Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression

Millot, Marius; Hamel, Sebastien; Rygg, J. Ryan; Celliers, Peter M.; Collins, Gilbert W.; Coppari, Federica; Fratanduono, Dayne E.; Jeanloz, Raymond; Swift, Damian C.; Eggert, Jon H.

doi:10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4

Title: Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression

Abstract

In stark contrast to common ice, Ih, water ice at planetary interior conditions has been predicted to become superionic with fast- diffusing (that is, liquid-like) hydrogen ions moving within a solid lattice of oxygen. Likely to constitute a large fraction of icy giant planets, this extraordinary phase has not been observed in the laboratory. Here, we report laser-driven shock-compression experiments on water ice VII. Using time-resolved optical pyrometry and laser velocimetry measurements as well as sup- porting density functional theory–molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations, we document the shock equation of state of H₂O to unprecedented extreme conditions and unravel thermodynamic signatures showing that ice melts near 5,000 K at 190 GPa. Furthermore, optical reflectivity and absorption measurements also demonstrate the low electronic conductivity of ice, which, combined with previous measurements of the total electrical conductivity under reverberating shock compression, provides experimental evidence for superionic conduction in water ice at planetary interior conditions, verifying a 30-year-old prediction.

Authors:

^[1]; Hamel, Sebastien ^[2]; Rygg, J. Ryan ^[3]; Celliers, Peter M. ^[2]; Collins, Gilbert W. ^[3]; Coppari, Federica ^[2]; Fratanduono, Dayne E. ^[2]; Jeanloz, Raymond ^[4]; Swift, Damian C. ^[2]; Eggert, Jon H. ^[2]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Contributing Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, University of Rochester

OSTI Identifier:: 1542614

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0002729

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 14; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 1745-2473

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 08 HYDROGEN

Citation Formats


                    Millot, Marius, Hamel, Sebastien, Rygg, J. Ryan, Celliers, Peter M., Collins, Gilbert W., Coppari, Federica, Fratanduono, Dayne E., Jeanloz, Raymond, Swift, Damian C., and Eggert, Jon H. Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4.

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                    Millot, Marius, Hamel, Sebastien, Rygg, J. Ryan, Celliers, Peter M., Collins, Gilbert W., Coppari, Federica, Fratanduono, Dayne E., Jeanloz, Raymond, Swift, Damian C., & Eggert, Jon H. Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4

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                    Millot, Marius, Hamel, Sebastien, Rygg, J. Ryan, Celliers, Peter M., Collins, Gilbert W., Coppari, Federica, Fratanduono, Dayne E., Jeanloz, Raymond, Swift, Damian C., and Eggert, Jon H. Mon .  
"Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1542614.

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@article{osti_1542614,

  title        = {Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression},

  author       = {Millot, Marius and Hamel, Sebastien and Rygg, J. Ryan and Celliers, Peter M. and Collins, Gilbert W. and Coppari, Federica and Fratanduono, Dayne E. and Jeanloz, Raymond and Swift, Damian C. and Eggert, Jon H.},

  abstractNote = {In stark contrast to common ice, Ih, water ice at planetary interior conditions has been predicted to become superionic with fast- diffusing (that is, liquid-like) hydrogen ions moving within a solid lattice of oxygen. Likely to constitute a large fraction of icy giant planets, this extraordinary phase has not been observed in the laboratory. Here, we report laser-driven shock-compression experiments on water ice VII. Using time-resolved optical pyrometry and laser velocimetry measurements as well as sup- porting density functional theory–molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations, we document the shock equation of state of H2O to unprecedented extreme conditions and unravel thermodynamic signatures showing that ice melts near 5,000 K at 190 GPa. Furthermore, optical reflectivity and absorption measurements also demonstrate the low electronic conductivity of ice, which, combined with previous measurements of the total electrical conductivity under reverberating shock compression, provides experimental evidence for superionic conduction in water ice at planetary interior conditions, verifying a 30-year-old prediction.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4},

