Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO 2

He, Cheng; Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari; Matanovic, Ivana; Atanassov, Plamen; Ramani, Vijay

doi:10.1002/cssc.201900499

Title: Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO ₂

Abstract

Abstract Commercial fuel cell electrocatalyst degradation results from carbon electrocatalyst support oxidation at high operating potential transients. Guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Nb‐doped TiO ₂ (NTO) was synthesized, which exhibits a unique combination of high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and high porosity. This catalyst retained 78 % of its initial electrochemically active surface area compared with 57.6 % retained by Pt/C following the DOE/FCCJ protocol for accelerated stability test. Strong metal–support interactions, which were predicted by DFT calculations and confirmed experimentally by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and kinetics measurements, resulted in 21 % higher oxygen reduction reaction mass activity (at 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) on Pt/NTO compared with commercial Pt/C. The ex situ activity and durability of Pt/NTO translated to a fuel cell. The rise in electrode ohmic resistance and non‐electrode concentration overpotential indicate that improving the conductivity of NTO and optimizing the catalyst ink formulation are critical next steps in the development of Pt/NTO‐catalyzed proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Authors:

He, Cheng ^[1];

^[1]; Matanovic, Ivana ^[2]; Atanassov, Plamen ^[3];

^[1]

Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis 1 Brookings Dr. St. Louis MO 63130 USA
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Center for Micro-Engineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA, Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Center for Micro-Engineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA

Publication Date:: Wed Jun 26 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1529638

Resource Type:: Publisher's Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: ChemSusChem

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: ChemSusChem Journal Volume: 12 Journal Issue: 15; Journal ID: ISSN 1864-5631

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

Citation Formats


                    He, Cheng, Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari, Matanovic, Ivana, Atanassov, Plamen, and Ramani, Vijay. Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO 2.  Germany: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/cssc.201900499.

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                    He, Cheng, Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari, Matanovic, Ivana, Atanassov, Plamen, & Ramani, Vijay. Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO 2.  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900499

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                    He, Cheng, Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari, Matanovic, Ivana, Atanassov, Plamen, and Ramani, Vijay. Wed .  
"Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO 2".  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900499.

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@article{osti_1529638,

  title        = {Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO 2},

  author       = {He, Cheng and Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari and Matanovic, Ivana and Atanassov, Plamen and Ramani, Vijay},

  abstractNote = {Abstract Commercial fuel cell electrocatalyst degradation results from carbon electrocatalyst support oxidation at high operating potential transients. Guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Nb‐doped TiO 2 (NTO) was synthesized, which exhibits a unique combination of high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and high porosity. This catalyst retained 78 % of its initial electrochemically active surface area compared with 57.6 % retained by Pt/C following the DOE/FCCJ protocol for accelerated stability test. Strong metal–support interactions, which were predicted by DFT calculations and confirmed experimentally by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and kinetics measurements, resulted in 21 % higher oxygen reduction reaction mass activity (at 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) on Pt/NTO compared with commercial Pt/C. The ex situ activity and durability of Pt/NTO translated to a fuel cell. The rise in electrode ohmic resistance and non‐electrode concentration overpotential indicate that improving the conductivity of NTO and optimizing the catalyst ink formulation are critical next steps in the development of Pt/NTO‐catalyzed proton exchange membrane fuel cells.},

  doi          = {10.1002/cssc.201900499},

  journal      = {ChemSusChem},

  number       = 15,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {Germany},

  year         = {Wed Jun 26 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Wed Jun 26 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta09915c

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Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Journal Article Kocha, Shyam S. ; Shinozaki, Kazuma ; Zack, Jason W. ; ... - Electrocatalysis

Abstract Thin-film-rotating disk electrodes (TF-RDEs) are the half-cell electrochemical system of choice for rapid screening of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of novel Pt supported on carbon black supports (Pt/C) electrocatalysts. It has been shown that the magnitude of the measured ORR activity and reproducibility are highly dependent on the system cleanliness, evaluation protocols, and operating conditions as well as ink formulation, composition, film drying, and the resultant film thickness and uniformity. Accurate benchmarks of baseline Pt/C catalysts evaluated using standardized protocols and best practices are necessary to expedite ultra-low-platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst development that is crucial for themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-017-0378-6
Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Journal Article Kocha, Shyam S. ; Shinozaki, Kazuma ; Zack, Jason W. ; ... - Electrocatalysis

