Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO4 as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Ludwig, Jennifer; Marino, Cyril; Haering, Dominik; Stinner, Christoph; Nordlund, Dennis; Doeff, Marca M.; Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Nilges, Tom

doi:10.1039/c6ra19767a

Title: Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO₄ as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Olivine-type LiCoPO₄ is considered a promising high-voltage cathode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, preparing high-performance LiCoPO₄ by a simple approach has been challenging. Herein, we present a facile and rapid (30 min) one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis route using a 1 : 1 (v/v) water/ethylene glycol (EG) binary solvent mixture and a temperature of 250 °C. Here, the technique delivers high-performance LiCoPO4nanoparticles without additional post-annealing or carbon coating steps. The as-prepared powder consists of single crystalline LiCoPO₄ and features a hexagonal platelet-like morphology with dimensions of 700-800 nm × 400-600 nm × 100-220 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) experiments reveal that the platelets show the smallest dimension along [010], which is the direction of the lithium diffusion pathways in the olivine crystal structure. Furthermore, the results indicate that the EG co-solvent plays an important role in tailoring the particle size, morphology, and crystal orientation of the material. Co L-edge soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of LiCoPO₄ are presented for the first time and confirm that the material only consists of Co²⁺. Benefiting from the unique morphology, which facilitates Li-ion conduction, electrochemical measurements deliver an initial discharge capacity of 137 mA h g^-1 at 0.1 C, a remarkably stable capacitymore »« less

Authors:

Ludwig, Jennifer ^[1]; Marino, Cyril ^[1]; Haering, Dominik ^[1]; Stinner, Christoph ^[2]; Nordlund, Dennis ^[3]; Doeff, Marca M. ^[4]; Gasteiger, Hubert A. ^[1]; Nilges, Tom ^[1]

Technical University of Munich, Garching (Germany)
BMW AG, München (Germany)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: 2016-08-25

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1532177

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: RSC Advances

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal Issue: 86; Journal ID: ISSN 2046-2069

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Ludwig, Jennifer, Marino, Cyril, Haering, Dominik, Stinner, Christoph, Nordlund, Dennis, Doeff, Marca M., Gasteiger, Hubert A., and Nilges, Tom. Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO4 as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1039/c6ra19767a.

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                    Ludwig, Jennifer, Marino, Cyril, Haering, Dominik, Stinner, Christoph, Nordlund, Dennis, Doeff, Marca M., Gasteiger, Hubert A., & Nilges, Tom. Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO4 as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19767a

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                    Ludwig, Jennifer, Marino, Cyril, Haering, Dominik, Stinner, Christoph, Nordlund, Dennis, Doeff, Marca M., Gasteiger, Hubert A., and Nilges, Tom. Thu .  
"Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO4 as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19767a.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532177.

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@article{osti_1532177,

  title        = {Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO4 as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries},

  author       = {Ludwig, Jennifer and Marino, Cyril and Haering, Dominik and Stinner, Christoph and Nordlund, Dennis and Doeff, Marca M. and Gasteiger, Hubert A. and Nilges, Tom},

  abstractNote = {Olivine-type LiCoPO4 is considered a promising high-voltage cathode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, preparing high-performance LiCoPO4 by a simple approach has been challenging. Herein, we present a facile and rapid (30 min) one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis route using a 1 : 1 (v/v) water/ethylene glycol (EG) binary solvent mixture and a temperature of 250 °C. Here, the technique delivers high-performance LiCoPO4nanoparticles without additional post-annealing or carbon coating steps. The as-prepared powder consists of single crystalline LiCoPO4 and features a hexagonal platelet-like morphology with dimensions of 700-800 nm × 400-600 nm × 100-220 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) experiments reveal that the platelets show the smallest dimension along [010], which is the direction of the lithium diffusion pathways in the olivine crystal structure. Furthermore, the results indicate that the EG co-solvent plays an important role in tailoring the particle size, morphology, and crystal orientation of the material. Co L-edge soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of LiCoPO4 are presented for the first time and confirm that the material only consists of Co2+. Benefiting from the unique morphology, which facilitates Li-ion conduction, electrochemical measurements deliver an initial discharge capacity of 137 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C, a remarkably stable capacity retention of 68% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, and a specific energy density of 658 W h kg-1 based on its capacity and voltage, which is the best performance of LiCoPO4 obtained from microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis to date.},

  doi          = {10.1039/c6ra19767a},

  journal      = {RSC Advances},

  number       = 86,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2016},

  month        = {8}

}

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Fig. 1: Projections of the crystal structures of olivine-type LiCoPO₄ (space group Pnma) along the three crystallographic axes: (a) [100], (b) [010], and (c) [001]. [CoO₆] octahedra are drawn in red, [PO₄] tetrahedra in blue, and Li ions in grey.