  journal      = {Nature Physics},

  number       = 3,

  volume       = 14,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Mon Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Tang, Cheng; Song, Yunfei; Liu, Xiaosong
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Shock temperature and reflectivity of precompressed H ₂ O up to 350 GPa: Approaching the interior of planets
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He, Zhi-Yu; Shu, Hua; Huang, Xiu-Guang
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Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 2
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Dynamics and superconductivity in compressed lanthanum superhydride
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Liu, Hanyu; Naumov, Ivan I.; Geballe, Zachary M.
Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 10
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Explaining the low luminosity of Uranus: a self-consistent thermal and structural evolution
text, January 2020

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Multiple superionic states in helium–water compounds
text, January 2019

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Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Advances in the experimental exploration of water's phase diagram
text, January 2018

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arXiv
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Explaining the low luminosity of Uranus: A self-consistent thermal and structural evolution
text, January 2019

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journal (3)

Title: Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression

Abstract

Citation Formats

Laser-driven shock experiments on precompressed water: Implications for “icy” giant planets journal, July 2006

Melting of ice under pressure journal, September 2008

High P – T Brillouin scattering study of H 2 O melting to 26 GPa journal, May 2014

Optical study of H2O ice to 120GPa: Dielectric function, molecular polarizability, and equation of state journal, February 2007

Coupling static and dynamic compressions: first measurements in dense hydrogen journal, January 2004

Line-imaging velocimeter for shock diagnostics at the OMEGA laser facility journal, November 2004

Extended and accurate determination of the melting curves of argon, helium, ice ( H 2 O ) , and hydrogen ( H 2 ) journal, March 2000

Optical Study of the Characteristics of Shock-Compressed Condensed Dielectrics journal, February 1968

Probing the Interiors of the Ice Giants: Shock Compression of Water to 700 GPa and 3.8 g / cm 3 journal, February 2012

Estimating the quantum effects from molecular vibrations of water under high pressures and temperatures journal, August 2009

Measurement of refractive index and equation of state in dense He, H 2 , H 2 O , and Ne under high pressure in a diamond anvil cell journal, March 2003

Systematic uncertainties in shock-wave impedance-match analysis and the high-pressure equation of state of Al journal, December 2005

Electronic conduction in shock-compressed water journal, August 2004

Construction of a thermodynamic potential for the water ices VII and X journal, January 2015

Identifying and discriminating phase transitions along decaying shocks with line imaging Doppler interferometric velocimetry and streaked optical pyrometry journal, January 2016

Ruby-spheres as pressure gauge for optically transparent high pressure cells journal, December 2001

High pressures generated by laser driven shocks: applications to planetary physics journal, November 2004

Insulator-to-Conducting Transition in Dense Fluid Helium journal, May 2010

Whole-cell heater for the diamond anvil cell journal, July 2003

Ab initio simulation of the equation of state and kinetics of shocked water journal, March 2009

Melting temperatures of H 2 O up to 72 GPa measured in a diamond anvil cell using CO 2 laser heating technique journal, February 2014

The phase diagram of high-pressure superionic ice journal, August 2015

Bonding in the Superionic Phase of Water journal, May 2005

Proton delocalization under extreme conditions of high pressure and temperature journal, October 2007

Thermodynamics and quantum corrections from molecular dynamics for liquid water journal, September 1983

Superionic to Superionic Phase Change in Water: Consequences for the Interiors of Uranus and Neptune journal, April 2013

Index of refraction of shock-released materials journal, October 2011

Shock compression of stishovite and melting of silica at planetary interior conditions journal, January 2015

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of High Energy-Density Water from Density Functional Theory journal, July 2006

New High-Pressure Phase of Ice journal, April 1996

Phase diagram of H2O: Thermodynamic functions of the phase transitions of high-pressure ices journal, June 2010

Electrical conductivity of water compressed dynamically to pressures of 70–180 GPa (0.7–1.8 Mbar) journal, January 2001