Thin-film-rotating disk electrodes (TF-RDEs) are the half-cell electrochemical system of choice for rapid screening of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of novel Pt supported on carbon black supports (Pt/C) electrocatalysts. It has been shown that the magnitude of the measured ORR activity and reproducibility are highly dependent on the system cleanliness, evaluation protocols, and operating conditions as well as ink formulation, composition, film drying, and the resultant film thickness and uniformity. Accurate benchmarks of baseline Pt/C catalysts evaluated using standardized protocols and best practices are necessary to expedite ultra-low-platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst development that is crucial for the imminentmore »« less
Cited by 100
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-017-0378-6

Full Text Available
Improving and Understanding the Hydrogen Evolving Activity of a Cobalt Dithiolene Metal–Organic Framework

Journal Article Chen, Keying ; Downes, Courtney A. ; Schneider, Eugene ; ... - ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Despite the promising previous reports on the development of electrocatalytic dithiolene-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), these materials often display poor reproducibility of the HER performance because of their poor bulk properties upon integration with electrode materials. In this work, we demonstrate an in-depth investigation of the electrocatalytic HER activity of a cobalt 2,3,6,7,10,11-triphenylenehexathiolate (CoTHT) MOF. To enhance the durability and charge transport properties of the constructed CoTHT/electrode architecture, CoTHT is deposited as an ink composite (1) composed of Nafion and carbon black. We leverage here the well-established use of catalyst inks in the literature tomore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01727

Full Text Available

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Title: Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO 2

Abstract

Citation Formats

Instability of Supported Platinum Nanoparticles in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells journal, November 2007

Reconsideration of the quantitative characterization of the reaction intermediate on electrocatalysts by a rotating ring-disk electrode: The intrinsic yield of H2O2 on Pt/C journal, February 2011

Titania supported platinum catalyst with high electrocatalytic activity and stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell journal, February 2011

Projector augmented-wave method journal, December 1994

Changing the Activity of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Tuning the Surface Electronic Structure journal, April 2006

Structural and Electrochemical Studies of Pt Clusters Supported on High-Surface-Area Tungsten Carbide for Oxygen Reduction journal, February 2011

Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs journal, March 2005

Effects of transition metal doping in Pt/M-TiO2 (M = V, Cr, and Nb) on oxygen reduction reaction activity journal, July 2016

Electrocatalytic activity and stability of niobium-doped titanium oxide supported platinum catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells journal, April 2010

A review of PEM fuel cell durability: materials degradation, local heterogeneities of aging and possible mitigation strategies: A review of PEM fuel cell durability journal, March 2014

First principle study of the electronic structure of hafnium-doped anatase TiO 2 journal, January 2012

Chemical Transformation from FePt to Fe 1 - x PtM x (M = Ru, Ni, Sn) Nanocrystals by a Cation Redox Reaction: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Studies journal, February 2007

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method journal, January 1999

Synthesis of Silica Aerogel by Supercritical Drying Method journal, January 2013

Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation journal, October 2007

Distinction between Intermediates Produced in Main and Side Electrodic Reactions journal, December 1966

Platinum supported on titanium-ruthenium oxide is a remarkably stable electrocatayst for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles journal, December 2013

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study journal, January 1998

Electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction journal, September 1983

Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytical behavior of Nb–TiO2/Pt nanocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction journal, July 2010

TiO2–RuO2 electrocatalyst supports exhibit exceptional electrochemical stability journal, August 2013

Industrial applications of supercritical fluids: A review journal, December 2014

Rotating Ring-Disc Electrode Investigation of the Aprotic Superoxide Radical Electrochemistry on Multi-Crystalline Surfaces and Correlation with Density Functional Theory Modeling: Implications for Lithium-Air Cells journal, January 2016

Pt/RuO 2 -TiO 2 Electrocatalysts Exhibit Excellent Hydrogen Evolution Activity in Alkaline Media journal, January 2017

Application of XPS to study electrocatalysts for fuel cells journal, December 2010

Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Materials and R&D Needs for Future Market Success journal, January 2007

Elucidating the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics and the Origins of the Anomalous Tafel Behavior at the Lithium–Oxygen Cell Cathode journal, February 2017

Membrane and Catalyst Performance Targets for Automotive Fuel Cells by FCCJ Membrane, Catalyst, MEA WG conference, January 2011

Ab initiomolecular dynamics for liquid metals journal, January 1993

High-precision sampling for Brillouin-zone integration in metals journal, August 1989