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Bramnik, Natalia N.; Nikolowski, Kristian; Baehtz, Carsten
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1021/cm062246u

Olivine LiFePO ₄ : development and future
journal, January 2011

Wang, Yonggang; He, Ping; Zhou, Haoshen
Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 4, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1039/C0EE00176G

Characterization of phospho-olivines as materials for Li-ion cell cathodes
journal, January 2002

Piana, M.; Arrabito, M.; Bodoardo, S.
Ionics, Vol. 8, Issue 1-2
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Crystallographic Computing System JANA2006: General features
journal, January 2014

Petříček, Václav; Dušek, Michal; Palatinus, Lukáš
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, Vol. 229, Issue 5
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E.s.d.'s and estimated probable error obtained in Rietveld refinements with local correlations
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Bérar, J. F.; Lelann, P.
Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 24, Issue 1
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Controllable synthesis, morphology evolution and electrochemical properties of LiFePO ₄ cathode materials for Li-ion batteries
journal, January 2014

Song, Jianjun; Wang, Lin; Shao, Guangjie
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 16, Issue 17
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Structure and performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials: A review
journal, March 2011

Zhang, Wei-Jun
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Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the discharge capacity of LiCoPO4
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Wolfenstine, J.; Lee, U.; Poese, B.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 144, Issue 1
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Works referencing / citing this record:

Enhanced Cycling Performance of Magnesium‐Doped Lithium Cobalt Phosphate
journal, September 2019

Kim, Eun Jeong; Miller, David N.; Irvine, John T. S.
ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901372

Facile Synthesis of Flock‐Like V ₂ O ₃ /C with Improved Electrochemical Performance as an Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
journal, December 2019

Meng, Leichao; Guo, Ruisong; Li, Fuyun
Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1002/ente.201900986

Solvothermal water-diethylene glycol synthesis of LiCoPO ₄ and effects of surface treatments on lithium battery performance
journal, January 2019

Zhang, Min; Garcia-Araez, Nuria; Hector, Andrew L.
RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08785g

Understanding and development of olivine LiCoPO ₄ cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2018

Zhang, Min; Garcia-Araez, Nuria; Hector, Andrew L.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 30
DOI: 10.1039/c8ta04063j

In Situ Studies and Magnetic Properties of the Cmcm Polymorph of LiCoPO4 with a Hierarchical Dumbbell-Like Morphology Synthesized by Easy Single-Step Polyol Synthesis
journal, November 2016

Alarcón-Suesca, Carlos; Ludwig, Jennifer; Hlukhyy, Viktor
Inorganics, Vol. 4, Issue 4
DOI: 10.3390/inorganics4040035

Figures / Tables found in this record:

Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Synthesis and characterization of metastable, 20 nm-sized Pna2{sub 1}-LiCoPO{sub 4} nanospheres

Journal Article Ludwig, Jennifer ; Nordlund, Dennis ; Doeff, Marca M. ; ... - Journal of Solid State Chemistry