Convective-region geometry as the cause of Uranus' and Neptune's unusual magnetic fields journal, March 2004

Streaked optical pyrometer system for laser-driven shock-wave experiments on OMEGA journal, March 2007

Ice structures, patterns, and processes: A view across the icefields journal, May 2012

P - ρ - T measurements of H 2 O up to 260 GPa under laser-driven shock loading journal, April 2015

Absolute calibration of the OMEGA streaked optical pyrometer for temperature measurements of compressed materials journal, November 2016

The C v for calculating the shock temperatures of water below 80 GPa journal, July 2011

Equations of state of ice VI and ice VII at high pressure and high temperature journal, September 2014

Spontaneous Raman Scattering from Shocked Water journal, November 1985

Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples journal, May 2007

Dissociation of Liquid Silica at High Pressures and Temperatures journal, July 2006

Superionic and Metallic States of Water and Ammonia at Giant Planet Conditions journal, January 1999

The phase diagram of water and the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune journal, January 2011

Melting curve of H 2 O to 90 GPa measured in a laser-heated diamond cell journal, March 2004

Melting behavior of H 2 O at high pressures and temperatures journal, January 2005

Extended data set for the equation of state of warm dense hydrogen isotopes journal, October 2012

Constraining the equation of state of fluid H2O to 80 GPa using the melting curve, bulk modulus, and thermal expansivity of Ice VII journal, July 2004

Interior Structure of Water Planets: Implications for Their Dynamo Source Regions journal, April 2013

Analysis of laser shock experiments on precompressed samples using a quartz reference and application to warm dense hydrogen and helium journal, November 2015

The temperature of shock‐compressed water journal, June 1982

New indication for a dichotomy in the interior structure of Uranus and Neptune from the application of modified shape and rotation data journal, March 2013

Equation of state and electrical conductivity of water and ammonia shocked to the 100 GPa (1 Mbar) pressure range journal, June 1982

New High-Pressure Phases of Ice journal, May 1988

Compression of Ice to 210 Gigapascals: Infrared Evidence for a Symmetric Hydrogen-Bonded Phase journal, July 1996

Modulated phases and proton centring in ice observed by X-ray diffraction up to 170?GPa journal, February 1999

Hugoniot Data for Helium in the Ionization Regime journal, March 2008

Superionic-Superionic Phase Transitions in Body-Centered Cubic H 2 O Ice journal, September 2016

Dynamical Screening and Ionic Conductivity in Water from Ab Initio Simulations journal, October 2011

Extension of the Hugoniot and analytical release model of α -quartz to 0.2–3 TPa journal, July 2017

Equation of state and phase diagram of water at ultrahigh pressures as in planetary interiors journal, February 2009

Electrical conductivity of water in shock compression journal, January 1966

Ab initio calculation of thermodynamic potentials and entropies for superionic water journal, February 2016

Shock compression of quartz in the high-pressure fluid regime journal, August 2005

Diffusion and electrical conductivity in water at ultrahigh pressures journal, November 2010

Experimental evidence of superionic conduction in H 2 O ice journal, November 2012

Electrical conductivity of water during quasi-isentropic compression to 130 GPa journal, April 2000

HYADES—A plasma hydrodynamics code for dense plasma studies journal, January 1994

Optical study of the characteristics of shock-compressed condensed dielectrics [Оптические исследования свойств ударно сжатых конденсированных диэлектриков] journal, January 1968

Superionic to superionic phase change in water: consequences for the interiors of Uranus and Neptune text, January 2012

Analysis of laser shock experiments on precompressed samples using a quartz reference and application to warm dense hydrogen and helium text, January 2015

Advances in Graphene‐Based Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Working Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges journal, January 2019

First‐Principles Determination of the Dissociation Phase Boundary of Phase H MgSiO 4 H 2 journal, July 2019

Altered chemistry of oxygen and iron under deep Earth conditions journal, January 2019