Deleterious effects of interim cyclic voltammetry on Pt/carbon black catalyst degradation during start-up/shutdown cycling evaluation journal, March 2014

Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction on three different Pt surfaces of Pt/C catalyst analyzed by rotating ring-disk electrode in acidic solution journal, June 2014

Synthesis of conductive rutile-phased Nb 0.06 Ti 0.94 O 2 and its supported Pt electrocatalysts (Pt/Nb 0.06 Ti 0.94 O 2 ) for the oxygenreduction reaction journal, January 2012

Electroreduction of oxygen journal, April 1976

First-principles calculations of the energetics of stoichiometric TiO 2 surfaces journal, June 1994

Screened hybrid density functional study on Nb- and Ta-doped TiO 2 journal, January 2012

The doping mechanism of Cr into TiO2 and its influence on the photocatalytic performance journal, January 2013

Nb-doped TiO2 as a support of Pt and Pt–Ru anode catalyst for PEMFCs journal, February 2010

Development of a Titanium Dioxide-Supported Platinum Catalyst with Ultrahigh Stability for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications journal, October 2009

Highly Stable and Active Pt/Nb-TiO 2 Carbon-Free Electrocatalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, January 2012

Catalytic Aminohalogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes journal, April 2013

Niobium-doped titanium oxide for fuel cell application journal, November 2010

Analysis of Polarization Curves to Evaluate Polarization Sources in Hydrogen/Air PEM Fuel Cells journal, January 2005

Degradation Mechanisms of Pt/C Fuel Cell Catalysts under Simulated Start–Stop Conditions journal, April 2012

Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set journal, July 1996

Sol−Gel Synthesis, Electrochemical Characterization, and Stability Testing of Ti 0.7 W 0.3 O 2 Nanoparticles for Catalyst Support Applications in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, December 2010

Ta 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 2 Electrocatalyst Supports Exhibit Exceptional Electrochemical Stability journal, January 2013

Effect of cathode porosity on the Lithium-air cell oxygen reduction reaction – A rotating ring-disk electrode investigation journal, September 2017

Nanostructured Ti 0.7 Mo 0.3 O 2 Support Enhances Electron Transfer to Pt: High-Performance Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, August 2011

Enhanced stability of Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts for fuel cells journal, January 2015

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set journal, October 1996

Doped TiO 2 aerogels as alternative catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A comparative study of Nb, V and Ta dopants journal, September 2016

Comparison of Nb- and Ta-doping of anatase TiO 2 for transparent conductor applications journal, July 2012

Robust non-carbon Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 support with co-catalytic functionality for Pt: enhances catalytic activity and durability for fuel cells journal, January 2011

General trends in the electronic properties of alloys of transition metals: a semi-empirical study of CO adsorption journal, November 1997

Small polarons in Nb- and Ta-doped rutile and anatase TiO2 journal, January 2009

Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal–amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium journal, May 1994

Tuning the band gap of mesoporous Zr-doped TiO2 for effective degradation of pesticide quinalphos journal, January 2013

Steady state oxygenreduction and cyclic voltammetry journal, January 2009

Electrochemical oxidation behavior of titanium nitride based electrocatalysts under PEM fuel cell conditions journal, December 2010

An oxidation-resistant indium tin oxide catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells journal, October 2006

Mesoporous Nanostructured Nb-Doped Titanium Dioxide Microsphere Catalyst Supports for PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes journal, February 2012

Restoring the Density-Gradient Expansion for Exchange in Solids and Surfaces journal, April 2008

Changing the Activity of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Tuning the Surface Electronic Structure journal, April 2006

Strong Metal–Support Interactions Enhance the Activity and Durability of Platinum Supported on Tantalum-Modified Titanium Dioxide Electrocatalysts journal, April 2014

Structural and Electronic Properties of Selected Rutile and Anatase TiO 2 Surfaces: An ab Initio Investigation journal, January 2008

Configurational Observation of Titanium Oxide Pigment Particles journal, April 1998

Metal–Support Interactions between Nanosized Pt and Metal Oxides (WO 3 and TiO 2 ) Studied Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy journal, September 2011

Nb-TiO2 supported Pt cathode catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells journal, September 2007

Pd-Pt Bimetallic Nanodendrites with High Activity for Oxygen Reduction journal, May 2009

Titanium nitride nanoparticles based electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells journal, January 2009

