV journal, March 1980

Low-energy weak interactions of quarks journal, January 1986

Hadronic Parity Violation: A New View Through the Looking Glass journal, November 2006

Nuclear anapole moments journal, March 2002

Observation of a Large Atomic Parity Violation Effect in Ytterbium journal, August 2009

Probing Low-Mass Vector Bosons with Parity Nonconservation and Nuclear Anapole Moment Measurements in Atoms and Molecules journal, November 2017

Removal of zero-point drift from AB data and the statistical cost journal, October 2010

Circular polarization of γ quanta in absorption of neutrons by protons and isotopic structure of weak interactions journal, August 1965

Precision measurement of parity nonconservation in proton-proton scattering at 45 MeV journal, April 1987

On parity-violating three-nucleon interactions and the predictive power of few-nucleon EFT at very low energies journal, August 2010

Q UANTUM M ONTE C ARLO C ALCULATIONS OF L IGHT N UCLEI journal, December 2001

Enhanced spin-dependent parity-nonconservation effect in the 7 s S 1 / 2 2 → 6 d D 5 / 2 2 transition in Fr: A possibility for unambiguous detection of the nuclear anapole moment journal, March 2016

New Limit on Possible Long-Range Parity-Odd Interactions of the Neutron from Neutron-Spin Rotation in Liquid He 4 journal, February 2013

Baryons in the expansion journal, November 1979

Parity violation in neutron scattering on lead isotopes journal, August 2000

First Observation of P -odd γ Asymmetry in Polarized Neutron Capture on Hydrogen journal, December 2018

First Measurement of Parity-Nonconserving Neutron-Spin Rotation: The Tin Isotopes journal, December 1980

Measurement of Parity Nonconservation and an Anapole Moment in Cesium journal, March 1997

Effective field theory in the study of long range nuclear parity violation on lattice journal, January 2019

Weak-interacting holographic QCD journal, December 2008

Novel Soft-Pion Theorem for Long-Range Nuclear Parity Violation journal, May 2018

Design and estimated performance of a new neutron guide system for the NCNR expansion project journal, February 2009

A low-noise 3He ionization chamber for measuring the energy spectrum of a cold neutron beam journal, January 2001

The parity violating rotation of the neutron spin in helium journal, May 1983

Parity-Violating Nucleon-Nucleon Force in the 1 / N c Expansion journal, February 2015

Low energy effective hamiltonian for ΔI = 1 nuclear parity violation and nucleonic strangeness journal, November 1991

Statistical theory of parity nonconservation in compound nuclei journal, October 2000

A TOMIC P ARITY N ONCONSERVATION AND N UCLEAR A NAPOLE M OMENTS journal, December 2001

Measurement of parity nonconserving neutron spin rotation in lanthanum journal, June 1984

Violations of discrete space–time symmetries in chiral effective field theory journal, May 2016

A slow neutron polarimeter for the measurement of parity-odd neutron rotary power journal, May 2015

Parity-violating nuclear force as derived from QCD sum rules journal, August 2008

Electroweak pion-nucleon constant journal, March 2002

Test of Parity Conservation in p − p Scattering journal, November 1974

Recent Advances in the Study of Parity Violation in the Compound Nucleus journal, December 1993

Parity violation in proton-proton scattering from chiral effective field theory journal, November 2013

The neutral weak current of the nucleon journal, January 2003

The theory of parity violation in few-nucleon systems journal, September 2013

Large- N c limit reduces the number of independent few-body parity-violating low-energy constants in pionless effective field theory journal, February 2016

A liquid helium target system for a measurement of parity violation in neutron spin rotation journal, December 2009

A two-dimensional model for mesons journal, June 1974

Unified treatment of the parity violating nuclear force journal, February 1980

Possibility of Spontaneous Parity Violation in Hot QCD journal, July 1998

Parity Nonconservation in Nuclei journal, January 1964

A first experimental limit on in-matter torsion from neutron spin rotation in liquid 4He journal, March 2014

An analysis of parity-violating pion-nucleon couplings journal, May 1993

Nuclear anapole moments journal, October 1984

The parity-violating pion–nucleon coupling constant from a realistic three flavor Skyrme model journal, February 1999

Parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4 journal, May 2019

Nucleon Structure and Parity-Violating Electron Scattering journal, February 2001

An effective-field-theory analysis of low-energy parity-violation in nucleon–nucleon scattering journal, May 2009

Parity violation in neutron spin rotation journal, December 2009

Total nucleon-nucleon cross sections in large N c QCD journal, February 2012

Low energy tests of the weak interaction journal, April 2005

Constraining spacetime nonmetricity with neutron spin rotation in liquid 4 He journal, September 2017

Fundamental Neutron Physics journal, December 2005

The fundamental neutron physics facilities at NIST journal, May 2005

Lattice study of large N c QCD journal, August 2016

Upper bound on parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He 4 journal, February 2011

Parity-non-conservation in nuclear forces at low energy: phenomenology and questions journal, April 1998

Time-reversal-invariance-violating nucleon-nucleon potential in the 1 / N c expansion journal, August 2016

A measurement of parity non-conserving neutron spin rotation in lead and tin journal, December 1982

ΔS = 0 effective weak chiral Lagrangianfrom the instanton vacuum journal, December 2005

Title: Experimental upper bound and theoretical expectations for parity-violating neutron spin rotation in ${}^{4}{He}$

The sample experiment and weak nucleon structure
journal, March 2005

Parity violation in proton-proton scattering at 13.6 MeV
journal, February 1991

Neutron optics and weak currents
journal, June 1974

Parity-violating observables of two-nucleon systems in effective field theory
journal, June 2007

Hadronic parity violation on the lattice
journal, August 2002

Nuclear parity violation in effective field theory
journal, February 2005

LARGE- N _c BARYONS
journal, December 1998

Hadronic parity violation
journal, July 2013

The weak parity-violating pion-nucleon coupling
journal, January 1996

Parity Violation in the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
journal, December 1985

P ARITY -V IOLATING E LECTRON S CATTERING AND N UCLEON S TRUCTURE
journal, December 2001

Neutron measurements and the weak nucleon-nucleon interaction
journal, May 2005

Nature of parity violation in neutron interaction with lead
journal, July 2004

Measurement of Parity Nonconservation in $pp$ Scattering at 45 MeV
journal, March 1980

Low-energy weak interactions of quarks
journal, January 1986

Hadronic Parity Violation: A New View Through the Looking Glass
journal, November 2006

Nuclear anapole moments
journal, March 2002

Observation of a Large Atomic Parity Violation Effect in Ytterbium
journal, August 2009

Probing Low-Mass Vector Bosons with Parity Nonconservation and Nuclear Anapole Moment Measurements in Atoms and Molecules
journal, November 2017

Removal of zero-point drift from AB data and the statistical cost
journal, October 2010

Circular polarization of γ quanta in absorption of neutrons by protons and isotopic structure of weak interactions
journal, August 1965

Precision measurement of parity nonconservation in proton-proton scattering at 45 MeV
journal, April 1987

On parity-violating three-nucleon interactions and the predictive power of few-nucleon EFT at very low energies
journal, August 2010

Q UANTUM M ONTE C ARLO C ALCULATIONS OF L IGHT N UCLEI
journal, December 2001

Enhanced spin-dependent parity-nonconservation effect in the $7 s$ ${}^{2}S_{1 / 2} \to 6 d$ ${}^{2}D_{5 / 2}$ transition in Fr: A possibility for unambiguous detection of the nuclear anapole moment
journal, March 2016

New Limit on Possible Long-Range Parity-Odd Interactions of the Neutron from Neutron-Spin Rotation in Liquid ${}^{4}{He}$
journal, February 2013

Baryons in the expansion
journal, November 1979

Parity violation in neutron scattering on lead isotopes
journal, August 2000

First Observation of $P$ -odd $γ$ Asymmetry in Polarized Neutron Capture on Hydrogen
journal, December 2018

First Measurement of Parity-Nonconserving Neutron-Spin Rotation: The Tin Isotopes
journal, December 1980

Measurement of Parity Nonconservation and an Anapole Moment in Cesium
journal, March 1997

