A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema

Deme Belafi, Zsofia; Hong, Tianzhen; Reith, Andras

doi:10.1007/s12053-018-9658-0

Title: A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema

Abstract

During the past four decades, a significant body of literature has reported on the impacts of occupant behaviour (OB) on building technologies, operation, and energy consumption. A large number of data-driven behavioural models have been developed based on field data. These models lack standardisation and consistency, leading to difficulties in applications and comparison. To address this concern, an ontology was developed using the drivers-needs-actions-systems (DNAS) framework. Recent work has been carried out to implement the theoretical DNAS framework into an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema, titled ‘occupant behaviour XML’ (obXML) which is a practical implementation of OB models that can be integrated into building performance simulation (BPS) programs. This paper presents a newly developed library of OB models represented in the standardised obXML schema format. This library provides ready-to-use examples for BPS users to employ more accurate occupant representation in their energy models. The library, which contains an initial effort of 52 OB models, was made publicly available for the BPS community. As part of the library development process, limitations of the obXML schema were identified and addressed, and future improvements were proposed. Authors hope that by compiling this library building, energy modellers from all over the world can enhancemore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Hong, Tianzhen ^[2]; Reith, Andras ^[3]

Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics (Hungary); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Advanced Building and Urban Design (ABUD), Budapest (Hungary)

Publication Date:: Sat Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); Fulbright Hungarian-America Commission

OSTI Identifier:: 1532313

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Energy Efficiency

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 12; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 1570-646X

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION; Occupant behaviour; Building performance simulation; XML schema; obXML; Occupant behaviour model

Citation Formats


                    Deme Belafi, Zsofia, Hong, Tianzhen, and Reith, Andras. A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1007/s12053-018-9658-0.

Copy to clipboard


                    Deme Belafi, Zsofia, Hong, Tianzhen, & Reith, Andras. A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-018-9658-0

Copy to clipboard


                    Deme Belafi, Zsofia, Hong, Tianzhen, and Reith, Andras. Sat .  
"A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-018-9658-0.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532313.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1532313,

  title        = {A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema},

  author       = {Deme Belafi, Zsofia and Hong, Tianzhen and Reith, Andras},

  abstractNote = {During the past four decades, a significant body of literature has reported on the impacts of occupant behaviour (OB) on building technologies, operation, and energy consumption. A large number of data-driven behavioural models have been developed based on field data. These models lack standardisation and consistency, leading to difficulties in applications and comparison. To address this concern, an ontology was developed using the drivers-needs-actions-systems (DNAS) framework. Recent work has been carried out to implement the theoretical DNAS framework into an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema, titled ‘occupant behaviour XML’ (obXML) which is a practical implementation of OB models that can be integrated into building performance simulation (BPS) programs. This paper presents a newly developed library of OB models represented in the standardised obXML schema format. This library provides ready-to-use examples for BPS users to employ more accurate occupant representation in their energy models. The library, which contains an initial effort of 52 OB models, was made publicly available for the BPS community. As part of the library development process, limitations of the obXML schema were identified and addressed, and future improvements were proposed. Authors hope that by compiling this library building, energy modellers from all over the world can enhance their BPS models by integrating more accurate and robust OB patterns.},

  doi          = {10.1007/s12053-018-9658-0},

  journal      = {Energy Efficiency},

  number       = 3,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sat Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Sat Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-018-9658-0

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 10 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Figures / Tables:

Figure 1: The process to develop the OB models library

All figures and tables (6 total)

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: The big picture
journal, March 2017

Hong, Tianzhen; Yan, Da; D'Oca, Simona
Building and Environment, Vol. 114
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.006

Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings
journal, March 2008

Mahdavi, Ardeshir; Mohammadi, Abdolazim; Kabir, Elham
Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Vol. 1, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1080/19401490801906502

Uncalibrated Building Energy Simulation Modeling Results
journal, October 2006

Ahmad, Mushtaq; Culp, Charles
HVAC&R Research, Vol. 12, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2006.10391455

IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings
journal, December 2017