Synthesis and characterization of Nb-TiO2 mesoporous microsphere and nanofiber supported Pt catalysts for high temperature PEM fuel cells journal, August 2012

Innovative carbon-free low content Pt catalyst supported on Mo-doped titanium suboxide (Ti3O5-Mo) for stable and durable oxygen reduction reaction journal, February 2017

RuO2–SiO2 mixed oxides as corrosion-resistant catalyst supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal, July 2013

Potentiodynamic analysis of surface oxides on carbon blacks journal, August 1973

High surface area tungsten carbide microspheres as effective Pt catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction journal, July 2009

Title: Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb‐Doped TiO ₂

Instability of Supported Platinum Nanoparticles in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
journal, November 2007

Reconsideration of the quantitative characterization of the reaction intermediate on electrocatalysts by a rotating ring-disk electrode: The intrinsic yield of H2O2 on Pt/C
journal, February 2011

Titania supported platinum catalyst with high electrocatalytic activity and stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
journal, February 2011

Projector augmented-wave method
journal, December 1994

Changing the Activity of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Tuning the Surface Electronic Structure
journal, April 2006

Structural and Electrochemical Studies of Pt Clusters Supported on High-Surface-Area Tungsten Carbide for Oxygen Reduction
journal, February 2011

Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs
journal, March 2005

Effects of transition metal doping in Pt/M-TiO2 (M = V, Cr, and Nb) on oxygen reduction reaction activity
journal, July 2016

Electrocatalytic activity and stability of niobium-doped titanium oxide supported platinum catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
journal, April 2010

A review of PEM fuel cell durability: materials degradation, local heterogeneities of aging and possible mitigation strategies: A review of PEM fuel cell durability
journal, March 2014

First principle study of the electronic structure of hafnium-doped anatase TiO ₂
journal, January 2012

Chemical Transformation from FePt to Fe ₁ _- _x PtM _x (M = Ru, Ni, Sn) Nanocrystals by a Cation Redox Reaction: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Studies
journal, February 2007

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
journal, January 1999

Synthesis of Silica Aerogel by Supercritical Drying Method
journal, January 2013

Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation
journal, October 2007

Distinction between Intermediates Produced in Main and Side Electrodic Reactions
journal, December 1966

Platinum supported on titanium-ruthenium oxide is a remarkably stable electrocatayst for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
journal, December 2013

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study
journal, January 1998

Electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction
journal, September 1983

Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytical behavior of Nb–TiO₂/Pt nanocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, July 2010

TiO2–RuO2 electrocatalyst supports exhibit exceptional electrochemical stability
journal, August 2013

Industrial applications of supercritical fluids: A review
journal, December 2014

Rotating Ring-Disc Electrode Investigation of the Aprotic Superoxide Radical Electrochemistry on Multi-Crystalline Surfaces and Correlation with Density Functional Theory Modeling: Implications for Lithium-Air Cells
journal, January 2016

Pt/RuO ₂ -TiO ₂ Electrocatalysts Exhibit Excellent Hydrogen Evolution Activity in Alkaline Media
journal, January 2017

Application of XPS to study electrocatalysts for fuel cells
journal, December 2010

Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Materials and R&D Needs for Future Market Success
journal, January 2007

Elucidating the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics and the Origins of the Anomalous Tafel Behavior at the Lithium–Oxygen Cell Cathode
journal, February 2017

Membrane and Catalyst Performance Targets for Automotive Fuel Cells by FCCJ Membrane, Catalyst, MEA WG
conference, January 2011

Ab initiomolecular dynamics for liquid metals
journal, January 1993

High-precision sampling for Brillouin-zone integration in metals
journal, August 1989

Deleterious effects of interim cyclic voltammetry on Pt/carbon black catalyst degradation during start-up/shutdown cycling evaluation
journal, March 2014

Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction on three different Pt surfaces of Pt/C catalyst analyzed by rotating ring-disk electrode in acidic solution
journal, June 2014

Synthesis of conductive rutile-phased Nb _0.06 Ti _0.94 O ₂ and its supported Pt electrocatalysts (Pt/Nb _0.06 Ti _0.94 O ₂ ) for the oxygenreduction reaction
journal, January 2012

Electroreduction of oxygen
journal, April 1976

First-principles calculations of the energetics of stoichiometric ${TiO}_{2}$ surfaces
journal, June 1994