Effective field theory in the study of long range nuclear parity violation on lattice
journal, January 2019

Weak-interacting holographic QCD
journal, December 2008

Novel Soft-Pion Theorem for Long-Range Nuclear Parity Violation
journal, May 2018

Design and estimated performance of a new neutron guide system for the NCNR expansion project
journal, February 2009

A low-noise 3He ionization chamber for measuring the energy spectrum of a cold neutron beam
journal, January 2001

The parity violating rotation of the neutron spin in helium
journal, May 1983

Parity-Violating Nucleon-Nucleon Force in the $1 / N_{c}$ Expansion
journal, February 2015

Low energy effective hamiltonian for ΔI = 1 nuclear parity violation and nucleonic strangeness
journal, November 1991

Statistical theory of parity nonconservation in compound nuclei
journal, October 2000

A TOMIC P ARITY N ONCONSERVATION AND N UCLEAR A NAPOLE M OMENTS
journal, December 2001

Measurement of parity nonconserving neutron spin rotation in lanthanum
journal, June 1984

Violations of discrete space–time symmetries in chiral effective field theory
journal, May 2016

A slow neutron polarimeter for the measurement of parity-odd neutron rotary power
journal, May 2015

Parity-violating nuclear force as derived from QCD sum rules
journal, August 2008

Electroweak pion-nucleon constant
journal, March 2002

Test of Parity Conservation in $p - p$ Scattering
journal, November 1974

Recent Advances in the Study of Parity Violation in the Compound Nucleus
journal, December 1993

Parity violation in proton-proton scattering from chiral effective field theory
journal, November 2013

The neutral weak current of the nucleon
journal, January 2003

The theory of parity violation in few-nucleon systems
journal, September 2013

Large- $N_{c}$ limit reduces the number of independent few-body parity-violating low-energy constants in pionless effective field theory
journal, February 2016

A liquid helium target system for a measurement of parity violation in neutron spin rotation
journal, December 2009

A two-dimensional model for mesons
journal, June 1974

Unified treatment of the parity violating nuclear force
journal, February 1980

Possibility of Spontaneous Parity Violation in Hot QCD
journal, July 1998

Parity Nonconservation in Nuclei
journal, January 1964

A first experimental limit on in-matter torsion from neutron spin rotation in liquid 4He
journal, March 2014

An analysis of parity-violating pion-nucleon couplings
journal, May 1993

Nuclear anapole moments
journal, October 1984

The parity-violating pion–nucleon coupling constant from a realistic three flavor Skyrme model
journal, February 1999

Parity-violating neutron spin rotation in ${}^{4}{He}$
journal, May 2019

Nucleon Structure and Parity-Violating Electron Scattering
journal, February 2001

An effective-field-theory analysis of low-energy parity-violation in nucleon–nucleon scattering
journal, May 2009

Parity violation in neutron spin rotation
journal, December 2009

Total nucleon-nucleon cross sections in large $N_{c}$ QCD
journal, February 2012

Low energy tests of the weak interaction
journal, April 2005

Constraining spacetime nonmetricity with neutron spin rotation in liquid 4 He
journal, September 2017

Fundamental Neutron Physics
journal, December 2005

The fundamental neutron physics facilities at NIST
journal, May 2005

Lattice study of large $N_{c}$ QCD
journal, August 2016

Upper bound on parity-violating neutron spin rotation in ${}^{4}{He}$
journal, February 2011

Parity-non-conservation in nuclear forces at low energy: phenomenology and questions
journal, April 1998

Time-reversal-invariance-violating nucleon-nucleon potential in the $1 / N_{c}$ expansion
journal, August 2016

A measurement of parity non-conserving neutron spin rotation in lead and tin
journal, December 1982

ΔS = 0 effective weak chiral Lagrangianfrom the instanton vacuum
journal, December 2005

Lattice QCD calculation of nuclear parity violation
journal, February 2012

A New Paradigm for Hadronic Parity Nonconservation and Its Experimental Implications
journal, October 2017

Measurement of the total neutron-scattering cross-section ratios of noble gases of natural isotopic composition using a pulsed neutron beam
journal, December 2019