Yan, Da; Hong, Tianzhen; Dong, Bing
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 156
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.084

Factors influencing occupants’ blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building
journal, August 2012

Zhang, Yufan; Barrett, Peter
Building and Environment, Vol. 54
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.016

Building thermal energy modeling with loss minimization
journal, December 2014

Gabbar, Hossam A.; Bondarenko, Daniel; Hussain, Sajid
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Vol. 49
DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2014.08.006

Interactions with window openings by office occupants
journal, December 2009

Haldi, Frédéric; Robinson, Darren
Building and Environment, Vol. 44, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.03.025

Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology
journal, September 2011

Raftery, Paul; Keane, Marcus; O’Donnell, James
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 43, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.020

The theory of planned behavior
journal, December 1991

Ajzen, Icek
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Manual Control of Window Blinds and Electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and Energy Consumption
journal, May 1994

Newsham, G. R.
Indoor Environment, Vol. 3, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1177/1420326X9400300307

Monitoring and modelling of manually-controlled Venetian blinds in private offices: a pilot study
journal, June 2008

Inkarojrit, Vorapat
Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Vol. 1, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1080/19401490802021012

Factors influencing the occupants’ window opening behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building
journal, April 2012

Zhang, Yufan; Barrett, Peter
Building and Environment, Vol. 50
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.018

Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed
journal, September 2011

Wetter, Michael
Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Vol. 4, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1080/19401493.2010.518631

Time-dependent occupant behaviour models of window control in summer
journal, September 2008

Yun, Geun Young; Steemers, Koen
Building and Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.08.001

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Energy use
journal, November 1993

Lutzenhiser, Loren
Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol. 18, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.18.110193.001335

Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings
journal, March 2016

Hong, Tianzhen; Taylor-Lange, Sarah C.; D’Oca, Simona
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 116
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.052

Energy efficient design of building: A review
journal, August 2012

Pacheco, R.; Ordóñez, J.; Martínez, G.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.045

Optimisation Stories: The Impact of Building Information Modelling on Contemporary Design Practice
journal, March 2009

Garber, Richard
Architectural Design, Vol. 79, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1002/ad.842

A review on simulation-based optimization methods applied to building performance analysis
journal, January 2014

Nguyen, Anh-Tuan; Reiter, Sigrid; Rigo, Philippe
Applied Energy, Vol. 113
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.061

Energy efficiency optimization of new and existing office buildings in Guanajuato, Mexico
journal, September 2015

Griego, Danielle; Krarti, Moncef; Hernandez-Guerrero, Abel
Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 17
DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2015.04.008

Seven questions around interdisciplinarity in energy research
journal, October 2017

Pellegrino, Margot; Musy, Marjorie
Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 32
DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2017.07.007

Designing Buildings for Real Occupants: An Agent-Based Approach
journal, November 2011

Andrews, Clinton J.; Yi, Daniel; Krogmann, Uta
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, Vol. 41, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1109/TSMCA.2011.2116116

Calibration of building energy models for retrofit analysis under uncertainty
journal, April 2012

Heo, Y.; Choudhary, R.; Augenbroe, G. A.
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 47
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.029

Air-conditioning usage conditional probability model for residential buildings
journal, November 2014

Ren, Xiaoxin; Yan, Da; Wang, Chuang
Building and Environment, Vol. 81
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.022

On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants
journal, December 2008

Haldi, Frédéric; Robinson, Darren
Building and Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.003

On variations of space-heating energy use in office buildings
journal, November 2013

Lin, Hung-Wen; Hong, Tianzhen
Applied Energy, Vol. 111
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.040

Overview of HVAC system simulation
journal, March 2010

Trčka, Marija; Hensen, Jan L. M.
Automation in Construction, Vol. 19, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.autcon.2009.11.019

An energy-efficient controller for shading devices self-adapting to the user wishes
journal, November 2002

Guillemin, A.; Molteni, S.
Building and Environment, Vol. 37, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00113-5

Uncertainty analysis in building performance simulation for design support
journal, October 2011

Hopfe, Christina J.; Hensen, Jan L. M.
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 43, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.06.034