Multiple superionic states in helium–water compounds journal, July 2019

Nanosecond X-ray diffraction of shock-compressed superionic water ice journal, May 2019

Laser-driven shock compression of “synthetic planetary mixtures” of water, ethanol, and ammonia journal, July 2019

Laser-driven shock experiments on precompressed water: Implications for “icy” giant planets
journal, July 2006

Melting of ice under pressure
journal, September 2008

High P – T Brillouin scattering study of H ₂ O melting to 26 GPa
journal, May 2014

Optical study of H2O ice to 120GPa: Dielectric function, molecular polarizability, and equation of state
journal, February 2007

Coupling static and dynamic compressions: first measurements in dense hydrogen
journal, January 2004

Line-imaging velocimeter for shock diagnostics at the OMEGA laser facility
journal, November 2004

Extended and accurate determination of the melting curves of argon, helium, ice $(H_{2} O),$ and hydrogen $(H_{2})$
journal, March 2000

Optical Study of the Characteristics of Shock-Compressed Condensed Dielectrics
journal, February 1968

Probing the Interiors of the Ice Giants: Shock Compression of Water to 700 GPa and $3.8 g / {cm}^{3}$
journal, February 2012

Estimating the quantum effects from molecular vibrations of water under high pressures and temperatures
journal, August 2009

Measurement of refractive index and equation of state in dense He, $H_{2},$ $H_{2} O,$ and Ne under high pressure in a diamond anvil cell
journal, March 2003

Systematic uncertainties in shock-wave impedance-match analysis and the high-pressure equation of state of Al
journal, December 2005

Electronic conduction in shock-compressed water
journal, August 2004

Construction of a thermodynamic potential for the water ices VII and X
journal, January 2015

Identifying and discriminating phase transitions along decaying shocks with line imaging Doppler interferometric velocimetry and streaked optical pyrometry
journal, January 2016

Ruby-spheres as pressure gauge for optically transparent high pressure cells
journal, December 2001

High pressures generated by laser driven shocks: applications to planetary physics
journal, November 2004

Insulator-to-Conducting Transition in Dense Fluid Helium
journal, May 2010

Whole-cell heater for the diamond anvil cell
journal, July 2003

Ab initio simulation of the equation of state and kinetics of shocked water
journal, March 2009

Melting temperatures of H ₂ O up to 72 GPa measured in a diamond anvil cell using CO ₂ laser heating technique
journal, February 2014

The phase diagram of high-pressure superionic ice
journal, August 2015

Bonding in the Superionic Phase of Water
journal, May 2005

Proton delocalization under extreme conditions of high pressure and temperature
journal, October 2007

Thermodynamics and quantum corrections from molecular dynamics for liquid water
journal, September 1983

Superionic to Superionic Phase Change in Water: Consequences for the Interiors of Uranus and Neptune
journal, April 2013

Index of refraction of shock-released materials
journal, October 2011

Shock compression of stishovite and melting of silica at planetary interior conditions
journal, January 2015

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of High Energy-Density Water from Density Functional Theory
journal, July 2006

New High-Pressure Phase of Ice
journal, April 1996

Phase diagram of H2O: Thermodynamic functions of the phase transitions of high-pressure ices
journal, June 2010

Electrical conductivity of water compressed dynamically to pressures of 70–180 GPa (0.7–1.8 Mbar)
journal, January 2001

Convective-region geometry as the cause of Uranus' and Neptune's unusual magnetic fields
journal, March 2004

Streaked optical pyrometer system for laser-driven shock-wave experiments on OMEGA
journal, March 2007

Ice structures, patterns, and processes: A view across the icefields
journal, May 2012

P - ρ - T measurements of H ₂ O up to 260 GPa under laser-driven shock loading
journal, April 2015

Absolute calibration of the OMEGA streaked optical pyrometer for temperature measurements of compressed materials
journal, November 2016

The C v for calculating the shock temperatures of water below 80 GPa
journal, July 2011