The majority of research activities on LiCoPO{sub 4} are focused on the phospho-olivine (space group Pnma), which is a promising high-voltage cathode material for Li-ion batteries. In contrast, comparably little is known about its metastable Pna2{sub 1} modification. Herein, we present a comprehensive study on the structure–property relationships of 15–20 nm Pna2{sub 1}-LiCoPO{sub 4} nanospheres prepared by a simple microwave-assisted solvothermal process. Unlike previous reports, the results indicate that the compound is non-stoichiometric and shows cation-mixing with Co ions on the Li sites, which provides an explanation for the poor electrochemical performance. Co L{sub 2,3}-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopic data confirmmore »« less
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Nanostructured LiCo{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}PO{sub 4}/C (x = 0 and 0.05) materials were successfully produced as superior quality cathodes by combined sol-gel and carbothermal reduction methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic measurements were applied to determine the phase purity, morphology and electrochemical qualifications. HR-TEM analysis reveals that the thickness of the surface carbon layer of 5 to 10 nm range with the uniform distribution. LiCo{sub 0·95}Mn{sub 0·05}PO{sub 4}/C particles were betweenmore »« less
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This work reports a comprehensive study of a novel polyol method that can successfully synthesize layered LiNi_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2O₂, spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, and olivine LiCoPO₄ cathode materials. When properly designed, polyol method offers many advantages such as low cost, ease of use, and proven scalability for industrial applications. Most importantly, the unique properties of polyol solvent allow for greater morphology control as shown by all the resulting materials exhibiting monodispersed nanoparticles morphology. This morphology contributes to improved lithium ion transport due to short diffusion lengths. Polyol-synthesized LiNi_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2O₂ delivers a reversible capacity of 101 and 82 mAh·g^-1 using high current rate of 5C andmore »« less
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Title: Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO4 as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Anodic Decomposition of Trimethylboroxine as Additive for High Voltage Li-Ion Batteries journal, January 2014

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study on the Electronic Structure of Li 1 - x CoPO 4 Electrodes as 4.8 V Positive Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries journal, June 2005

Kinetic study of the dehydration of lithium sulphate monohydrate journal, November 1997

Controlled synthesis of plate-like LiCoPO4 nanoparticles via supercritical method and their electrode property journal, December 2012

Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries journal, November 2001

Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Three Polymorphs of LiCoPO 4 and Their Electrochemical Properties journal, August 2015

Olivine-Type Nanosheets for Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes journal, May 2013

Structural and Morphological Tuning of LiCoPO4 Materials Synthesized by Solvo-Thermal Methods for Li-Cell Applications journal, December 2015

Controlled synthesis of LiCoPO4 by a solvo-thermal method at 220°C journal, April 2015

Anomalous dispersion calculations near to and on the long-wavelength side of an absorption edge journal, March 1981

Crystal and magnetic structures of electrochemically delithiated Li1−xCoPO4 phases journal, January 2009

Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes journal, September 2002

The hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of olivines and related compounds for electrochemical applications journal, January 2008

Mixed solvent electrolyte for high voltage lithium metal secondary cells journal, March 1999

Measurement of the electrochemical oxidation of organic electrolytes used in lithium batteries by microelectrode journal, January 2001

Electrochemical Delithiation/Relithiation of LiCoPO 4 : A Two-Step Reaction Mechanism Investigated by in Situ X-ray Diffraction, in Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, and ex Situ 7 Li/ 31 P NMR Spectroscopy journal, July 2014

Olivine LiCoPO[sub 4] as 4.8 V Electrode Material for Lithium Batteries journal, January 1999

Electrical conductivity of doped LiCoPO4 journal, August 2006

Experimental visualization of lithium diffusion in LixFePO4 journal, August 2008

Novel hedgehog-like 5V LiCoPO4 positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium battery journal, May 2011

Kinetics and mechanism of thermal dehydration of lithium sulfate monohydrate by means of TG and DSC journal, January 1982

Electrolyte solution for the improved cycling performance of LiCoPO4/C composite cathodes journal, March 2013

Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging journal, March 2009

Olivine-type cathodes journal, June 2003

High-performance LiMnPO 4 nanorods synthesized via a facile EG-assisted solvothermal approach journal, January 2015

Determination of water content of hygroscopic lithium salts journal, January 1985

Microwave-Enhanced Reaction Rates for Nanoparticle Synthesis journal, November 2005

High-energy-density LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 nanorods synthesized by microwave-assisted solvothermal method journal, September 2013

Hydrothermally synthesized LiFePO4 crystals with enhanced electrochemical properties: simultaneous suppression of crystal growth along [010] and antisite defect formation journal, January 2012

Controlling the shape of LiCoPO4 nanocrystals by supercritical fluid process for enhanced energy storage properties journal, February 2014

Morphology controlled synthesis of LiFePO4/C nanoplates for Li-ion batteries journal, January 2010

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERIES OF HYDROTHERMALLY SYNTHESIZED LiCoPO<sub>4</sub> AS A HIGH VOLTAGE CATHODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY journal, January 2010

Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon-coated LiMPO4 (M = Co and Ni) nanoparticles as cathodes for high-voltage lithium-ion battery journal, February 2016

Thermal Stability of LiCoPO[sub 4] Cathodes journal, January 2008

Investigation of the structural changes in Li1−xFePO4 upon charging by synchrotron radiation techniques journal, January 2011

Lithium Battery Materials Li M PO 4 ( M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni): Insights into Defect Association, Transport Mechanisms, and Doping Behavior journal, September 2008

CCCIV.—The hydrates of lithium sulphate and their solubility in water between –16° and +103° journal, January 1929

Electronic structure of phospho-olivines LixFePO4 (x=0,1) from soft-x-ray-absorption and -emission spectroscopies journal, November 2005

Review and analysis of nanostructured olivine-based lithium recheargeable batteries: Status and trends journal, June 2013

Hydrothermal synthesis of cathode materials journal, December 2007

Impact of microwave synthesis conditions on the rechargeable capacity of LiCoPO4 for lithium ion batteries journal, December 2012

Transport properties of LiCoPO4 and Fe-substituted LiCoPO4 journal, May 2014

Profiling the nanoscale gradient in stoichiometric layered cathode particles for lithium-ion batteries journal, January 2014

Phospho-olivines as Positive-Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries journal, April 1997

Microwave chemistry for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis journal, January 2010

Review of 5-V electrodes for Li-ion batteries: status and trends journal, May 2013

Porous nanoarchitectures of spinel-type transition metal oxides for electrochemical energy storage systems journal, January 2015

Morphology-controllable solvothermal synthesis of nanoscale LiFePO4 in a binary solvent journal, March 2012

Cathode properties of phospho-olivine LiMPO4 for lithium secondary batteries journal, July 2001

Dimensionally Modulated, Single-Crystalline LiMPO 4 (M= Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) with Nano-Thumblike Shapes for High-Power Energy Storage journal, February 2009

Surface structures and crystal morphologies of LiFePO4: relevance to electrochemical behaviour journal, January 2008

Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon-coated LiCoPO4 cathode material from various Co sources journal, January 2013

Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Process Towards Development of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn) Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, March 2012

Li Conductivity in Li[sub x]MPO[sub 4] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) Olivine Materials journal, January 2004

Solvothermal synthesis of LiCo1−x Mn x PO4/C cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries journal, February 2012

One-Pot Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Coated LiMPO4 (M=Mn, Fe, and Co) Cathodes journal, January 2009

Electronic Structure of CoO Nanocrystals and a Single Crystal Probed by Resonant X-ray Emission Spectroscopy journal, July 2012

Effect of carbon on the electronic conductivity and discharge capacity LiCoPO4 journal, January 2007

Co Polyoxometalates and a Co 3 O 4 Thin Film Investigated by L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy journal, February 2015

Investigation on graphitic carbon foams – LiNiyPO4 (y = 0.8–1.0) composites journal, September 2012

Mn and Co Charge and Spin Evolutions in LaMn 1– x Co x O 3 Nanoparticles journal, April 2016

Supercritical Fluid Synthesis of LiCoPO4 Nanoparticles and Their Application to Lithium Ion Battery journal, May 2014

Recent progress in high-voltage lithium ion batteries journal, September 2013

Spherical nanoporous LiCoPO4/C composites as high performance cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries journal, January 2011

Positive Electrode Materials for Li-Ion and Li-Batteries † journal, February 2010

Ni3+/Ni2+ redox potential in LiNiPO4 journal, March 2005

Controlled solvothermal synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4 submicron single crystals as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries journal, February 2016

Ordered Olivine-Type Lithium-Cobalt and Lithium-Nickel Phosphates Prepared by a New Precursor Method journal, July 2010

Ionic transport properties of LiCoPO4 cathode material journal, September 2011

Hydrothermal synthesis of LiCoPO4 cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries journal, February 2005

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4 micron-rods by dispersant-aided hydrothermal method for lithium ion batteries journal, March 2009

Improved cycle life of Fe-substituted LiCoPO4 journal, October 2011

A correction for powder diffraction peak asymmetry due to axial divergence journal, December 1994