Synthesizing building physics with social psychology: An interdisciplinary framework for context and occupant behavior in office buildings
journal, December 2017

D’Oca, Simona; Chen, Chien-Fei; Hong, Tianzhen
Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 34
DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2017.08.002

Occupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs
journal, July 2017

Hong, Tianzhen; Chen, Yixing; Belafi, Zsofia
Building Simulation, Vol. 11, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1007/s12273-017-0396-6

A review on the basics of building energy estimation
journal, March 2014

Fumo, Nelson
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 31
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.040

Building simulation: an overview of developments and information sources
journal, May 2000

Hong, Tianzhen; Chou, S. K.; Bong, T. Y.
Building and Environment, Vol. 35, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1323(99)00023-2

Financial viability of energy-efficiency measures in a new detached house design in Finland
journal, April 2012

Saari, Arto; Kalamees, Targo; Jokisalo, Juha
Applied Energy, Vol. 92
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.10.029

Sustainable design guidelines for detached housing in the Lebanese inland region
journal, December 2012

Tibi, Ghaith; Ghaddar, Nesreen; Ghali, Kamel
International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, Vol. 1, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.06.001

Implementation and comparison of existing occupant behaviour models in EnergyPlus
journal, November 2015

Gunay, H. Burak; O'Brien, William; Beausoleil-Morrison, Ian
Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Vol. 9, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1080/19401493.2015.1102969

An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema
journal, December 2015

Hong, Tianzhen; D'Oca, Simona; Taylor-Lange, Sarah C.
Building and Environment, Vol. 94
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.006

Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges
journal, November 2015

Yan, Da; O’Brien, William; Hong, Tianzhen
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 107
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.032

Designing energy efficient commercial buildings—A systems framework
journal, September 2011

Kanagaraj, G.; Mahalingam, Ashwin
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 43, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.023

Occupant behavior in building energy simulation: Towards a fit-for-purpose modeling strategy
journal, June 2016

Gaetani, Isabella; Hoes, Pieter-Jan; Hensen, Jan L. M.
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 121
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.038

Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds
journal, September 2003

Reinhart, Cf; Voss, K.
Lighting Research & Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1191/1365782803li064oa

Predicting artificial lighting use - a method based upon observed patterns of behaviour
journal, March 1980

Hunt, D. R. G.
Lighting Research & Technology, Vol. 12, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1177/096032718001200102

IEA EBC annex 53: Total energy use in buildings—Analysis and evaluation methods
journal, October 2017

Yoshino, Hiroshi; Hong, Tianzhen; Nord, Natasa
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 152
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.038

Manual Control of Window Blinds and Electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and Energy Consumption
journal, January 1994

Newsham, G. R.
Indoor and Built Environment, Vol. 3, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1159/000463541

Figures / Tables found in this record:

Figure 1 (p. 9)

Table 1: Part 1 (p. 10)

Table 1: Part 2 (p. 11)

Table 1: Part 3 (p. 12)

Figure 2 (p. 15)

Table 2 (p. 16)

Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Occupant Behavior XML Schema

Software Hong, Tianzhen ; Chen, Yixing ; Taylor-Lange, Sarah

This software implements the DNAS framework into an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, titled "occupant behavior XML" (obXML). The obXML schema is used for the practical implementation of the DNAS framework into building simulation tools. The topology of the DNAS framework implemented in the obXML schema has a main root element OccupantBehavior, linking three main elements representing Buildings, Occupants and Behaviors. Using the schema structure, the actions of turning on an air conditioner and closing blinds provide two examples of how the schema standardizes these actions using XML. The obXML schema has inherent flexibility to represent numerous, diverse and complexmore »« less
Occupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs

Journal Article Hong, Tianzhen ; Chen, Yixing ; Belafi, Zsofia ; ... - Building Simulation