Screened hybrid density functional study on Nb- and Ta-doped TiO $_{2}$
journal, January 2012

The doping mechanism of Cr into TiO2 and its influence on the photocatalytic performance
journal, January 2013

Nb-doped TiO₂ as a support of Pt and Pt–Ru anode catalyst for PEMFCs
journal, February 2010

Development of a Titanium Dioxide-Supported Platinum Catalyst with Ultrahigh Stability for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications
journal, October 2009

Highly Stable and Active Pt/Nb-TiO ₂ Carbon-Free Electrocatalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, January 2012

Catalytic Aminohalogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes
journal, April 2013

Niobium-doped titanium oxide for fuel cell application
journal, November 2010

Analysis of Polarization Curves to Evaluate Polarization Sources in Hydrogen/Air PEM Fuel Cells
journal, January 2005

Degradation Mechanisms of Pt/C Fuel Cell Catalysts under Simulated Start–Stop Conditions
journal, April 2012

Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set
journal, July 1996

Sol−Gel Synthesis, Electrochemical Characterization, and Stability Testing of Ti _0.7 W _0.3 O ₂ Nanoparticles for Catalyst Support Applications in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, December 2010

Ta _0.3 Ti _0.7 O ₂ Electrocatalyst Supports Exhibit Exceptional Electrochemical Stability
journal, January 2013

Effect of cathode porosity on the Lithium-air cell oxygen reduction reaction – A rotating ring-disk electrode investigation
journal, September 2017

Nanostructured Ti _0.7 Mo _0.3 O ₂ Support Enhances Electron Transfer to Pt: High-Performance Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, August 2011

Enhanced stability of Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts for fuel cells
journal, January 2015

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
journal, October 1996

Doped TiO 2 aerogels as alternative catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A comparative study of Nb, V and Ta dopants
journal, September 2016

Comparison of Nb- and Ta-doping of anatase TiO ₂ for transparent conductor applications
journal, July 2012

Robust non-carbon Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 support with co-catalytic functionality for Pt: enhances catalytic activity and durability for fuel cells
journal, January 2011

General trends in the electronic properties of alloys of transition metals: a semi-empirical study of CO adsorption
journal, November 1997

Small polarons in Nb- and Ta-doped rutile and anatase TiO2
journal, January 2009

Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal–amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium
journal, May 1994

Tuning the band gap of mesoporous Zr-doped TiO2 for effective degradation of pesticide quinalphos
journal, January 2013

Steady state oxygenreduction and cyclic voltammetry
journal, January 2009

Electrochemical oxidation behavior of titanium nitride based electrocatalysts under PEM fuel cell conditions
journal, December 2010

An oxidation-resistant indium tin oxide catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
journal, October 2006

Mesoporous Nanostructured Nb-Doped Titanium Dioxide Microsphere Catalyst Supports for PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes
journal, February 2012

Restoring the Density-Gradient Expansion for Exchange in Solids and Surfaces
journal, April 2008

Changing the Activity of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Tuning the Surface Electronic Structure
journal, April 2006

Strong Metal–Support Interactions Enhance the Activity and Durability of Platinum Supported on Tantalum-Modified Titanium Dioxide Electrocatalysts
journal, April 2014

Structural and Electronic Properties of Selected Rutile and Anatase TiO ₂ Surfaces: An ab Initio Investigation
journal, January 2008

Configurational Observation of Titanium Oxide Pigment Particles
journal, April 1998

Metal–Support Interactions between Nanosized Pt and Metal Oxides (WO ₃ and TiO ₂ ) Studied Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
journal, September 2011

Nb-TiO₂ supported Pt cathode catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
journal, September 2007

Pd-Pt Bimetallic Nanodendrites with High Activity for Oxygen Reduction
journal, May 2009

Titanium nitride nanoparticles based electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
journal, January 2009

Synthesis and characterization of Nb-TiO2 mesoporous microsphere and nanofiber supported Pt catalysts for high temperature PEM fuel cells
journal, August 2012

Innovative carbon-free low content Pt catalyst supported on Mo-doped titanium suboxide (Ti3O5-Mo) for stable and durable oxygen reduction reaction
journal, February 2017

RuO2–SiO2 mixed oxides as corrosion-resistant catalyst supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells
journal, July 2013

Potentiodynamic analysis of surface oxides on carbon blacks
journal, August 1973

High surface area tungsten carbide microspheres as effective Pt catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, July 2009