LiCoPO4-based ternary composite thin-film electrode for lithium secondary battery journal, July 2006

Electrochemical and structural study of LiCoPO4-based electrodes journal, February 2004

Improved electrode characteristics of olivine–LiCoPO4 processed by high energy milling journal, September 2006

Title: Facile, ethylene glycol-promoted microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of high-performance LiCoPO₄ as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Anodic Decomposition of Trimethylboroxine as Additive for High Voltage Li-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2014

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study on the Electronic Structure of Li ₁ _- _x CoPO ₄ Electrodes as 4.8 V Positive Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries
journal, June 2005

Kinetic study of the dehydration of lithium sulphate monohydrate
journal, November 1997

Controlled synthesis of plate-like LiCoPO4 nanoparticles via supercritical method and their electrode property
journal, December 2012

Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries
journal, November 2001

Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Three Polymorphs of LiCoPO ₄ and Their Electrochemical Properties
journal, August 2015

Olivine-Type Nanosheets for Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes
journal, May 2013

Structural and Morphological Tuning of LiCoPO4 Materials Synthesized by Solvo-Thermal Methods for Li-Cell Applications
journal, December 2015

Controlled synthesis of LiCoPO4 by a solvo-thermal method at 220°C
journal, April 2015

Anomalous dispersion calculations near to and on the long-wavelength side of an absorption edge
journal, March 1981

Crystal and magnetic structures of electrochemically delithiated Li1−xCoPO4 phases
journal, January 2009

Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes
journal, September 2002

The hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of olivines and related compounds for electrochemical applications
journal, January 2008

Mixed solvent electrolyte for high voltage lithium metal secondary cells
journal, March 1999

Measurement of the electrochemical oxidation of organic electrolytes used in lithium batteries by microelectrode
journal, January 2001

Electrochemical Delithiation/Relithiation of LiCoPO ₄ : A Two-Step Reaction Mechanism Investigated by in Situ X-ray Diffraction, in Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, and ex Situ ⁷ Li/ ³¹ P NMR Spectroscopy
journal, July 2014

Olivine LiCoPO[sub 4] as 4.8 V Electrode Material for Lithium Batteries
journal, January 1999

Electrical conductivity of doped LiCoPO4
journal, August 2006

Experimental visualization of lithium diffusion in LixFePO4
journal, August 2008

Novel hedgehog-like 5V LiCoPO4 positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium battery
journal, May 2011

Kinetics and mechanism of thermal dehydration of lithium sulfate monohydrate by means of TG and DSC
journal, January 1982

Electrolyte solution for the improved cycling performance of LiCoPO4/C composite cathodes
journal, March 2013

Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging
journal, March 2009

Olivine-type cathodes
journal, June 2003

High-performance LiMnPO ₄ nanorods synthesized via a facile EG-assisted solvothermal approach
journal, January 2015

Determination of water content of hygroscopic lithium salts
journal, January 1985

Microwave-Enhanced Reaction Rates for Nanoparticle Synthesis
journal, November 2005

High-energy-density LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 nanorods synthesized by microwave-assisted solvothermal method
journal, September 2013

Hydrothermally synthesized LiFePO4 crystals with enhanced electrochemical properties: simultaneous suppression of crystal growth along [010] and antisite defect formation
journal, January 2012

Controlling the shape of LiCoPO4 nanocrystals by supercritical fluid process for enhanced energy storage properties
journal, February 2014

Morphology controlled synthesis of LiFePO4/C nanoplates for Li-ion batteries
journal, January 2010

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERIES OF HYDROTHERMALLY SYNTHESIZED LiCoPO<sub>4</sub> AS A HIGH VOLTAGE CATHODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY
journal, January 2010

Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon-coated LiMPO4 (M = Co and Ni) nanoparticles as cathodes for high-voltage lithium-ion battery
journal, February 2016

Thermal Stability of LiCoPO[sub 4] Cathodes
journal, January 2008

Investigation of the structural changes in Li1−xFePO4 upon charging by synchrotron radiation techniques
journal, January 2011

Lithium Battery Materials Li M PO ₄ ( M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni): Insights into Defect Association, Transport Mechanisms, and Doping Behavior
journal, September 2008

CCCIV.—The hydrates of lithium sulphate and their solubility in water between –16° and +103°
journal, January 1929