Occupant behavior (OB) in buildings is a leading factor influencing energy use in buildings. Quantifying this influence requires the integration of OB models with building performance simulation (BPS). This study reviews approaches to representing and implementing OB models in today’s popular BPS programs, and discusses weaknesses and strengths of these approaches and key issues in integrating of OB models with BPS programs. Two of the key findings are: (1) a common data model is needed to standardize the representation of OB models, enabling their flexibility and exchange among BPS programs and user applications; the data model can be implemented usingmore »« less
Cited by 74
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-017-0396-6

Full Text Available
Application of the DNAS framework expansion to occupant population synthesis

Conference Chandra Putra, Handi ; Hong, tianzhen

Research in occupant behaviour is now using a more elaborate framework of building occupant interaction. Researchers often face challenges in collecting data, particularly for the data to meet the minimum number of required data points and the data interoperability requirements. Researchers address the first issue with the synthetic population and the latter with data ontologies. While synthetic population is commonly used to address the first issue, data ontology development is used to address the latter. The two solutions are complementary to each other. One of the known ontologies in building occupant behaviour research is the Drivers-Needs-Actions-Systems (DNAS) ontology, which hasmore »« less
Full Text Available
Extending the Brick schema to represent metadata of occupants

Journal Article Luo, Na ; Fierro, Gabe ; Liu, Yapan ; ... - Automation in Construction

Here, energy-related behaviors of occupants constitute a key factor influencing building performance; accordingly, the measured occupant data can support the objective assessment of the indoor environment and energy performance of buildings, which can inform building design and operational decisions. Existing data schemas focus on metadata of sensors, meters, physical equipment, and IoT devices in buildings; however, they are limited in representing the metadata of occupant data, including occupants' presence in spaces, movement between spaces, interactions with building systems or IoT devices, and preference of indoor environmental needs. To address this gap, an extension to the widely adopted metadata schema, Brick,more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104307

Full Text Available
An ontology to represent synthetic building occupant characteristics and behavior

Journal Article Putra, Handi Chandra ; Hong, Tianzhen ; Andrews, Clinton - Automation in Construction

Since the introduction of the occupant behavior Drivers-Needs-Actions-Systems (DNAS) framework in 2013, researchers have used the framework or further developed it based on their case studies, which include efforts to collect new data on occupant behaviors. The effort is often costly for the relatively few new data points added. Problems emerge when the already collected data do not meet the modelers' interoperability requirements. Previous studies addressed this issue by developing more sophisticated ontologies that enable integration with other datasets and synthetic data methodologies that would meet unique research applications. This paper presents an extension of the DNAS framework for themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103621

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: The big picture journal, March 2017

Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings journal, March 2008

Uncalibrated Building Energy Simulation Modeling Results journal, October 2006

IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings journal, December 2017

Factors influencing occupants’ blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building journal, August 2012

Building thermal energy modeling with loss minimization journal, December 2014

Interactions with window openings by office occupants journal, December 2009

Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology journal, September 2011

The theory of planned behavior journal, December 1991

Manual Control of Window Blinds and Electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and Energy Consumption journal, May 1994

Monitoring and modelling of manually-controlled Venetian blinds in private offices: a pilot study journal, June 2008

Factors influencing the occupants’ window opening behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building journal, April 2012

Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed journal, September 2011

Time-dependent occupant behaviour models of window control in summer journal, September 2008

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Energy use journal, November 1993

Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings journal, March 2016

Energy efficient design of building: A review journal, August 2012

Optimisation Stories: The Impact of Building Information Modelling on Contemporary Design Practice journal, March 2009

A review on simulation-based optimization methods applied to building performance analysis journal, January 2014

Energy efficiency optimization of new and existing office buildings in Guanajuato, Mexico journal, September 2015

Seven questions around interdisciplinarity in energy research journal, October 2017

Designing Buildings for Real Occupants: An Agent-Based Approach journal, November 2011

Calibration of building energy models for retrofit analysis under uncertainty journal, April 2012

Air-conditioning usage conditional probability model for residential buildings journal, November 2014

On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants journal, December 2008

On variations of space-heating energy use in office buildings journal, November 2013

Overview of HVAC system simulation journal, March 2010

An energy-efficient controller for shading devices self-adapting to the user wishes journal, November 2002