Equations of state of ice VI and ice VII at high pressure and high temperature
journal, September 2014

Spontaneous Raman Scattering from Shocked Water
journal, November 1985

Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples
journal, May 2007

Dissociation of Liquid Silica at High Pressures and Temperatures
journal, July 2006

Superionic and Metallic States of Water and Ammonia at Giant Planet Conditions
journal, January 1999

The phase diagram of water and the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune
journal, January 2011

Melting curve of H ₂ O to 90 GPa measured in a laser-heated diamond cell
journal, March 2004

Melting behavior of H ₂ O at high pressures and temperatures
journal, January 2005

Extended data set for the equation of state of warm dense hydrogen isotopes
journal, October 2012

Constraining the equation of state of fluid H2O to 80 GPa using the melting curve, bulk modulus, and thermal expansivity of Ice VII
journal, July 2004

Interior Structure of Water Planets: Implications for Their Dynamo Source Regions
journal, April 2013

Analysis of laser shock experiments on precompressed samples using a quartz reference and application to warm dense hydrogen and helium
journal, November 2015

The temperature of shock‐compressed water
journal, June 1982

New indication for a dichotomy in the interior structure of Uranus and Neptune from the application of modified shape and rotation data
journal, March 2013

Equation of state and electrical conductivity of water and ammonia shocked to the 100 GPa (1 Mbar) pressure range
journal, June 1982

New High-Pressure Phases of Ice
journal, May 1988

Compression of Ice to 210 Gigapascals: Infrared Evidence for a Symmetric Hydrogen-Bonded Phase
journal, July 1996

Modulated phases and proton centring in ice observed by X-ray diffraction up to 170?GPa
journal, February 1999

Hugoniot Data for Helium in the Ionization Regime
journal, March 2008

Superionic-Superionic Phase Transitions in Body-Centered Cubic $H_{2} O$ Ice
journal, September 2016

Dynamical Screening and Ionic Conductivity in Water from Ab Initio Simulations
journal, October 2011

Extension of the Hugoniot and analytical release model of α -quartz to 0.2–3 TPa
journal, July 2017

Equation of state and phase diagram of water at ultrahigh pressures as in planetary interiors
journal, February 2009

Electrical conductivity of water in shock compression
journal, January 1966

Ab initio calculation of thermodynamic potentials and entropies for superionic water
journal, February 2016

Shock compression of quartz in the high-pressure fluid regime
journal, August 2005

Diffusion and electrical conductivity in water at ultrahigh pressures
journal, November 2010

Experimental evidence of superionic conduction in H ₂ O ice
journal, November 2012

Electrical conductivity of water during quasi-isentropic compression to 130 GPa
journal, April 2000

HYADES—A plasma hydrodynamics code for dense plasma studies
journal, January 1994

Optical study of the characteristics of shock-compressed condensed dielectrics [Оптические исследования свойств ударно сжатых конденсированных диэлектриков]
journal, January 1968

Superionic to superionic phase change in water: consequences for the interiors of Uranus and Neptune
text, January 2012

Analysis of laser shock experiments on precompressed samples using a quartz reference and application to warm dense hydrogen and helium
text, January 2015

Advances in Graphene‐Based Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Working Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges
journal, January 2019

First‐Principles Determination of the Dissociation Phase Boundary of Phase H MgSiO ₄ H ₂
journal, July 2019

Altered chemistry of oxygen and iron under deep Earth conditions
journal, January 2019

Multiple superionic states in helium–water compounds
journal, July 2019

Nanosecond X-ray diffraction of shock-compressed superionic water ice
journal, May 2019

Laser-driven shock compression of “synthetic planetary mixtures” of water, ethanol, and ammonia
journal, July 2019

Explaining the low luminosity of Uranus: a self-consistent thermal and structural evolution
journal, January 2020

Proton dynamics and the phase diagram of dense water ice
journal, June 2018

Near-infrared optical investigations of snow, ice, and water layers on diffuse reflecting surfaces
journal, December 2018