Electronic structure of phospho-olivines LixFePO4 (x=0,1) from soft-x-ray-absorption and -emission spectroscopies
journal, November 2005

Review and analysis of nanostructured olivine-based lithium recheargeable batteries: Status and trends
journal, June 2013

Hydrothermal synthesis of cathode materials
journal, December 2007

Impact of microwave synthesis conditions on the rechargeable capacity of LiCoPO4 for lithium ion batteries
journal, December 2012

Transport properties of LiCoPO4 and Fe-substituted LiCoPO4
journal, May 2014

Profiling the nanoscale gradient in stoichiometric layered cathode particles for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2014

Phospho-olivines as Positive-Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
journal, April 1997

Microwave chemistry for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis
journal, January 2010

Review of 5-V electrodes for Li-ion batteries: status and trends
journal, May 2013

Porous nanoarchitectures of spinel-type transition metal oxides for electrochemical energy storage systems
journal, January 2015

Morphology-controllable solvothermal synthesis of nanoscale LiFePO4 in a binary solvent
journal, March 2012

Cathode properties of phospho-olivine LiMPO4 for lithium secondary batteries
journal, July 2001

Dimensionally Modulated, Single-Crystalline LiMPO ₄ (M= Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) with Nano-Thumblike Shapes for High-Power Energy Storage
journal, February 2009

Surface structures and crystal morphologies of LiFePO4: relevance to electrochemical behaviour
journal, January 2008

Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon-coated LiCoPO4 cathode material from various Co sources
journal, January 2013

Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Process Towards Development of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn) Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, March 2012

Li Conductivity in Li[sub x]MPO[sub 4] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) Olivine Materials
journal, January 2004

Solvothermal synthesis of LiCo1−x Mn x PO4/C cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, February 2012

One-Pot Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Coated LiMPO₄ (M=Mn, Fe, and Co) Cathodes
journal, January 2009

Electronic Structure of CoO Nanocrystals and a Single Crystal Probed by Resonant X-ray Emission Spectroscopy
journal, July 2012

Effect of carbon on the electronic conductivity and discharge capacity LiCoPO4
journal, January 2007

Co Polyoxometalates and a Co ₃ O ₄ Thin Film Investigated by L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
journal, February 2015

Investigation on graphitic carbon foams – LiNiyPO4 (y = 0.8–1.0) composites
journal, September 2012

Mn and Co Charge and Spin Evolutions in LaMn _{1– x} Co _x O ₃ Nanoparticles
journal, April 2016

Supercritical Fluid Synthesis of LiCoPO4 Nanoparticles and Their Application to Lithium Ion Battery
journal, May 2014

Recent progress in high-voltage lithium ion batteries
journal, September 2013

Spherical nanoporous LiCoPO4/C composites as high performance cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2011

Positive Electrode Materials for Li-Ion and Li-Batteries ^†
journal, February 2010

Ni3+/Ni2+ redox potential in LiNiPO4
journal, March 2005

Controlled solvothermal synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4 submicron single crystals as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries
journal, February 2016

Ordered Olivine-Type Lithium-Cobalt and Lithium-Nickel Phosphates Prepared by a New Precursor Method
journal, July 2010

Ionic transport properties of LiCoPO4 cathode material
journal, September 2011

Hydrothermal synthesis of LiCoPO4 cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries
journal, February 2005

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4 micron-rods by dispersant-aided hydrothermal method for lithium ion batteries
journal, March 2009

Improved cycle life of Fe-substituted LiCoPO4
journal, October 2011

A correction for powder diffraction peak asymmetry due to axial divergence
journal, December 1994

LiCoPO4-based ternary composite thin-film electrode for lithium secondary battery
journal, July 2006

Electrochemical and structural study of LiCoPO4-based electrodes
journal, February 2004

Improved electrode characteristics of olivine–LiCoPO4 processed by high energy milling
journal, September 2006

A general solution-chemistry route to the synthesis LiMPO4 (M=Mn, Fe, and Co) nanocrystals with [010] orientation for lithium ion batteries
journal, November 2011

Phase Transitions Occurring upon Lithium Insertion−Extraction of LiCoPO ₄
journal, February 2007

Olivine LiFePO ₄ : development and future
journal, January 2011