Uncertainty analysis in building performance simulation for design support journal, October 2011

Synthesizing building physics with social psychology: An interdisciplinary framework for context and occupant behavior in office buildings journal, December 2017

Occupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs journal, July 2017

A review on the basics of building energy estimation journal, March 2014

Building simulation: an overview of developments and information sources journal, May 2000

Financial viability of energy-efficiency measures in a new detached house design in Finland journal, April 2012

Sustainable design guidelines for detached housing in the Lebanese inland region journal, December 2012

Implementation and comparison of existing occupant behaviour models in EnergyPlus journal, November 2015

An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema journal, December 2015

Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges journal, November 2015

Designing energy efficient commercial buildings—A systems framework journal, September 2011

Occupant behavior in building energy simulation: Towards a fit-for-purpose modeling strategy journal, June 2016

Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds journal, September 2003

Predicting artificial lighting use - a method based upon observed patterns of behaviour journal, March 1980

IEA EBC annex 53: Total energy use in buildings—Analysis and evaluation methods journal, October 2017

Manual Control of Window Blinds and Electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and Energy Consumption journal, January 1994

Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: The big picture
journal, March 2017

Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings
journal, March 2008

Uncalibrated Building Energy Simulation Modeling Results
journal, October 2006

IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings
journal, December 2017

Factors influencing occupants’ blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building
journal, August 2012

Building thermal energy modeling with loss minimization
journal, December 2014

Interactions with window openings by office occupants
journal, December 2009

Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology
journal, September 2011

The theory of planned behavior
journal, December 1991

Manual Control of Window Blinds and Electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and Energy Consumption
journal, May 1994

Monitoring and modelling of manually-controlled Venetian blinds in private offices: a pilot study
journal, June 2008

Factors influencing the occupants’ window opening behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building
journal, April 2012

Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed
journal, September 2011

Time-dependent occupant behaviour models of window control in summer
journal, September 2008

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Energy use
journal, November 1993

Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings
journal, March 2016

Energy efficient design of building: A review
journal, August 2012

Optimisation Stories: The Impact of Building Information Modelling on Contemporary Design Practice
journal, March 2009

A review on simulation-based optimization methods applied to building performance analysis
journal, January 2014

Energy efficiency optimization of new and existing office buildings in Guanajuato, Mexico
journal, September 2015

Seven questions around interdisciplinarity in energy research
journal, October 2017

Designing Buildings for Real Occupants: An Agent-Based Approach
journal, November 2011

Calibration of building energy models for retrofit analysis under uncertainty
journal, April 2012

Air-conditioning usage conditional probability model for residential buildings
journal, November 2014

On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants
journal, December 2008

On variations of space-heating energy use in office buildings
journal, November 2013

Overview of HVAC system simulation
journal, March 2010

An energy-efficient controller for shading devices self-adapting to the user wishes
journal, November 2002

Uncertainty analysis in building performance simulation for design support
journal, October 2011

Synthesizing building physics with social psychology: An interdisciplinary framework for context and occupant behavior in office buildings
journal, December 2017

Occupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs
journal, July 2017

A review on the basics of building energy estimation
journal, March 2014

Building simulation: an overview of developments and information sources
journal, May 2000

Financial viability of energy-efficiency measures in a new detached house design in Finland
journal, April 2012

Sustainable design guidelines for detached housing in the Lebanese inland region
journal, December 2012

Implementation and comparison of existing occupant behaviour models in EnergyPlus
journal, November 2015

An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema
journal, December 2015

Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges
journal, November 2015

Designing energy efficient commercial buildings—A systems framework
journal, September 2011

Occupant behavior in building energy simulation: Towards a fit-for-purpose modeling strategy
journal, June 2016

Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds
journal, September 2003

Predicting artificial lighting use - a method based upon observed patterns of behaviour
journal, March 1980

IEA EBC annex 53: Total energy use in buildings—Analysis and evaluation methods
journal, October 2017

Manual Control of Window Blinds and Electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and Energy Consumption
journal, January 1994